# Quantum Computing

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**Published on:** 2023-07-27
**URL:** https://paragraph.com/@0x991892f0700ac166ce74f05e2b8b3eb7c56ed36d/quantum-computing

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A quantum computer is a machine which employs quantum-physical phenomena to perform computations in a way that is fundamentally different from a “normal”, classical computer [11]. Whereas a classical computer is, at any point in time, in a fixed state—such as a bit string representing its memory contents—the state of a quantum computer can be a “mixture”, a so-called superposition, of several states. Classical computers carry out logical operations using the definite position of a physical state. These are usually binary, meaning its operations are based on one of two positions. A single state—such as on or off, up or down, 1 or 0—is called a bit. Note that the internal state is hidden: the only way to obtain information about the state is to perform a measurement, which will return a single non-superimposed classical output, such as a bit string, that is randomly distributed according to the internal state, and the internal state is replaced by the measurement outcome. The work was initiated by several mathematicians and physicists such as Paul Benioff (1980) [12], Yuri Manin (1980) [13], Richard Feynman (1982) [14], and David Deutsch (1985) [15]. With decades of research, the development of quantum computing has been challenging yet groundbreaking. Thus, quantum computing constitutes a new computing paradigm, which is expected to solve complex problems that require far more computational power than what is possible with the current generation of computer technologies. Advance research in materials science, molecular modelling, and deep learning are a few examples of complex problems that quantum computing can solve. Shor’s 1994 and Grover’s 1996 Algorithms

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