# Hardware for ZKP

**Published by:** [bluepoint](https://paragraph.com/@bluepoint/)
**Published on:** 2022-04-16
**URL:** https://paragraph.com/@bluepoint/hardware-for-zkp

## Content

It’s a summary of article from Georgios Konstantopoulos and my understanding. https://www.paradigm.xyz/2022/04/zk-hardwareIntroductionZKPs are slow and expensive to produce due to a large number of expensive math operations.ZKP usageOutsourced Verifiable ComputationZKPs allow a third party provider to also output a proof of computational integrity which guarantees the output you received is correct.Private ComputationZKPs allow you to selectively hide some or all inputs around a computational statement.Optimization is necessaryZKP is generated like below:Computation ExpressionGenerate proofThe computation in proof generation mostly reside in:MSMs: Multiplications over large vectors of numbers (field or group elements), specifically variable-base and fixed-base multi-scalar multiplicationsTypically 70% timeVector of 2e25 elementsCan be parallel but still slow with hundereds of coresFFTs: Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) and Inverse FFTsTypically 30% timeData shufflingNot suitable for computing cluster and need much bandwidthHardware SolutionConclusionsMining Market:Bitcoin: $15BEthereum: $17BZKP: may be similar size to Bitcoin/EthereumMy understandingGPU is the best option from the developer’s perspective, as programming friendliness is very important in industry’s early stage and there are more than 2 million GPU developers worldwide.In the case when cost & power is more important, FPGA is the best option.Once the ZKP mining industry really emerges, ASIC will prevail, just like bitmain’s product.Referencehttps://people.iiis.tsinghua.edu.cn/~gaomy/pubs/pipezk.isca21.pdf https://hackmd.io/@yezhang/S1_KMMbGt#zkEVM https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/wu https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zcash-fpga

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