In the Alto Paraná area, according to Sosa, illegal connections by mining companies led to losses of $410,000 in July alone, bringing losses to $2.2 million for the first seven months of the year.

In some cases, mining companies were paying between 80 and 160 times less than the corresponding amount for their real energy consumption, according to ANDE.

• The fund will track the performance of an index, dubbed the BITA NFT and Blockchain Select Index, composed of NFT, blockchain and crypto stocks, including NFT marketplaces and issuers such as Coinbase and Playboy.

• The index will be rebalanced on a quarterly basis, Defiance said.

• Crypto-pegged ETFs have grown significantly in the past year; the first U.S. bitcoin futures fund was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in October.

• Defiance is an ETF sponsor and investment adviser with a focus on thematic investing, according to its website.

• Silvergate, the crypto-friendly bank that serves a number of firms in the industry, is the top stock in the ETF with a 6.74% weighting, followed by Playboy, Cloudflare and a handful of crypto mining firms.

• Through active management, the products are designed to counter the price volatility inherent in crypto assets, Bitcoin Capital said Thursday.

• The 1 FiCAS Active Bitcoin ETP and 1 FiCAS Active Ethereum ETP are available to institutional, private and professional investors in Switzerland, Liechtenstein and European Union countries other than Hungary.

• Investors will be able to access the product through their bank or broker just as they would investments such as equities or bonds, according to Bitcoin Capital.

• The listing follows that of FiCAS’s actively-managed crypto ETP last year, which traded bitcoin against a range of other cryptoassets including ether, bitcoin cash and litecoin.

• Increasing awareness of crypto assets has driven the release of exchange-traded products in recent months as institutional investors seek exposure to the sector. While exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest directly in crypto have yet to be permitted in the U.S., other jurisdictions have been more sanguine. Among others, WisdomTree has listed bitcoin and ether products in Switzerland and the European Union and Canada also allows them.

• The Nasdaq and Toronto Stock Exchange-listed company reported Wednesday having mined 3,089 BTC in the first 11 months of the year.

• Bitfarms said it was able to maintain production levels due to the delivery and installation of mining equipment, driving a 16% increase in the hashrate to 2.1 exahash per second (EH/s), attaining the target it set for the month after reaching 1.8 EH/s in October.

• By reaching a hashrate of 2 EH/s in mid-November, Bitfarms had doubled its mining power in the last eight months.

• During November, the firm received 400 MicroBT M30S miners and 3,588 Bitmain S19j Pro miners, with a further 702 of the latter scheduled for delivery in the first half of December.

• “Even with an increase in network difficulty, our BTC production level held steady in November,” CEO Emiliano Grodzki said in a statement.

• “El Salvador just bought the dip. 100 extra coins acquired with a discount,” Bukele said.

• Bitcoin price fell about 8% on Friday around $54,237, as broader markets tumble on new COVID-19 variant fear.

• Bitcoin officially became legal tender in El Salvador in September, three months after the country’s legislature passed the Bitcoin Law.

• On Nov. 20, Bukele said that the country is going to build an entire city based on bitcoin, during a presentation at Bitcoin Week in El Salvador.

“Ethereum gave me freedom,” Alzuru, 31, said. “And I’m always looking for ways to give back and to get some freedom for others as well.” That’s a message he thinks others in crypto could get behind. DoinGud, set to launch on Nov. 30, distinguishes itself from the increasingly crowded field of NFT markets by automatically directly a percentage (5%-95%) of sales to charities.

This article is excerpted from The Node, CoinDesk’s daily roundup of the most pivotal stories in blockchain and crypto news. You can subscribe to get the full newsletter here.

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For an industry that prides itself on working on behalf of the “public good,” outright philanthropy isn’t often prioritized. Companies, projects and individuals have made breathtaking profits this year during a bull market that has driven the entire market cap of all cryptos, at times, above $3 trillion. It’s money that’s sometimes literally printed from nowhere and might be put to good use.

“In order for you to give, you need to have something to give,” Alzuru said. NFTs have unlocked untold fortunes for a number of artists across industries – seemingly regardless of experience or, at times, talent. The “creator economy” was well underway in 2018 when the ERC-721 white paper was published, describing the smart contract standard underpinning NFTs. Since then, however, NFTs have extended the playing field of who can get paid for their work online.

That’s at least part of what Alzuru means when he says “freedom:” Crypto has given him more than just financial “independence” (though there is that): It hast also granted him the lowercase-l, liberal freedoms some people in North America or Europe may take for granted. Born in Venezuela, Alzuru said he felt he had no guaranteed right to speech or expression, until he found Ethereum.

“I’m able now to express myself on Ethereum, on the internet, and it stays there,” he said. “No one can take that away from me.” That’s the power of property rights enforced by code, he said. But don’t confuse him with any old capitalist; Alzuru, perhaps like Ethereum itself, is ideologically fluid.

“I also believe in communal property rights, ‘public goods’ or public infrastructure,” he said, invoking the idea that crypto, open and accessible to all in theory, is a new type of digital commons. That’s ultimately what he wants DoinGud to become, to exist at the protocol level, a tool that other NFT or DeFi platforms can integrate to automate charitable giving.

But public goods are open to exploitation. Or, as street artist Rich Simmons put it in an email, “The whole NFT and crypto climates so far have felt like a bit of a cash grab.” Simmons is joining the ranks (including publications like CoinDesk and The New Yorker) of those using NFTs to fund charitable giving. He’s using a platform called HistoryMakr and donating to several mental health organizations.

Give crypto to get back

Is crypto charity a way to cover up some of the evils of the industry? Under fire for its environmental footprint, rampant scams and general social toxicity, crypto certainly needs a little goodwill.

See also: Want Cleaner Bitcoin Mining? Subsidize It

But “corporate social responsibility,” the idea that traditional businesses owe something to the world in addition to their shareholders, often leads to less-than-desirable and sometimes hysterical results. It’s the same mentality that has the Central Intelligence Agency whitewashing itself as a progressive wing of government.

At launch, creators on DoinGud will be able to determine which causes to support and what percentage is handed over. The intention is to open source its code and form a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) to set protocols around charitable giving. “Consensus is also always changing,” Alzuru said, and six-member founding team isn’t comfortable determining what is “right or wrong.” A “curated” registry, launched in collaboration with The Giving Block, an established project that enables charities to accept crypto, may eventually blacklist unsavory recipients.

Regardless of people’s motivations for giving, there’s a huge opportunity for charitable efforts to thrive in crypto. Blockchain has long been touted as a way to bring transparency to an industry that sometimes operates in the dark. Smart contracts, like the ones DoinGud designed, can make giving a routine part of doing business. Not to mention the wealth, the insane wealth, created during bull markets.

Alzuru even thinks the psychological effects that transparent blockchains foster, the same mental forces that drive people to display NFTs as avatars on social media, could benefit charity. “With crypto, you have this proof that you’ve given back to the community,” Alzuru said, referring to the paper trail left on Ethereum. “Most of the time, [when giving], people are showing us vanity.”

“You might want to create something for the betterment of humanity,” he said. “What you need to first think about yourself, like if you’re not good, if you’re not doing good yourself, you cannot be creating stuff for others.”

The relative strength index (RSI) on the daily chart is almost oversold, similar to what occurred in late-July and September, which preceded near-50% price rallies. Still, buyers will need to break above the $60,000-$65,000 resistance zone in order to yield upside price targets.

Price momentum is slowing on the daily chart, although initial signs of downside exhaustion could stabilize the intermediate-term uptrend from July. Volatility will likely return into the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday, which could lead to sharp price movements over the weekend.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who has retained power since 2003, has to all appearances lost his mind: With inflation sitting at around 20%, Erdogan yesterday lowered Turkey’s key interest rate to 18% from 19% (no, not a typo), instead of raising them to tighten the money supply.

Currency markets have responded decisively to the expected move, with the lira losing 10% of its value against the U.S. dollar since Monday. Some Turkish citizens decided to take their business elsewhere: BTCTurk, one of a handful of local exchanges offering lira/BTC trades, has seen a noticeable uptick in volume, according to public data. That interest comes despite the recent collapse of two other Turkish exchanges, one in an apparent exit scam.

This article is excerpted from The Node, CoinDesk’s daily roundup of the most pivotal stories in blockchain and crypto news. You can subscribe to get the full newsletter here.

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Erdogan’s government banned crypto for payments in April, but owning crypto is legal in Turkey – at least for now. Sadly, the logic of the current situation may push Erdogan to tighten further, as any open lira/BTC trade could put further downward pressure on the lira by enabling capital flight.

Erdogan has reportedly claimed that lowering interest rates – which makes money cheaper and more plentiful – will somehow curb inflation. But his reasoning is opaque. He recently referred to interest as the “devil,” perhaps an oblique appeal to Islamic morality in the face of economic reality.

“It’s just crazy, there’s zero justification for this move as there’s been zero justification for the rate cuts we’ve seen so far this year,” an asset manager told the Wall Street Journal. “Erdogan is running monetary policy on his own.”

It’s not hard to infer Erdogan’s actual motive for (more or less) letting the money printer go brrr: Keeping rates lower is one of only a handful of tools he has for shoring up Turkey’s economy. Turkey has seen short-term hits to its economy thanks to regional instability and COVID-19, which has devastated tourism.

The longer-term picture is even more shocking: Since 2013, Turkey’s GDP has plummeted from more than US$950 billion to $720 billion, partly thanks to instability after a failed coup against Erdogan in 2016. Erdogan’s attempts to ramp things back up have been deeply unorthodox for years, particularly relying on unsustainable levels of debt throughout the economy.

Read more: Turkey Blocks Bank Accounts of a Crypto Exchange Even as It Hunts for the CEO of Another

And Erdogan no longer has an independent economic council to push back after firing a series of central bank governors who wouldn’t get in line. That makes the current wave of instability all the more dangerous for lira holders.

Erdogan’s Turkey is fast becoming a case study of bitcoin’s potential benefits for residents of countries with fragile currencies, or authoritarian leaders likely to pursue short-term political gain through inflationary policies. Luckily, Turkey is closely tied to Europe, and Turks currently have at least some access to dollars and euros to protect their wealth. In many other similarly troubled regions, that luxury is hard to come by, leaving bitcoin the only option.

Over her brief academic career, Omarova published papers making the case for strengthening the Federal Reserve’s role in consumer banking, limiting the ability for private banks to feed into speculative frenzies (a la the 2008 derivatives crisis) and reining in the excesses of the fintech and crypto sectors.

This article is excerpted from The Node, CoinDesk’s daily roundup of the most pivotal stories in blockchain and crypto news. You can subscribe to get the full newsletter here.

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For this, she’s been called a “radical choice” by U.S. senators, talking heads and crypto thinkboys. (Some of this criticism is tinted xenophobic red; conspiracists like to point that Omarova won a Lenin Personal Academic Scholarship while studying philosophy at Moscow State University in 1989.)

“I think that anyone needs to be expected to answer for their record, to the extent that they have a record and to the extent that they put themselves out there publicly, espousing certain beliefs or discussing certain frameworks,” Quintenz said on CoinDesk TV’s “First Mover.”

Although some of her views fall well outside of mainstream opinion, Omarova does represent an increasingly common view among regulators that crypto needs to be brought under their yoke. A progressive, self-described lover of American capitalism, Omarova supports both a “digital dollar” central bank digital currency and publicly run banks. Crypto, it’s said, is a distraction.

In a recent interview, Omarova told New York magazine that her tough regulatory positions are meant to actually strengthen the banking sector, which “many Americans lost confidence in” following the 2008 financial crisis. These frustrations paved the way for innovators like fintech and crypto to step in.

“They should welcome reasonable, rational, good regulation because it actually helps all of them to do good and not be outcompeted by the bad guys,” she said. [emphasis added] “They should welcome a strong regulator who understands the industry and who can be a strong protector for the banking sector as well.”

The OCC, by its own estimates, oversees about 1,000 banks and institutions worth almost $15 trillion. This includes the three crypto firms granted national charters after former acting head Brian Brooks paved the way for that last year.

There are some concerns that a new crypto-skeptic OCC lead could overturn some of the positive advances Brooks made while in office. Last month Brooks told CoinDesk he thinks his legacy is secure – for instance, calling his stablecoin guidance “super-tightly lawyered.”

“Once people – especially in independent agencies – are confirmed to lead them, they have a lot of power to make decisions, using a lot of flexibility in the law, and can do so in a way that doesn’t necessarily provide a lot of accountability to Congress or the American people,” Quintenz said.

Read more: ‘Wrong’ to Regulate Crypto Through Enforcement: Ex-CFTC Official Quintenz

For her part, Omarova has noted that there’s a difference between exploring ideas in an academic setting and enacting them while leading a federal body. And even if it is doubtful that crypto and fintech could “revolutionize” finance, as she said in 2019, she does support the industry’s key values of privacy and data security. Not to mention her overall concern in improving financial access and curbing the predatory nature of banks.

Raúl Carrillo, an associate research scholar at Yale Law School, went as far as saying in a CoinDesk op-ed that Omarova could emerge as an unlikely ally to the crypto industry.

Either way, Omarova faces a tough road ahead: If even one Democrat decides to vote against her she’ll lose her nomination. Ellen Brown of the Public Banking Institute doesn’t think she’ll get confirmed.

November 22, 2021 08:40 AM Eastern Standard Time

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The integration currently works for ether (ETH) deposits, meaning Binance users can now directly deposit their funds on the exchange through Arbitrum One without using the Arbitrum bridge.

Until now, users had to first move funds from Arbitrum to Ethereum through the Arbitrum bridge. With the direction integration, Binance users will have faster access to funds for trading.

Binance said it has assigned users ETH deposit addresses on the Arbitrum One network. Arbitrum One is live on mainnet but is still in a beta phase.

Binance will also enable withdrawals on Arbitrum at a later date, said the exchange, without specifying a timeline. Once that option is enabled, Binance users will be able to withdraw their funds on Arbitrum faster and at a much cheaper cost.

Arbitrum, being a Layer 2 network, helps reduce transaction costs using Optimistic rollups technology. Rollups allow executing Ethereum transactions off-chain, thereby reducing the network congestion, increasing its speed, and reducing gas fees.

Binance is one of a few major centralized exchanges that have completed integrating a Layer 2 network. OKEx has also integrated Arbitrum's network. Coinbase recently announced its plans to integrate Polygon's Layer 2 network but is yet to support it. Coinbase has also said that it will explore Arbitrum, Optimism, and Starkware's Layer 2 networks over time.

Decentralized protocols, on the other hand, such as Uniswap, 1inch, and Aave, have integrated Arbitrum's and other Layer 2 technologies into their platforms.

Binance's Arbitrum integration comes at a time when Binance Smart Chain (BSC) validators are complaining that the network is poorly run.

"BSC is a lost cause," one GitHub user posted earlier this week, for instance. "There is zero responding to bug reports. Hundreds of people report non syncing nodes or nodes falling out of sync. Response from the 'developers' - zero."

未来4年，还会上演“公链”大战，技术、资本、用户、文化等等这些话题还会反复讨论，但这时候的主角就不再是L1们了，而是L2；一定会有顶级的Rollup L2生态繁荣起来，估值提升到千亿美元级别；继而资本会把所有L2的估值拉高到百亿美元上下。

越来越感受到Rollup形式的L2不仅仅是一种增加扩展性的方式，更是智能合约公链带领整个区块链世界走向大规模应用普及的新范式。以下thread详解：

单片式区块链的 L1 层要负责共识、执行和数据可用性这三个底层组件，守住使区块链之所以成为「区块链」的去中心化和安全性，但优化其中一个属性又会对其他两个属性带来约束；所以我们大概率已经走到了可扩展性的极限。

相比于单片式区块链架构，社区KOL们把未来有Rollup的L2、转POS后的共识层和分片（Sharding）的ETH称为模块化区块链，或许有机会成为未来公链的新方向。

总体思路是，让负责共识的只负责如何做大做强共识，让执行交易的只关心如何提高交易效率，用分工的方式去提高公链的可扩展性。

简单来说，通过创建一个独立于以太坊 L1 的链下交易执行环境，并在处理完交易之后更新 L1 的状态，Rollups可以将执行层的交易速度提升两个数量级，同时无须承担维护共识和数据可用性的巨大成本。

L1 提供安全性，并维护去中心化，因此 Rollup只需要关注如何更快地执行交易增强可扩展性即可。

我们可以看到，整个思路变成了把执行交易的模块放到链下，让链下完成可扩展性，而且只关注执行交易的可扩展性；而共识层和数据可用性依然在L1上面，这属于安全性的模块，依然足够去中心化。这就是 Rollup 如何在不妥协的情况下可以让以太坊同时依然实现足够的去中心化和可扩展性。

其实想想我们现实世界中心化金融系统的架构，也是这样的。强大如央行，在全国有三个备份数据中心，也没有办法有足够的可扩展性完成14亿人每天的日常转账交易，而且转念一想，我给便利店付款10元真的用得着央行来帮我们确权结算吗，这是对资源的浪费。

所有我们看到连中心化的金融体系也是商业银行之间的转账记录在央行层面完成确权（每天也要轮到半夜才完成最终的清算），而为了可扩展性，允许支付宝和微信支付成为最终的L2，负责每个公民日常的小额支付。这种技术架构也是模块化的架构，L1负责安全和数据有效性，L2负责日常结算，满足人民的需求。

Rollup这种将执行交易环境从主网剥离出来的操作，把ETH划分成为了共识模块（链上）和交易模块（链下），极大的打开了L2的想象空间。

Rollup形式的L2比起很多号称ETH侧链的项目，拥有正统性；比起很多EVM的公链，又拥有以太坊带来的安全性和去中心化程度， 这些东西虽然在牛市没人在意，但是一旦进入熊市，很多区块链之所以叫区块链的特性就显得尤为重要了。

下一个四年，我们很可能将会有上百个 Rollups 网络并行运行。每一个 Rollup 都能支持上百万的用户，且都有各自巨大的交易吞吐量，所有这些 Rollups 都由以太坊主链提供安全性保护和数据可用性支持 。当某个 Rollup 饱和时，跳至另一个L2并开始进行交易将是轻而易举的（L2之间的跨链桥将会繁荣）。

我们会出现专门针对某一类场景的专用型Rollup，金融类Rollup，NFT类Rollup，游戏类Rollup，社交类Rollup，甚至仅仅是某一类兴趣点聚集的地方，也会形成专门的Rollup（只要有强大的资本支持和巨量用户导入）；我们使用统一的以太坊地址在这些L2中自由穿梭，流连忘返。

当然，数百个Rollup并存肯定会带来流动性的割裂，这对于以太坊上资产的可组合性将是一种伤害；针对这一点的技术解决方案一定会是接下来的热点（比如dAMM），将所有rollup上的流动性共享起来合理分配将是一项美好的事情，同时该解决方案也会是一个高收益的协议。

大胆预测，从2022年开始，有一些L1侧链或老牌公链们，会逐渐发现竞争力不足，最后只能抛弃他们维护成本高昂的共识层和数据可用性层，转型为以太坊的L2，轻装上阵，专心经营自己的生态，币价迎来一波回春；

通过转变成为以太坊上的 L2 网络，它们不仅可以继续保留自己的原生代币、社区、应用等等，还将从整个以太坊生态系统中获益。这种方式的美妙之处在于，L2网络完全无需担心共识/安全层的巨大维护成本，它们需要做的就是向以太坊 L1 支付用于存储证明 (proofs) 和数据的 Gas 费用。

未来4年，还会上演“公链”大战，技术、资本、用户、文化等等这些话题还会反复讨论，但这时候的主角就不再是L1们了，而是L2；一定会有顶级的Rollup L2生态繁荣起来，估值提升到千亿美元级别；继而资本会把所有L2的估值拉高到百亿美元上下。

与此同时，未来4年，也一定会有Web2时代的大公司或优秀团队和资本方，成立自己的Rollup L2，用这样的方式快速进入Web3时代，然后专心打造自己的优秀应用，不再担心安全性和去中心化程度。

最后，以太坊会逐渐演化为一种云端的区块链底层基础设施，为这个世界提供久经考验且用巨大经济成本维护出的强大共识层，输出安全和去中心化，所有的Rollup向其购买昂贵的区块打包费用以完成链上结算，由此，大家会逐渐接受以太坊成为未来历史上第一个公用的中立的全球结算网络。

以上为最近对L2的思考，个人认为Rollup形式的L2是下一个周期的主题，也是区块链世界继续演化从而普及成为真正让地球上所有人接受的价值网络的必经之路。

Jumping headfirst into NFTs can sometimes feel like wading into the ocean; thrilling, exciting, but a little dangerous. As with any emerging industry, we are experiencing a real-time adoption of our existing societal structures to keep up with technology. 

On stage at NFT.NYC 2021, discussion around the following question ensued: What should creators know about minting, from a legal perspective? 

According to panelist Dave Rodman, Founder and Managing Partner of The Rodman Law Group, the major thing to keep in mind when minting NFTs is copyright, which falls under the umbrella of intellectual property law. 

Not familiar? A quick summary below, but we recommend doing further research. 

A copyright is a collection of rights that automatically vest to someone who creates an original work of authorship like a literary work, song, or movie. These rights include the right to reproduce the work, to prepare derivative works, to distribute copies, and to perform and display the work publicly. (Source: Copyright Alliance)

Creators should only mint NFTs of works they own the complete rights to, having been the originator of the work or a collaborator. 

NFT platforms must comply with the DMCA, a 1998 United States law that amended U.S. copyright law to address important parts of the relationship between copyright and the internet. Online service providers are protected in certain situations if their users engage in copyright infringement. The notice-and-takedown system allows copyright owners to inform online service providers about infringing material so it can be taken down. (source: Copyright.gov)

But with NFTs being by definition permanently connected to a blockchain, questions remain about what level of deletion is possible. 

Buyers also need to consider intellectual property rights, says Stuart D. Levi, co-head of Skadden’s Intellectual Property and Technology Group. 

Despite NFTs being a relatively new technology, IP law works and applies in most cases. This section of the law has “kept up with technology pretty well in comparison to some other areas.”

Think of it this way: when you buy a physical painting, you buy the work itself, but not the IP. That remains with the artist. It’s the same scenario with most NFTs. 

Most importantly, read the user agreement for whichever platform you’re creating or buying on. 

In the initial days of NFT projects, like earlier in 2021, the popular method was to be very clear about what rights you don’t get, says Levi. For example, projects almost always don’t allow you to use the name of a project or name of a character in derivative works.

But as the space evolves, more recent projects aim to empower the user community by giving collectors certain rights which previously weren’t granted in most NFT projects. Importantly, we’re in an era of no one size fits all.

Much remains to be explored in the legal arena, agreed the panelists, including the question: “Does the agreement that the initial buyer agreed to travel with the NFT?” A prediction: most likely not.  Be sure to check the user agreement for the platform you’re using to see if and how this is addressed. (For example, in Voice’s Terms of Service, the NFT license extends not just to the first collector of the NFT, but to  all the subsequent collectors as well).

Ultimately, communication is key for both buyers and creators, agreed the panelists. Do your research before uploading anything to an NFT platform or purchasing digital art.