Seems like Blockchain has multiple layers, just like a multi-tier application (which has a data layer, an application later and the frontend layer). This was new to me. In blockchain, there are 4 layers

Layer 1: Consensus Layer — this layer makes sure everyone sees the same data. This is similar to a centralized database layer where every user or application using the database will see the exact same data.

The characteristics of this layers are

What is consensus?

In a traditional system, the state of the system is replicated on all hosts and there are known number of servers, each of which is authorized. This makes sure every host is aware of the most recent state of the system. In a block chain, where anyone can write data, it was one proved that it is impossible to achieve consensus if you don’t have authentication and you dont know how many people are participating in the network. Nakamoto’s method of using proof of work gets around this problem

How blocks get added to the Blockchain? — There are miners and there are participants (regular users like me) in the Blockchain (BC). Each participant has a secret key which signifies ownership. You own the token and data and no one can take it away from you, unless, you sign it away using your secret key or your secret key is stolen. This is similar to SSL authentication or any other authentication we use in a distributed system.

2. These transactions are sent to miners

3. The consensus system picks a random leader amongst multiple miners

4. The random leader orders the blocks and posts to the blockchain and they get paid by the native currency (in this case ETH). The other miners verify the block and if the block is not verified, the block is discarded.

5. The leader gets to decide the order of the blocks (ie order of transactions). This is super powerful ability for the miner. If lot of people are trying to sell currencies in the blockchain, who gets to sell first can be determined by the leader. This power can be “misused”. This problem is still not solved for — where one miner gets to decide the order of transactions in the block.

6. Sybil attack — since every-time a miner adds a block to the block chain, they get paid in the currency, it is possible for a miner to have thousands of miner accounts such that one minor always gets chosen and gets paid. This is called a “sybil attack”. Nakamoto’s innovation solved this problem by forcing miners to commit to “resources”.

7. In Bitcoin the resource commitment is proof-of-work, that is to pretend to have 1000 miners, one needs to have 1000 machines. Proof of work is the first generation of blockchain and it wastes lot of energy (computers computing the blocks and competing to submit to the blockchain first) and we may be moving away from it. Future mechanisms, such as “proof-of-stake”, are going to be much more energy efficient.The proof of stake being adopted by other blockchains.

8. “Proof of work” and “proof of stake” are the two major consensus mechanisms cryptocurrencies use to verify new transactions, add them to the blockchain, and create new tokens. Proof of work, first pioneered by Bitcoin, uses mining to achieve those goals. Proof of stake — which is employed by Cardano, the ETH2 blockchain, and others — uses staking to achieve the same things.

9. See more explanation from Coinbase here

10. Layer 1.5: Compute Layer (Blockchain computer) — this is kind of the operating system of blockchain. Think of this as the compute layer of distributed system where your system maybe performing large distributed operations such as map reduce, DB lookups, business logic execution etc.

11. You write applications and post it on the blockchain and these apps respond to outside events. These events are called transactions and people send transactions to apps running on the blockchain and the apps process these transactions.

12. Unlike a distributed app (such as a banking app) where we cannot verify the business logic and have to trust the app is doing the right thing, the blockchain apps can be verified by anyone.

13. Deploying app on the blockchain — This is very similar to writing a distributed app. You create the app in solidity or other language. you compile it in the a format such as evm for Ethereum, then you post the code to the blockchain. The code or the app starts with an initial state (the purple block below)

14. When the app processes some transaction, it changes its state. Each such action changes the state of the app

15. Transactions per second: Ethereum network can process only 15 transactions per second — thats about 1.3M transactions per day. On a typical large distributed system such as Amazon or Instagram, they can process billions of transactions on a daily basis. This is the biggest bottleneck of blockchains so the apps have to make sure they are able to scale with this constraint.

16. Ethereum’s decentralized design ends up limiting the amount of transactions it can process to just 15 per second. Since Ethereum’s popularity far exceeds 15 transactions per second, the result is long waits and fees as high as $200 per transaction. Ultimately, this prices out many users and limits the types of applications Ethereum can handle today.

17. Execution environments — Similar to execution environment of Java or Node or Python applications, Blockchains have their execution environments.

18. Bitcoin provides bitcoin script which is a restrictive language without the support of loops so it cannot do many things. Ethereum provides more general purpose execution environment. Ethereum uses EVM as the virtual machine but many new modern blockchains are moving to WebAssembly which allows apps to be written in any regular language (such as Java) and can be compiled to EVM byte code.

19. Gas fee — Any data that you put on blockchain is expensive. You need to pay a fee to write data to the blockchain known as the Gas fee. Blockchain App Developers have the program to avoid storing data in the blockchain as much possible.

20. Layer 2: Application layer — This sits about the Compute layer and is the layer where applications are built. This is similar to the application server layer of a distributed system which interacts as a bridge between the frontend layer (or user layer) and the data/compute layers. In a distributed system, we write these in languages like Java, Python, Node.JS etc but in blockchain, the applications are written in languages like Solidity, Move, Motoko. These applications are run on the Compute Layer or the Blockchain computer.

21. Production bugs can cost a lot on blockchain as you can jeopardize transactions worth millions of dollars. So the choice of programming language is important.

22. Layer 3: User Interface layer — this is similar to the frontend layer of a distributed system. This it the user facing layer of the blockchain. Users dont talk to the blockchain, they talk to web applications running on the cloud. These web applications get data from the decentralized apps running on the blockchain.

23. As of late late 2021, most of the development is happening in Layer 2 (application layer)

24. Layer 1 and Layer 1.5 can sometimes be combined together. You can think of this as an infrastructure layer (think EC2) which we, the distributed system guys, take it for granted :-)

25. Thats all for now! I hope this explanation was simple and intuitive to novice engineers but if not, I highly recommend watching the video.

26. 
    

Total supply will be set at 3,141,592 $CSNO.

As part of our strategy, Casinodes will have a private sale (ICO). There will be 628,318.4 $CSNO available for the presale, equalling to 62,831 Slot Machines. When that goal is reached, the sale will go public and the real money making will begin. Each $CSNO will be priced at 0.0002 $BNB (~$0.10). More information on the presale here.

This means that 20% of the total supply will be sold during the initial coin offering, ensuring engagement and hype towards the project. For an experienced node investor, this figure may seem high. But fear not, as we have calculated every aspect of this project, and the solutions put in place will prevent common types of economic issues related to bullish projects such as Casinodes.

To keep a healthy economy, we have implemented a node ageing system — For the first 20 days of a node’s existence, it will yield 1 $CSNO chip a day. When the Slot Machine is 20 days old, rewards will start obeying the following equation:

This function was designed to keep rewards to a maximum whilst lightening the pressure put on the liquidity/reward pool:

All in all, the total function node rewards obey in relation to the node’s age is:

This gives the following graph:

As for token distribution after the purchase of a node, priority will be given to the reward pool. 70% of tokens used to make the purchase will be directed to it to keep a high token supply, preventing any shortages. A further 10% will be sent to the BSC LP, so everyone will have a much easier time extracting their gains and converting them into other tokens.

Finally, a variable percentage will be transferred into the project’s wallet, in part to remunerate the Casinodes team, but most importantly for expenses such as running the website or discord server. Initially, it will be set at maximum of 20% and will be greatly decreased in the future. We insist on having a high-expense strategy for the project: moderators will be paid for their services, giveaways, airdrops and events will be frequent, this is all a part of our “going all out” vision.

There are a lot of reasons why you’d want to invest in cryptocurrency and a lot of options of what currency, or coin, you’d want to purchase.

This post is a step-by-step guide on how to buy your first crypto for the purpose of buying and selling NFTs.

This use case is for someone in the U.S. trading dollars for crypto, but the process is probably similar at this point for many other parts of the world.

The process outlined below will help you with three things:

Here are some terms and concepts you’re about to learn:

Here’s the deal with NFT’s. NFT stands for non-fungible token. Non-fungible describes a thing, any thing, that holds intrinsic value that cannot be replaced by another thing. The opposite of non-fungible, is when something is fungible.

Example of fungible: Any one dollar bill can be replaced by another one dollar bill because all one dollar bills have the same value and can be used in the place of each individual bill.

Example of non-fungible: The Mona Lisa. There’s only one Mona Lisa in the world, no other painting or any object in the world for that matter can replace The Mona Lisa. It’s unique. Unlike dollar bills where many people can have one dollar bills and trade them for the same agreed upon value, there’s only one owner (person or entity) who owns the Mona Lisa.

So, to put it simply without getting too deeply into how the technology works (lots of articles out there about that, you don’t need to get it from me), people are making loads of money by creating NFTs in a specific way.

Right now, the most hyped up forms of NFTs are digital art NFTs. For example, an NFT graphic art that can be used as a really cool avatar for your social media profile. What makes this digital artwork so valuable includes a few factors:

CryptoKitties

CryptoKitties was a set of digital art collectibles that where unique graphics of cats. They became highly sought after and highly valued collectibles. What made these digital cat collectibles desirable is that the owners were then invited into a virtual platform, a community of Kitty owners, who can then ‘breed’ more virtual cats.

Bored Ape Yacht Club

Bored Ape Yacht Club was a series of digital art collectibles where each collectible was an ape. Not only were they really cool looking apes that you can use as an avatar photo, if you own one of these NFTs you’re granted access to an online community that’s a ‘swamp club’ for apes.

That’s the basic idea. People love NFTs because of a few reasons:

It’s a thing these days to speculate on what the next CryptoKitties is going to be. People are buying NFTs just in case their NFT becomes valuable, they can sell it later and cash in.

There are tech savvy people making a lot of money conceptualizing the next set of NFT collectibles and creating a community concept around them.

Okay. You get it.

One of the biggest NFT marketplaces where you can buy and sell collectible NFTs is called OpenSea. Where is OpenSea? It’s on the internet. The website is at https://opensea.io/.

It’s absolutely free to browse the digital art on OpenSea. However, in order to transact on the platform, you have to create an account. In order to create an account, you have to have cryptocurrency and you have to hold your cryptocurrency in a crypto wallet. You may or may not need crypto to buy NFTs in the broadest sense, but it does require that you obtain cryptocurrency to get set up in the system.

So, what kind of cryptocurrency should you buy and where do you get a wallet?

There are dozens and dozens of cryptocurrencies out there, the one you’ve heard about the most is Bitcoin. However, the crypto that you need to get set up on OpenSea is an altcoin (cryptocurrency that isn’t Bitcoin) that’s called Eth (rhymes with Keith), which is short for Ethereum..

Ethereum is more than just a coin, but maybe we’ll circle back to that later.

Okay, so you need to fund your OpenSea account with Eth in order to activate it. So what is a wallet, where do you get one?

If you go to the Ethereum website, you’ll see a whole overwhelming extensive gallery of oh so many different crypto wallets and a bunch of techy-sounding language that you’ve never really seen before.

Just keep in mind, a crypto wallet is basically just a place where you hold your crypto. That’s all it is.

You can’t keep crypto in a major bank like you do with regular, ‘fiat’’ money. One of the basic concepts of cryptocurrency is that it’s a decentralized system where people don’t rely on governments or institutional systems to hold your money. You hold your own money in a wallet.

The different types of wallets that are out there basically let you handle the security of your wallet and the ease of use of your wallet in different ways. For instance, you can decide to manage all aspects of maintaining your wallet yourself, or you can choose to have a third-party help you manage your wallet. Good explanation on the different types of wallets here.

So, if you want to open an account on OpenSea, you have to have an Ethereum wallet, and OpenSea gives you a choice of several:

MetaMask — A browser extension with peerless power and flexibility. MetaMask is web 3’s most popular wallet and one of the oldest players in the industry.

Coinbase Wallet — The Coinbase Wallet app allows users to explore the decentralized web with a dapp browser. You do not need a Coinbase account to use the Coinbase Wallet app.

TrustWallet — A non-custodial mobile wallet that stores your private key locally with an additional layer of security.

Portis — Connect to dApps with an email address and password, from almost any web browser, on any device — including mobile phones.

Fortmatic / Magic — A user-friendly wallet from an innovative team that allows you to sign up with your phone number from any device.

Arkane — All a user needs is a PC and web browser to take advantage of the Arkane Network wallet.

Authereum– A usability-focused wallet with no transaction fees and a fiat on-ramp.

Bitski — A simple-to-use wallet allowing users to sign up with an email and password.

Dapper — A browser extension that pays gas fees for you.

Kaikas — A browser extension that interacts with Klaytn network from websites. You can download Kaikas for Chrome here.

OperaTouch — Opera Crypto Wallet works with both your Opera computer browser and your Opera Touch for iOS browser (or Opera for Android) on your mobile device.

Torus — A low friction wallet that allows you to login with Facebook, Google, and other OAuth providers.

WalletConnect — WalletConnect is a protocol supported by many different Dapps and wallets. Install any mobile wallets supporting WalletConnect protocol.

WalletLink — WalletLink is an open protocol that lets you connect your mobile wallet to DApps running on any browser like Coinbase Wallet.

More info at OpenSea

Yeah, lots of new language here. It’s okay.

For the purposes of this blog post, let’s just say you decide to go with MetaMask. MetaMask is a desktop-based wallet. The user experience is the same as using a Chrome Extension.

Okay. So you know you need to get your hands on some Eth and put it in a MetaMask (or whatever) wallet. Now you need to buy some Eth.

Unfortunately, if you don’t have any crypto and you’re trying to get your hands on it for the first time, you can’t just buy Eth with a credit card, PayPal or through a major bank like Wells Fargo or US Bank.

So what do you do? I don’t know what it’s like in other countries, but the simplest way to do it in the US is to exchange dollars for eth on a coin brokerage platform. The most established one is called CoinBase.

By the way, Coinbase also has their own wallet solution, so you could in theory get your Eth on Coinbase and also store it in a Coinbase wallet because this wallet is compatible with the OpenSea platform.

That’s pretty much the whole shebang.

I won’t go into the details of how to get your dollars into Coinbase and how to purchase Eth with it but it’s pretty much what you think it’s going to be. It’s well- documented and the interface is straightforward.

Do keep in mind though that it’s not instantaneous to set up an account with Coinbase. You have to provide quite a bit of personal information to get set up on there (an uncomfortable amount…so get ready), and then there’s an approval process that can take up to a day or two.

Once you’re in Coinbase and you’ve funded your account with dollars, you can exchange for Eth in the Coinbase website, but keep in mind the Eth will not be available to use instantaneously either. It takes time, I want to say a day or so, for those funds to become available in your crypto wallet.

Once you have some Eth in your crypto wallet, you’re all set to complete the set up of your OpenSea account and start buying or selling NFTs.

Hope this information is helpful. If you have any thoughts or questions, you can always tweet at me at @ParisHyunHQ.

As mentioned in our previous article, the Journey of Phase II — continued, a snapshot of all the addresses holding any amount of our current old CYBR tokens was taken. The new CYBR token, that utilizes our new smart contract, was airdropped to all holders in that snapshot. For more experienced users using a MetaMask wallet, simply copy and paste the new smart contract address, using the “import token” on the Ethereum Main-net. The address of the new smart contract token 0x438a6e42813118548c065336844239b63ad4fcfd. For beginners, refer to our step by step process pdf with pictures that explain each step in detail. If you are having troubles, feel free to join the Discord and ask for some help.

Be aware that the old CYBR token will still show in your wallet, with the amount you had prior to migration. This amount of CYBR will monetarily be worth nothing after the liquidity has been migrated to the new token. Think of it as a reminder of where we all came from, and how far we’ve come. Cheers!

Our new smart contract is not like any other you have seen for a project this size. We are very proud of what all we have accomplished, again thanks to the dev team. We managed to add all of the functions we had planned to incorporate and more. We designed the contract with a large scope of utility for both the current features and future one. By already implementing functions that we will be utilizing down the line, we save costs and headaches in the future . Like for example, our Polygon bridge function which will allow us to ultimately act as the primary L2 for CYBR as of now. We truly do not want to limit ourselves in functionality and interoperability, to expand Cyber Enterprise all the way… well you know… up there…1

Contract Read Functions: Cyber (CYBR) Token Tracker Reads| Etherscan

Contract Write Functions: Cyber (CYBR) Token Tracker Writes| Etherscan

Our contract includes several features, like blacklisting, bot mitigation, liquidity pool support and token burning support. By support functions, we mean functions that enable us to do so and be transparent in what goes on behind the scenes. Because as functions in our smart contract, they are publicly accessible to our users via Etherscan, and any changes emit a viewable event. We will have a brief overview of the most prominent functions here, but a more detailed description can be found on our “Contract Explanation pdf”. Additionally, we have ran over 30 iterations of contract testing. When it comes to security, we take it very seriously. That is why we spared no time when it came to eliminating potential misuses of our smart contract. We value the investment of our community, and will take no risks in this regard. Multiple scenarios of potential misuse were recreated. In testing the bot mitigation, blacklist, and other custom functions, all went as planned.

As of today, after a successful migration of funds and reallocation of CYBR to all holders, we are now an authentic UniSwap V3 pair. As of writing this article, March 1st 2022, neither UniCrypt or TeamTrust by Trust Wallet have developed a token locker for UniSwap V3 liquidity pools. There is currently no locking method for UniSwap V3 pairs. That being said, the are under development and hopefully coming in the following months.

Locks are done differently on Uni V3, as they are no longers ERC20 LP tokens, but rather erc-721s provided by UniSwap. That is the one major difference on how UniSwap V3 works in comparison to V2.

CYBR ERC-721 Liquidity Token:

https://etherscan.io/token/0xc36442b4a4522e871399cd717abdd847ab11fe88?a=198702

As soon as a reputable company develops a way to lock ERC-721 LPs, we will abide and follow suit. We have even pondered the thought of developing our own method of locking, but for now it’s locked in Odysseus’s gun safe. Those of you that have been with us since the start of the journey, and those of you who are new, will see we the Cyber Team have nothing but the best intentions for this project, for our community. We have so much to show, to do, and to accomplish. An odyssey of a lifetime is what we’re aiming for, not a shipwreck.

CYBR ERC-721 Liquidity Owner:

https://etherscan.io/address/0xf273aec6fbdc2920afa7425ece575a432fd0844f

I, Odysseus, would like to thank everyone for allowing us to take the extra time to develop the contract and create something truly special. I would also like to thank the community in entrusting us with the liquidity migration and reallocation of the new CYBR token. I also appreciate community member Vito Luciano is stepping forth, and taking responsibility of the Medium (:

CYBR Under Construction Website: https://thecyberenterprise.com/

CYBRC Website: https://thecybercreditors.com//

Youtube Channel: TheCyberEnterprise — YouTube

DexTools: https://www.dextools.io/app/ether/pair-explorer/0x367340c85e1fde271506ccda21a424f9fbde8d9c

Contract: 0xd409bb122cc1cdaa5c1530f1e7ff1512345477b9

OpenSea: https://opensea.io/collection/cybernators-2026

Discord: https://discord.gg/thecyberenterprise

Telegram: https://r.cybr.army/telegram-en

Twitter: https://twitter.com/thecyberinu

Medium: https://thecyberenterprise.medium.com

New Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheCyberEnterprise/

Old Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheCyberInu/

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecyberinuofficial/