# 科普向丨区块链中的 L0、L1、L2、L3 分别是什么？

By [3F](https://paragraph.com/@3f) · 2023-05-27

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在数字时代，区块链技术就像一把魔法之钥一样，正逐渐揭开数字世界的神秘面纱。

In the digital age, blockchain technology is like a magical key that is gradually unveiling the mysteries of the digital world.

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本文将以通俗易懂的方式介绍区块链的概念、原理和应用，带领你踏上一段奇妙的区块链探索之旅。

This article will introduce the concept, principles, and applications of blockchain in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, taking you on a wonderful journey of exploring the blockchain world.

**区块链的六层架构 The Six-Layer Architecture of Blockchain**

区块链技术可以被分解为六个层级，每个层级都扮演着不同的角色，共同构成了完整的区块链系统。

这些层级依次是：传输层，数据层（合并为数据传输层），网络层、共识层、激励层，合约层和应用层。

分别对应着L0、L1、L2，而L3是客户端应用层，不符合区块链技术逻辑框架。

The blockchain technology can be decomposed into six layers, each playing a different role and collectively forming a complete blockchain system.

These layers, in order, are the transport layer, network layer（Merged as the Data Transmission Layer），consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer.

They correspond to L0, L1, L2 respectively, while L3 represents the client application layer, which is not part of the logical framework of blockchain technology.

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**区块链的四个层级介绍 Introduction to the Four Levels of Blockchain**

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**Layer0：数据传输层 Data Transmission Layer**

数据传输层负责在区块链网络中传递数据，保证数据的安全性和完整性。

它使用加密技术和分布式存储方式，确保数据在传输过程中不被篡改。

是互联网和硬件连接存在的地方。

The Data Transmission Layer is responsible for transmitting data within the blockchain network, ensuring the security and integrity of the data.

It uses encryption techniques and distributed storage methods to ensure that the data remains unaltered during transmission.

It serves as the connection point between the internet and hardware devices.

这一层的作用如下：

1）区块链可互操作性 Cosmos 创造了一个可互操作的区块链生态系统，实现了区块链相互交互，这得益于其“Tendermint IBC”（区块链间通信协议）。

Blockchain Interoperability: Cosmos has created an interoperable blockchain ecosystem that enables different blockchains to interact with each other, thanks to its "Tendermint IBC" (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol.

2）更快、更便宜的跨链交易 使用IBC，POS共识可以实现跨多个链进行交易，导致最终确定时间几乎在瞬间发生。这使得跨链交易所的交易更快、更便宜。

Faster and Cheaper Cross-Chain Transactions: By utilizing IBC, Proof-of-Stake (POS) consensus allows transactions to occur across multiple chains, resulting in near-instant finality. This makes transactions on cross-chain exchanges faster and more cost-effective.

3）开发人员的基础设施 开发人员无需从头开始构建他们的区块链，许多功能都是预先构建的，可以立即实施。

Infrastructure for Developers: Developers don't have to build their blockchains from scratch as many functionalities are pre-built and ready for immediate implementation.

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**Layer1：链上扩容方案 On-chain scaling solutions**

链上扩容方案是指通过对区块链协议本身进行改进，提高网络的吞吐量和交易处理能力。其中包括改进共识算法、区块大小和区块时间等参数。

On-chain scaling solutions refer to improving the throughput and transaction processing capacity of a blockchain network by making modifications to the blockchain protocol itself. This includes enhancing consensus algorithms, block size, block time, and other parameters.

第一层是处理和完成交易的区块链，例如比特币和以太坊。这是共识（PoW、PoS）和区块时间等技术细节的运作地点。

The first layer is the blockchain that handles and finalizes transactions, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. This is where the technical details of consensus (PoW, PoS) and block time operation take place.

最重要的三个方面是去中心化、安全性和可扩展性，但目前还没有一个区块链能够同时很好地解决这三个问题。

The most important aspects are decentralization, security, and scalability. However, currently, there is no blockchain that can effectively address all three of these issues simultaneously.

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**Layer2：链下扩容方案 Off-chain scaling solutions**

链下扩容方案通过在区块链之外构建第二层协议，实现更高效的交易处理和更低的成本。

例如，闪电网络就是一种链下扩容方案，通过在区块链上开设支付通道，实现快速的微小额交易。

Off-chain scaling solutions involve building second-layer protocols outside the blockchain to achieve more efficient transaction processing and lower costs.

For example, the Lightning Network is an off-chain scaling solution that establishes payment channels on the blockchain to enable fast and low-value transactions.

当你听到零知识汇总（zk rollups）、侧链或任何与加快事务吞吐量有关的事情时，大概率指的都是第 2 层。

When you hear about concepts like zk-rollups, sidechains, or anything related to increasing transaction throughput, it most likely refers to the second layer.

假设您是一名魔法师，拥有一种特殊的能力。您希望向他人证明您拥有这种能力，但又不想透露具体细节。零知识证明就是一种神奇的方法，它可以让您向他人证明某个事实的真实性，却不泄露与该事实相关的任何信息。

Imagine you are a magician with a special ability. You want to prove to others that you possess this ability, but you don't want to reveal the specific details. Zero-knowledge proofs are a magical method that allows you to prove the truth of a fact to others without disclosing any information related to that fact.

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**Layer3：客户端应用层 Client Application Layer**

客户端应用层是用户与区块链系统进行交互的接口，包括钱包应用、智能合约应用和去中心化应用（DApps）。用户可以通过这些应用管理资产、参与投票、执行智能合约等操作。

The Client Application Layer is the interface through which users interact with the blockchain system. It includes wallet applications, smart contract applications, and decentralized applications (DApps). Users can use these applications to manage assets, participate in voting, execute smart contracts, and perform other operations.

**区块链的六层架构与四个层级的关系 The relationship between the six-layer architecture and the four hierarchical levels of blockchain**

区块链的六层架构和四个层级相互关联，共同构成了一个完整的区块链生态系统。

The six-layer architecture of blockchain is closely related to the four hierarchical levels, together forming a complete blockchain ecosystem.

数据传输层为上层提供了安全可靠的数据传输基础，共识层确保所有节点对数据的一致性，网络层提供了节点之间的通信机制，合约层实现了智能合约的执行，应用层为用户提供了各种区块链应用，用户界面层使用户可以方便地使用区块链服务。

The data transmission layer provides a secure and reliable foundation for data transmission to the upper layers. The consensus layer ensures consistency of data among all nodes. The network layer establishes communication mechanisms between nodes. The contract layer enables the execution of smart contracts. The application layer offers various blockchain applications to users, and the user interface layer facilitates convenient access to blockchain services.

区块链作为一种革命性的技术，正在改变着我们的世界。通过了解区块链的六层架构和四个层级，我们能够更好地理解区块链的工作原理和应用场景。

As a revolutionary technology, blockchain is changing our world. By understanding the six-layer architecture and four hierarchical levels of blockchain, we can better grasp its working principles and application scenarios.

希望本文能够为大家提供一个友好、生动的区块链入门指南，让更多人参与到这场数字革命的浪潮中来。

It is our hope that this article serves as a friendly and vivid introduction to blockchain, encouraging more people to join the wave of digital revolution.

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*Originally published on [3F](https://paragraph.com/@3f/l0-l1-l2-l3)*