# ZK Mesh Mini *2024.03.01* By [ZK Mesh Mini](https://paragraph.com/@zkhack) · 2024-03-01 --- It's Friday and you know what it means: it's time for **ZK Mesh Mini**! **ZK Mesh Mini** is your weekly dose of ZK, where we unpack the top developments in the ZK space from the past 7 days. In this edition we'll cover: * [@NethermindEth](https://x.com/NethermindEth)'s [_@Starknet_](https://x.com/Starknet) _vs_ [_@zkSync_](https://x.com/zkSync) _analysis_ * [@ModulusLabs](https://x.com/ModulusLabs)' _Remainder_ prover * [@o1\_labs](https://x.com/o1_labs)' #o1js _ECDSA & Keccak_ features * [@StarkWareLtd](https://x.com/StarkWareLtd)'s _Stwo_ prover * _SNARKs vulnerabilities_ research paper * * * 1. [@mempoolsurfer](https://x.com/mempoolsurfer) & [@elicbarbieri](https://x.com/elicbarbieri) from [@NethermindEth](https://x.com/NethermindEth) [@NethermindStark](https://x.com/NethermindStark) wrote a very detailed article to accurately compare [@Starknet](https://x.com/Starknet) and [@zkSync](https://x.com/zkSync) systems in terms of various technical metrics. [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1762871485566185472/IYoFsZcj_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark) [Nethermind Starknet](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark) [@NethermindStark](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark/status/1760667507772539325) Nethermind's co-CTO, [@mempoolsurfer](https://twitter.com/mempoolsurfer), and data analyst, [@elicbarbieri](https://twitter.com/elicbarbieri), dissect the systems of two prominent ZK-rollups: [@Starknet](https://twitter.com/Starknet) and @zkSync. ![🖇](https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f587.png)[medium.com/nethermind-eth…](https://t.co/WIfk4xL23n) This comprehensive review is a deep dive into their on-chain proof verification, compression efficiency, L2… ![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GG8kBwtWYAAz4_P.jpg) [![Like Icon](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/heart.png) 81](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark/status/1760667507772539325)[ 14:07 • 22 Feb 2024 ](https://twitter.com/NethermindStark/status/1760667507772539325) [ ![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*2VnFvuzq5KsZcf0RgeGywg.png) https://medium.com Starknet and zkSync: A comparative analysis ------------------------------------------- Introduction Background User operations vs. transactions Validity rollup popularity Methodology Rollup data and backfill ranges Section 1 - Rollup L1 verification costs Overview of proof... ](https://medium.com/nethermind-eth/starknet-and-zksync-a-comparative-analysis-d4648786256b) * * * 2. [@ModulusLabs](https://x.com/ModulusLabs) published “Scaling Intelligence: Verifiable Decision Forest Inference with _Remainder_” to cover the details abt their ZKML prover – with the highlights in a thread & an article. [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1719732159563603968/4UDqATyr_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs) [Modulus](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs) [@ModulusLabs](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs/status/1762177619548901685) We're excited to unveil 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟—the world's most powerful ZKML prover Our first implementation achieved a mere 180x proof generation overhead vs. the same (non-verifiable) computation on an M2 Mac. Highlights below, read all about it here: [medium.com/@ModulusLabs/c…](https://t.co/nPqvYQ3UNQ) ![🚀](https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f680.png) ![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GHSDNElbEAA8T-E.jpg) [![Like Icon](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/heart.png) 283](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs/status/1762177619548901685)[ 18:07 • 26 Feb 2024 ](https://twitter.com/ModulusLabs/status/1762177619548901685) Link to the research paper: [https://github.com/Modulus-Labs/Papers/blob/master/remainder-paper.pdf](https://github.com/Modulus-Labs/Papers/blob/master/remainder-paper.pdf) [ ![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*m9NK3uwjb6aglJS3QFKzCQ.png) https://medium.com Chapter 13: Scaling Intelligence -------------------------------- Exactly 13 months ago, we wanted to answer a simple question: "What's the concrete cost of proving that an AI result hasn't been manipulated?" To our surprise, this turned out to be a frustratingly... ](https://medium.com/@ModulusLabs/chapter-13-scaling-intelligence-637d4a374153) * * * 3. [@StarkWareLtd](https://x.com/StarkWareLtd) announced the ongoing development of _Stwo_, their next-gen prover based on Circle STARK (see last week’s #ZkMeshMini). Stwo is fully open-sourced. [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1242431788393398279/8QBBBoWU_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson) [Eli Ben-Sasson](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson) [@EliBenSasson](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson/status/1763348066961154477) Yahoo! Stwo! Pronounced Stew, Stu and Stoo, too [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1656026873078398981/Ht7OXAUs_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/StarkWareLtd) [StarkWare](https://twitter.com/StarkWareLtd) [@StarkWareLtd](https://twitter.com/StarkWareLtd) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/StarkWareLtd/status/1763347098584359125) This is Stwo-good-to-be-true! We are proud to announce: Stwo, our next-gen Circle-STARK-based prover![✨](https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/2728.png) Stwo will be built based on the recent mathematical advancement of Circle-STARKs to create super efficient and fast proofs. Yep, that means super scaling![✨](https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/2728.png) This trail-blazing… ![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GHipB23WcAAu8ly.jpg) [![Like Icon](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/heart.png) 86](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson/status/1763348066961154477)[ 23:38 • 29 Feb 2024 ](https://twitter.com/EliBenSasson/status/1763348066961154477) [ ![](https://opengraph.githubassets.com/3b3a50a87681e9d293ededaa2c5bafdab94a595756d25aa25589456a0eb13682/starkware-libs/stwo) https://github.com GitHub - starkware-libs/stwo ---------------------------- Contribute to starkware-libs/stwo development by creating an account on GitHub. ](https://github.com/starkware-libs/stwo) [ ![](https://starkware.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SW-Stwo-Prover.jpg) https://starkware.co Stwo Prover: Next-Gen STARK Blockchain Scaling ---------------------------------------------- Explore Stwo Prover: StarkWare's solution using Circle STARK for blockchain scalability. The future of efficient, fast transactions starts with Stwo Prover. ](https://starkware.co/resource/stwo-prover-the-next-gen-of-stark-scaling-is-here/) * * * 4. [@o1\_labs](https://x.com/o1_labs) published a technical deep dive into how they implemented a significant feature of o1js which was recently released: _ECDSA signature verification_ and _Keccak hashing_, used extensively by [@ethereum](https://x.com/ethereum). [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/968998928241733632/Rhxmu_9O_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/o1_labs) [O(1) Labs](https://twitter.com/o1_labs) [@o1\_labs](https://twitter.com/o1_labs) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/o1_labs/status/1762243643648205300) ICYMI: one of our recent releases of [#o1js](https://twitter.com/hashtag/o1js) added some of the most community-requested features yet: the ability to verify Ethereum signatures using ECDSA and hashes using Keccak. ![🦾](https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f9be.png)Read our technical deep dive on how we implemented them: [o1labs.medium.com/proving-ethere…](https://t.co/D3Edx1HQrT) ![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GHS-QUYX0AAzRI8.jpg) [![Like Icon](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/heart.png) 66](https://twitter.com/o1_labs/status/1762243643648205300)[ 22:30 • 26 Feb 2024 ](https://twitter.com/o1_labs/status/1762243643648205300) [ ![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*UuEYc0DAErl-niBzJBOMwg.jpeg) https://o1labs.medium.com Proving Ethereum signatures in o1js with Keccak and ECDSA --------------------------------------------------------- The v0.15.1 release of o1js (What's New in o1js: January 2024) added some of the most community-requested features yet: the ability to verify Ethereum signatures using the Elliptic Curve Digital... ](https://o1labs.medium.com/proving-ethereum-signatures-in-o1js-with-keccak-and-ecdsa-6aa10dd04e3c) * * * 5. In their paper, [@0xSerious](https://x.com/0xSerious) [@infosecual](https://x.com/infosecual) [@cryptodavidw](https://x.com/cryptodavidw) [@MMJahanara](https://x.com/MMJahanara) [@convoluted\_code](https://x.com/convoluted_code) & [@schaliasosvons](https://x.com/schaliasosvons) are putting ZK systems under the microscope and explore the security vulnerabilities across the entire SNARK stack. [![User Avatar](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1535007055488114697/TWWauHqN_normal.jpg)](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons) [Stefanos Chaliasos](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons) [@schaliasosvons](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons) [![Twitter Logo](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/logo.png)](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons/status/1762139034720129185) Excited to share our latest work on ZKPs security: "SoK: What don’t we know? Understanding Security Vulnerabilities in SNARKs" (w/ [@0xSerious](https://twitter.com/0xSerious), [@infosecual](https://twitter.com/infosecual), [@cryptodavidw](https://twitter.com/cryptodavidw), [@MMJahanara](https://twitter.com/MMJahanara), [@convoluted\_code](https://twitter.com/convoluted_code)). URL: [arxiv.org/pdf/2402.15293…](https://t.co/r01e68rwy3) ![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GHRfDMmWkAAys2e.png) [![Like Icon](https://paragraph.xyz/editor/twitter/heart.png) 167](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons/status/1762139034720129185)[ 15:34 • 26 Feb 2024 ](https://twitter.com/schaliasosvons/status/1762139034720129185) Link to the research paper: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.15293.pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.15293.pdf) * * * Hope you liked this week’s #ZkMeshMini! Subscribe to our newsletter for the full 𝗭𝗞 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝗵 capturing all the top research, articles, announcements, and more from this month and the last ones: [https://zkmesh.substack.com](https://zkmesh.substack.com) --- *Originally published on [ZK Mesh Mini](https://paragraph.com/@zkhack/meshmini20240301)*