# Abstract

**Published by:** [amyanyy](https://paragraph.com/@amyanyy/)
**Published on:** 2021-11-01
**URL:** https://paragraph.com/@amyanyy/abstract

## Content

Traditionally,theoriesofinternationalrelationsarebasedonsoverigntyandstates.AsthestridesandleapsmadeinITtechnologieslargelyacceleratetheexpansionofCyberspace,today,cybersecurityhasbecomeanincreasinglyserious,andever-hot,majorinternationalissueovershadowingotherconventionalareasofsecurityinrecentyears.ThenatureanddistinctivefeaturesofCyberspace,whichevolvesandchangesrapidlytoday,ischallengingthefocusesandscopesofinternationalrelations. Inparticular,therecentexposureoftheso-called“PRISMRevelation”scandalagainignitesaglobalexplosionofsecurityconcerns,suspicions,frictionsandconflictsintheCyberspacethatwereoncealocal,insalientissue.ThefactthatSnowdenaloneiscapableoftriggeringaglobalturbulencerevealstheastonishinglyenormouschallengesposedbycyberimbalancetonationaloreveninternationalsecurity.Theunfoldingdebateonstatesurveillance,InternetcensorshipandthemanyothermanifestationsofstatepowerexercisingsovereigntyoverthenetworkmaketheveryideathatmakingCyberspaceaharborfreeofstates'influencesoundunrealistic,oroutdated. Also,Cyberspacebringschangestointernationalcommunity.TheinterconnectivitynatureofCyberspacemakesthatonecountry'scybersecurityconcernsnotonlyitsnationalsecurityandpeople'slivelihood,butalsothestabilityandprosperityoftheworldasawhole,whichmeansusingCyberspaceasabattlefieldisinnoone'sinterest.Therefore,Cyberspaceshouldnotbeaplacewhereeverygainforonecountryisalossfortheothers,andvice-versa.Rather,itshouldbeaplaceofcompetitivecollaboration,wherestateschallengeeachother,butfairly,whileseizingtheopportunitiestocollaborateforcollectivegood. ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofCyberspaceoninternationalrelationsinthewakeofthePrismRevelation,soastohaveabetterunderstandingofchangesandnewcharacteristicsoftoday'sinternationalrelations.Unlikethepast,Cyberspacehasemergedandbecomeacriticalconsiderationwhenaddressinginternationalpolitics,itisreshufflingtheworld'slandscapeandreshapingthepolitical,economic,militaryandsocialpatterns. Abstract LisaJaneSmithisanAmericanfemalewriterofyoung-adult-themedliterature. TheVampireDiariesisoneofherrepresentativeworks.Sinceitspublicationoftrilogyin1991,thenovelshavewonwidereadershipacrosstheglobe. ThisthesisconductsananalysisofTheVampireDiariesfromanewperspective,consideringittranscendstheformofGothicnovel,andexplorestheinheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfeaturesinTheVampireDiaries,focusingonitstheme,characters,thenplotsdevelopment. Onthefictiontheme,TheVampireDiariesinheritstheGothicthemeofhorror,love,andconflictsbetweengoodandevil;butfurtherdevelopstheabovethemesthroughcombinationofmodernelementsandfantasy.Forthevampireimageandcharacterization,TheVampireDiariesstillpossessesthevampireimageandpowerintraditionalGothicnovels,andbringsmoredistinctivevampires'supernaturalpoweranduniquebehaviors.ComparedwithtraditionalGothicvampirestories,theplotofTheVampireDiariesgetsmoreinvolvedandmoretwistedscenario. Astherepresentativeworkofmodernvampirefictions,TheVampireDiaries' inheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfictionsinturnbringsitselfhugesuccessandgreatreputation.Andasthesub-genreofGothicfiction,vampirefictionswillbelongstandingandgetprosperousduetoitsuniquefeaturesandculturalbackgroundintoday'sdevelopedsociety. ABSTRACT ThomasHardyisregardedasbothamajornovelistandaprominentpoetduringthetransitionalperiodofthe19thcenturytothe20thcentury.Heismostfamousforhis“NovelsofCharactersandEnvironment”,whichgainshimworldwidereputation.TheReturnoftheNativeisarepresentativeoneofthisseries. TheReturnoftheNativeisregardedasHardy'sfirsttragicnovelinwhichthecharacters'fatesarecloselyrelatedtothenaturalenvironment.Asanature-lover,ThomasHardyfrequentlyexpresseshisdeepconcerntowardsnatureinthisnovelandappealstoconstructaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.HisecologicalthoughtsembodiedinTheReturnoftheNativeareinaccordancewiththeideasofecocriticism.Toputitbriefly,ecocriticismisanewly-emergedliterarycriticismconcerningtherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinliteraryworks.Theintrinsicvalueofnatureandecologicalholismareitscoreconcepts.Thistheoryarguesfortheintrinsicvalueofnature,regardsbothmanandnatureastheindispensablecomponentsofthewholeecologicalsystem,maintainingthatbothenjoythesamerightsandhavethesamestatus.Namely,manandnatureareintegratedtogetherinoneeco-system. Thus,onecannotseparatehimselffromthenaturalenvironment. ThisthesisistoemploythetheoryofecocriticismtointerpretTheReturnoftheNative.BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,themainbodyofthisthesisfallsintofourchapters.Inthefirstchapter,thethesissortsoutpreviousstudiesofthisnovelbothathomeandabroad.Thesecondchaptergivesanoverviewofthetheoryofecocriticismasthetheoreticalbasisofthisthesis.Thethirdchapterfocusesonthedisharmoniousaspectsasrepresentedinthenovelandbringsouttheecologicalthoughtsembodiedwithin.Inthelightofecologicalholism,thelastchaptermainlydealswithtextanalysiswithemphasisonthedetaileddepictionsoftheharmoniousnaturalworld,whereinmanandnaturefuseintoone. InTheReturnoftheNative,natureisfullofvigor,vitalityandmysteries.Itpossessesintrinsicvalues,independentfromhumanwills.InHardy'swriting,allthenaturalthingsarehuman-likefiguresandhaveimportantsymbolicmeanings.EgdonHeathisdepictedaspossessingakindofmysteriouspower,manipulatingthecharacter'sfate.Besides,therelationshipbetweenmanandnatureasdemonstratedinthenovelhasitsdeephistoricalbackground.Theinvasionofindustrializationnotonlydisharmonizestheman-naturerelationshipbutalsodistortstheman-manrelationship. Thecharactersinthenovelwhoalienatethemselvesfromnatureendupwithtragedywhilethosewhocankeepaharmoniousrelationshipwithnaturefinallygetahappyending.Inasense,thecharacters'differentlotsinlifecanbeseenasakindofmetaphoricalexpressionoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature. Inanageofincreasingoutbreaksofseriousecologicalcrisis,greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Thus,byinterpretingTheReturnoftheNativefromtheperspectiveofecocriticism,thisthesisaimstoexploretheecologicalconsciousnessembodiedinthenovelandhopestocallonaholisticviewindealingwithman-and-naturerelationship. ABSTRACT Thematerialofthisinterpretationprojectisthereporton2014Obama'sStateofdieUnionAddressheldbyUSgovernmentanddeliveredbyUSpresidentObamainWashingtonon2014.HavingconductedanE-Csimulatedconsecutiveinterpreting,theinterpreternoticesthatfrequentusageofparenthesisnotablydetectedinthetextcancausethefollowingproblems:（1）themissofparenthesescanleadtounderstandingdifficulty.Thatistosay,theparenthesesheardaremerelysomeclipswhichlacklogicalconnectionwiththewholesentence;（2）time-lagoftheparentiiesescanalsoresultinlogicalincoherenceduringinteipreting.Theinterpretercanfullyunderstandexactmeaningoftheoriginalmaterialbutfailstointerpretperfectlyduetothefactthatthespeakerfrequentlymakesreplenishmentorparaphraseforthepreviouscontents. Undertheguidanceofinterpretivetfieoiywith“deverbalization”beingitscore,thispaperhasexploredeffectivestrategiesforsolvingtheproblems:predictionbyinferenceandinformationsimplificationtosolvethefirstone;reformulationandlogicalprocessingbeinghelpfultosolvetihesecondone.Thecompletionofthispapercanhelptocultivatetheauthor'sinterpretingcompetenceaswellasperformanceinthefiiture. ABSTRACT AccordingtoLefevere,translationisrewritingofthesourcetext.Allrewritingsmanifestacertainideologyandpoeticswhichmanipulateorinfluenceliteraryworkstofunctioninagivensocietyinagivenway.Translatorsalwayschangetheoriginaltextstosomeextentsoastocomplywiththemainstreamideologyandpoetics.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslatedversionpasstheofficialinspectionsmoothlyandbeacceptedbymostreaders. NathanielHawthorne'snovelTheScarletLetterhaslongbeenconsideredasaclassicbothathomeandabroad.Publishedin1850,thenoveltellsthestoryabouttheprotagonistHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandtrieshardtostartanewlifeofregretanddignity.Duetoitsimportantpositioninthehistoryofworldliterature,ithasalreadybeentranslatedintomanydifferentkindsofforeignlanguages.Accordingtothematerialsavailable,thereareupto34differentChineseversions.ThepresentstudyattemptstomakeacomparativestudyoftwoChineseversions（HanShiheng'sversionin1954andYaoNaiqiang'sversionin1996）ofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory. Throughcomparison,thisthesisholdsthatideologyandpoeticsindifferenthistoricaltimesinfluencetranslators'philosophyoftranslationandtheirtranslationstrategies.Forthesameoriginalworktobetranslated,translatorsofdifferenttimestendtohaveobviousdifferencesintheselectionoflexicon,syntaxandeventhetextstructure.Han'sversionmanifestsmoreaboutthemanipulationofpoliticalideologythanYao'sversion.ButinYao'sversion,thetraceofsocialistideologyisnotthatobvioussincethisversioncameoutunderthespringbreezeofreformandopening-uppolicyblowingacrossthecountry.Owingtothedifferentperiodsoftimegovernedbytheirideologyandpoetics,HanandYaotendtotranslateTheScarletLetterdifferentlyintextmaking.Intermsoftheaveragesentencelength,Han'sversionislongerthanYao's,indicatingthatHanadoptstotaketheliteraltranslationstrategywhileYaoisinclinedtousefreetranslationstrategy.Atthestructurallevel,HandeletestheprefacewhileYaoretainsit,whichcanbeinferredthatthepoeticsfactors,includingthechangedstatusofAmericanliteratureandscholars'viewsonthesignificanceoftheprefaceplayanimportantroleintranslation. BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,thepresentthesisiscomposedofthreechapters.ThefirstchapteristheliteraturereviewconcernedwithTheScarletLetteranditstranslation.ChapterTwointroducesthetheoreticalfoundationofthestudy–theManipulationTheory.ChapterThreeisthemainpartofthethesis,analyzingthetwoChineseversionsofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory,andexplainingthedifferenttranslationstrategiesadoptedbythetranslators. ABSTRACT ThisinterpretationreportisconcernedwiththeEnglish-ChinesesimultaneousinterpretationprogramoftheattributiveclausesinBarackObama's2013StateoftheUnionAddress.Ittargetstoimprovetheauthor'spracticalskillsofinterpretation. BarackObama's2013StateoftheUnionAddressisapersonalpoliticaladdresswithformallanguageandpersonalpresentationstyle.Inthepresentation,Obamausedmanyattributiveclausestogiveinformation.However,theattributiveclausesareverydifficultforsimultaneousinterpretation.BecauseofthehugedifferencesinlinguisticstructuresbetweenChineseandEnglish,itistoughforinterpreterstofinishinterpretationandmaintainlogicregularitysimultaneously.Indetail,itisdifficulttotranslatetheverylongattributiveclausesintoadjectives.Anditistoughforinterpreterstotranslatetheattributiveclauseslocatedinthemiddleofthesentenceaswellastheattributiveclausesattheendofthesentence,whichcostsmuchtimeinsimultaneousinterpretationandmayinfluencetheinterpretationofthefollowingtext. AccordingtoPeterNewmark,semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallows,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal（Newmark,1982:41）。ThisreportadoptsPeterNewmark'sTheoryofSemanticTranslationtoovercomethedifferentstructuresbetweentwolanguagesandinterpretthewholeinformationcontainedintheoriginaltext.Itputsforwardfourmethodsforattributiveclausesinterpretation:segmentationonce,segmentationtwice,syntacticlinearityandsynthesization.So,theinterpretersdon'thavetotranslatethelinguisticstructureandensurethefollowingtextwillbeinterpreted. ThisprogramexploresthesimultaneousinterpretationmethodsforattributiveclausesinBarackObama!s2013StateoftheUnionAddress,pointingoutthedifficultiesandmethodsofattributiveclausesinterpretation,whichmayimprovetheauthor'sabilityofinterpretationandhelpotherinterpreterstodealwithsimilardifficultiesinthefuture. Abstract Withintheframeworkoffeminismandarchetypalcriticism,thisthesis,bytakingThePassionofNewEveasitsdiscourse,analyzesanddiscussesAngelaCarter'sapplicationofdemythologizingasafeministstrategy.Byrewritingandsubvertingthosefemalearchetypes,Carteraimstobreakthefettersandshacklesofpatriarchy,exploringthewaytowomen'sliberationaswellasthereconciliationbetweentwogenders. Believingthathumansocietyhasbeenestablishedonpatriarchy,feministsendeavortochangewomen'ssubordinatestatusandachievegenderequality.Archetypalcriticism,asoneofthemostinfluentialbranchesinliterarycriticism,regardsmythastheoriginofliterature. Myths,especiallytheBible,coveralltheformsandmotifsknownasarchetypesinliterature. Asadevotedpioneerandadvocatoroffeminism,Carterrealizesthatthosefemalearchetypesareusuallystereotypedanddogmatic,whichisactuallyinventedbypatriarchyfortheoppressionandexploitationofwomen. Basedonintensivereadingandexhaustivetextualanalysis,thisthesisillustratesCarter'sdemythologizingofthreefemalearchetypesinThePassionofNewEve,whichare“Temptress,,,”MotherGoddesses“and”Eve“respectively.Firstly,thesufferingsthatLeilahencounterinthenovelrevealthat”Temptresses“areinfactvictimsofpatriarchyinsteadoforiginsofdisloyaltyanddisasters.Whileseenbymenasobjectsoftheirsexualdesires,theyalsoriskself-objectification,whichresultsinthedeprivationofsubjectivityasindependenthumanbeings.Secondly,”Mother“inBeulahisjustanartificialmyth,汪consolatorytoolfabricatedbypatriarchy,behindtheglorificationofwhicharepatriarchalvaluesandcodes. Thirdly,thetransformativejourneyEveexperiencedfromachauvinisttoarealwomandemonstratesthatfemininity,ratherthananinherentquality,istheresultofsocialinfluenceandpersistentimitations. Throughthedemythologizingofthosefemalearchetypes,CarteroverthrowsthepatriarchalhegemonyaswellasUtopianmatriarchaldreams,offeringandrogynyasapotentialsolutiontothecurrentsexualconflicts.Inheropinion,therealreconciliationbetweentwogendersshouldbebasedonmutualrespectandunderstanding,whichisconfirmedbytheunionbetweenthenewEveandTristessainThePassionofNewEve.

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