# Web3实战：使用Anchor与Rust开发和调用Solana智能合约 By [Paxon](https://paragraph.com/@paxon-2) · 2025-06-06 --- Web3实战：使用Anchor与Rust开发和调用Solana智能合约 =================================== Web3时代正在重塑数字世界，Solana以其超高吞吐量和低交易成本成为区块链开发的明星平台。想快速上手Web3开发？本文通过一个简单的计数器智能合约，带你一步步掌握使用Anchor框架和Rust语言在Solana上开发、部署智能合约，以及编写Rust客户端与合约交互的完整流程。无论你是区块链新手还是寻求实战经验的开发者，这篇教程都将为你打开Web3开发的大门！ 本文是一篇面向Web3开发者的实战教程，基于Solana区块链和Anchor框架，完整展示如何从零开始构建和调用智能合约。内容分为两部分：一、**Anchor开发Solana智能合约**，涵盖项目初始化、Rust合约编写、编译、启动本地节点和部署合约的全流程；二、**Rust客户端调用合约**，通过anchor-client库实现初始化和递增计数器功能。教程提供详细代码、运行结果及参考资源，适合希望快速上手Solana开发的初学者和进阶开发者。 Anchor开发Solana智能合约全流程 --------------------- ### 创建并初始化项目 anchor init counter yarn install v1.22.22 info No lockfile found. [1/4] 🔍 Resolving packages... warning mocha > glob@7.2.0: Glob versions prior to v9 are no longer supported warning mocha > glob > inflight@1.0.6: This module is not supported, and leaks memory. Do not use it. Check out lru-cache if you want a good and tested way to coalesce async requests by a key value, which is much more comprehensive and powerful. [2/4] 🚚 Fetching packages... [3/4] 🔗 Linking dependencies... [4/4] 🔨 Building fresh packages... success Saved lockfile. ✨ Done in 17.91s. Failed to install node modules Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/.git/ counter initialized 若遇到安装失败，可尝试更新Node.js版本或使用npm install替代。 ### 切换到项目目录并用 cursor 打开 cd counter cc ### 查看项目目录 counter on  main [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ tree . -L 6 -I "target|test-ledger|.vscode|node_modules" . ├── Anchor.toml ├── app │ └── counter-rs │ ├── Cargo.lock │ ├── Cargo.toml │ ├── idls │ │ └── counter.json │ └── src │ └── main.rs ├── Cargo.lock ├── Cargo.toml ├── migrations │ └── deploy.ts ├── package.json ├── programs │ └── counter │ ├── Cargo.toml │ ├── src │ │ └── lib.rs │ └── Xargo.toml ├── tests │ └── counter.ts ├── tsconfig.json └── yarn.lock 10 directories, 15 files ### [lib.rs](http://lib.rs) 文件 #![allow(unexpected_cfgs)] use anchor_lang::prelude::*; declare_id!("8KYmW4jDPnzXRCFR2c5b1VLRdFBsaEJk1RjUgqn7F35V"); #[program] pub mod counter { use super::*; pub fn initialize(ctx: Context) -> Result<()> { let counter = &ctx.accounts.counter; msg!("Counter account created! Current count: {}", counter.count); Ok(()) } pub fn increment(ctx: Context) -> Result<()> { let counter = &mut ctx.accounts.counter; msg!("Previous counter: {}", counter.count); counter.count += 1; msg!("Counter incremented! Current count: {}", counter.count); Ok(()) } } #[derive(Accounts)] pub struct Initialize<'info> { #[account(mut)] pub payer: Signer<'info>, #[account( init, payer = payer, space = 8 + 8 )] pub counter: Account<'info, Counter>, pub system_program: Program<'info, System>, } #[derive(Accounts)] pub struct Increment<'info> { #[account(mut)] pub counter: Account<'info, Counter>, } #[account] pub struct Counter { pub count: u64, } 此代码定义了计数器合约的initialize和increment指令，分别用于创建计数器账户和递增计数。 ### 编译 counter on  main [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ anchor build Compiling counter v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/programs/counter) Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 1.45s Compiling counter v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/programs/counter) Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.46s Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/target/debug/deps/counter-c2859c9ce41300ce) ### 启动本地节点 counter on  main [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ anchor localnet Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.25s Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.42s Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/target/debug/deps/counter-c2859c9ce41300ce) Ledger location: .anchor/test-ledger Log: .anchor/test-ledger/validator.log ⠁ Initializing... Waiting for fees to stabilize 1... Identity: HtjDDGXEmbtGmnTZS3ZKRQhRyiZuU3ca8qJGP8LFwqF1 Genesis Hash: FzJe5U98Kht3h7Vwfy4f4qnU2uMZkrwMZq8RakWmzd8t Version: 2.1.21 Shred Version: 37242 Gossip Address: 127.0.0.1:1024 TPU Address: 127.0.0.1:1027 JSON RPC URL: http://127.0.0.1:8899 WebSocket PubSub URL: ws://127.0.0.1:8900 ⠒ 00:04:04 | Processed Slot: 512 | Confirmed Slot: 512 | Finalized Slot: 481 | Full Snapshot Slot: 400 | Incrementa ### 部署合约 counter on  main [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 took 4.0s ➜ anchor deploy Deploying cluster: http://127.0.0.1:8899 Upgrade authority: /Users/qiaopengjun/.config/solana/id.json Deploying program "counter"... Program path: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/counter/target/deploy/counter.so... Program Id: 8KYmW4jDPnzXRCFR2c5b1VLRdFBsaEJk1RjUgqn7F35V Signature: 4dT2ohhVS9Jv14juxV44F112Z5Zh2fEQSx9fzakn6ADomo2TP4qFRSJeFv9eAYZDTUbWj2Uwj39cApDKzKR3Lv7V Deploy success Rust客户端调用合约实战 ------------- ### 复制 IDL 到客户端目录 counter on  main [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 took 4.6s ➜ cp -a target/idl/counter.json app/counter-rs/idls ### counter-rs/src/main.rs 文件 use anchor_client::{ Client, Cluster, solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient, solana_sdk::{ commitment_config::CommitmentConfig, native_token::LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, signature::Keypair, signer::Signer, system_program, }, }; use anchor_lang::prelude::*; use std::rc::Rc; declare_program!(counter); use counter::{accounts::Counter, client::accounts, client::args}; #[tokio::main] async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> { let connection = RpcClient::new_with_commitment( "http://127.0.0.1:8899", // Local validator URL CommitmentConfig::confirmed(), ); // Generate Keypairs and request airdrop let payer = Keypair::new(); let counter = Keypair::new(); let counter_pubkey: Pubkey = counter.pubkey(); // 保存公钥 println!("Generated Keypairs:"); println!(" Payer: {}", payer.pubkey()); println!(" Counter: {}", counter_pubkey); println!("\nRequesting 1 SOL airdrop to payer"); let airdrop_signature = connection.request_airdrop(&payer.pubkey(), LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)?; // Wait for airdrop confirmation while !connection.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)? { std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)); } println!(" Airdrop confirmed!"); // Create program client let provider = Client::new_with_options( Cluster::Localnet, Rc::new(payer), CommitmentConfig::confirmed(), ); let program = provider.program(counter::ID)?; // Build and send instructions println!("\nSend transaction with initialize and increment instructions"); let initialize_ix = program .request() .accounts(accounts::Initialize { counter: counter.pubkey(), payer: program.payer(), system_program: system_program::ID, }) .args(args::Initialize) .instructions()? .remove(0); let increment_ix = program .request() .accounts(accounts::Increment { counter: counter.pubkey(), }) .args(args::Increment) .instructions()? .remove(0); let signature = program .request() .instruction(initialize_ix) .instruction(increment_ix) .signer(counter) .send() .await?; println!(" Transaction confirmed: {}", signature); println!("\nFetch counter account data"); let counter_account: Counter = program.account::(counter_pubkey).await?; println!(" Counter value: {}", counter_account.count); Ok(()) } 此客户端代码通过anchor-client库与合约交互，执行初始化和递增操作。 ### 查看客户端目录 counter/app/counter-rs on  main [?] is 📦 0.1.0 via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ tree . -L 6 -I "target|test-ledger|.vscode|node_modules" . ├── Cargo.lock ├── Cargo.toml ├── idls │ └── counter.json └── src └── main.rs 3 directories, 4 files ### 编译构建 counter/app/counter-rs on  main [?] is 📦 0.1.0 via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ cargo build Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.76s ### 运行 counter/app/counter-rs on  main [?] is 📦 0.1.0 via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 ➜ cargo run Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.71s Running `target/debug/counter-rs` Generated Keypairs: Payer: 2yGfFA4PePJrxvzsyRsdJowTZU6wQicJXGytEZLK7gfU Counter: Cm1Z47iBmTw9vvd6as4mHx8wjw2Bdhxc3DLC1ySsmxdM Requesting 1 SOL airdrop to payer Airdrop confirmed! Send transaction with initialize and increment instructions Transaction confirmed: nixZo67eWi8KqQ2i9gJie44Ed9hpNNpLMrHujDg7vNHP9NTnJPTHQDZCMKhww9Xym8gW3JoVjxiuLPddBFmxDHV Fetch counter account data Counter value: 1 counter/app/counter-rs on  main [?] is 📦 0.1.0 via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.87.0 took 2.3s ➜ cargo run Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.63s Running `target/debug/counter-rs` Generated Keypairs: Payer: 7H8VyPGELkE8A3Z4dPbRNHWmT17wXoNFg392qcKFnkXL Counter: FGUy5G7mH7PGr6RNrzdzVd249DV7pSTreHa8G8YkQGQN Requesting 1 SOL airdrop to payer Airdrop confirmed! Send transaction with initialize and increment instructions Transaction confirmed: W6ECp3DF3PYm6rMxn69LKPe86vNRvKwaB1iKBNJoLsgopkgkKxuDhfFyJT2gKtpPVYykf3yg6jT49bWw8UFLCTg Fetch counter account data Counter value: 1 总结 -- 通过本教程，你已掌握使用Anchor框架在Solana区块链上开发和部署计数器智能合约的核心技能，并学会如何用Rust客户端与合约交互。从项目初始化到合约调用，这篇实战指南展示了Solana生态的高效与Rust语言的强大。Web3的未来充满无限可能，立即动手实践，构建你的第一个去中心化应用（DApp）！ **想深入探索Solana开发？扫描下方二维码，关注我们获取更多Web3实战教程！** ![](https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/e53d8bf592c73232e8b53277a094bfc2e4aa39814c5681ddae60b38fb0f86d53.gif) **在评论区分享你的Solana开发经验，或留言你的问题，我们一起探讨！** 参考 -- * [https://www.anchor-lang.com/docs/clients/rust](https://www.anchor-lang.com/docs/clients/rust) * [https://www.rust-lang.org/zh-CN](https://www.rust-lang.org/zh-CN) * [https://course.rs/about-book.html](https://course.rs/about-book.html) * [https://lab.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/rust/](https://lab.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/rust/) * [https://rustwasm.github.io/book/](https://rustwasm.github.io/book/) * [https://solana.com/zh/docs](https://solana.com/zh/docs) * [https://solanacookbook.com/zh/](https://solanacookbook.com/zh/) * [https://www.solanazh.com/](https://www.solanazh.com/) --- *Originally published on [Paxon](https://paragraph.com/@paxon-2/web3-anchor-rust-solana)*