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        <title>hashigo</title>
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        <description>A blog series about Optimism</description>
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            <title><![CDATA[#4 Analyzing Optimism's Transaction Fees Through Experiments]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/4-analyzing-optimism-s-transaction-fees-through-experiments</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:39:58 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Recently, the Ethereum network activated the Dencun upgrade, which implemented EIP-4844. This proposal, aimed at introducing a new type of transaction, seeks to reduce the transaction fees for rollups, thereby advancing the scaling of Ethereum. This provides an excellent opportunity for me to explore the characteristics of transaction fees on Optimism in this blog post. Notably, as OP Mainnet is a rollup, it benefits from the Dencun upgrade. Before diving into a detailed explanation, let&apos...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Recently, the Ethereum network activated the Dencun upgrade, which implemented EIP-4844. This proposal, aimed at introducing a new type of transaction, seeks to reduce the transaction fees for rollups, thereby advancing the scaling of Ethereum.</p><p>This provides an excellent opportunity for me to explore the characteristics of transaction fees on Optimism in this blog post. Notably, as OP Mainnet is a rollup, it benefits from the Dencun upgrade. Before diving into a detailed explanation, let&apos;s start with a simple experiment.</p><h1 id="h-experiment" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Experiment</strong></h1><h2 id="h-objective" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Objective</strong></h2><p>The purpose of this experiment is to elucidate the characteristics of Optimism&apos;s transaction fees by measuring the fees of various types of transactions. In particular, we will consider the correlation between the gas usage by the transactions (the horizontal axis) and the transaction fees (the vertical axis). If the transaction fees are calculated as a product of gas usage and gas price, similar to Ethereum, then the plot should represent a straight line passing through the origin.</p><p>The measurements were taken before and after the Dencun upgrade. This will also help us understand the impact of EIP-4844 on the characteristics of transaction fees.</p><h2 id="h-experimental-procedure" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Experimental Procedure</strong></h2><p>The transactions measured are of the following three types:</p><ol><li><p>A transaction sending 0 ETH to one&apos;s own account.</p></li><li><p>A transaction similar to the first, but with the string &quot;1234567890&quot; encoded as input data.</p></li><li><p>A transaction like the first, but with a longer string &quot;1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890&quot; encoded as input data.</p></li></ol><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/71aa0a109b3defe4e260dc77cbfd934cffd78c699f218fadfd72202b942e6019.png" alt="Figure 1: An example of a transaction used for the measurement." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 1: An example of a transaction used for the measurement.</figcaption></figure><p>The gas price set for issuing these transactions is 0.1 Gwei. The input data, limited to human-readable strings (pre-encoding) due to Rabby Wallet&apos;s specifications, were added to the transactions.</p><p>To minimize the impact of Ethereum mainnet&apos;s Base Fee fluctuations, the transactions were measured in the sequence &apos;1→2→3→1→2→3→1→2→3&apos;, repeating each three times, and the average values were used as the data. Due to the limited number of measurements, no analysis using standard deviation was conducted. Instead, I made sure that the variation in each measurement was sufficiently small before I calculated the averages.</p><h2 id="h-experimental-results" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Experimental Results</strong></h2><p>The first set of measurements was conducted on February 12, 2024, before the Dencun upgrade. The results are plotted as shown in Figure 2. As mentioned, Ethereum&apos;s transaction fees typically plot a straight line through the origin, so I set the horizontal axis range starting at zero to confirm the origin.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/da603e05ab125eb08bfa7fecc6eb46d61c07bf8df19b64a037bfa751fbac99c6.png" alt="Figure 2: Transaction fee measurements before the Dencun Upgrade." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 2: Transaction fee measurements before the Dencun Upgrade.</figcaption></figure><p>From Figure 2, it is evident that the plot does not form a straight line through the origin. Instead, the fees for transactions 2 and 3 surged significantly.</p><p>The second set of measurements was conducted on March 18, 2024, after the Dencun upgrade. The results are plotted in Figure 3. Compared to Figure 2, this plot appears more linear and seems to pass through the origin. A linear approximation of this plot is shown in Figure 4. Still, the fees for transactions 2 and 3 tended to be higher relative to the gas usage. This trend might be attributed to the string input in these transactions.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/835dda0e303c7d7a159ee9041fadc4a407eeb93e5e3003f2bc77bb06d5490df2.png" alt="Figure 3: Transaction fee measurements after the Dencun Upgrade." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 3: Transaction fee measurements after the Dencun Upgrade.</figcaption></figure><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/37f63323c3f36a43d8ba26c88fbdf4904eb803733be9eba611d3a3ac4d2233f0.png" alt="Figure 4: Transaction fee measurements and linear approximation after the Dencun Upgrade." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 4: Transaction fee measurements and linear approximation after the Dencun Upgrade.</figcaption></figure><h2 id="h-discussion" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Discussion</strong></h2><p>From these results, I can infer the following:</p><ol><li><p>Optimism&apos;s transaction fees did not proportionally align with the gas usage.</p></li><li><p>The length and presence of input strings in the transactions might be a factor causing this discrepancy.</p></li><li><p>This tendency was more pronounced before the Dencun Upgrade.</p></li></ol><h1 id="h-optimisms-transaction-fees" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Optimism&apos;s Transaction Fees</strong></h1><p>Was the insight gained from the experiment accurate? Let&apos;s trace the mechanics of Optimism&apos;s transaction fees to deepen our understanding.</p><h2 id="h-two-stage-transaction-fee-structure" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Two-Stage Transaction Fee Structure</strong></h2><p>Optimism&apos;s transaction fees consist of the following two components:</p><ul><li><p>Execution Gas Fee</p></li><li><p>L1 Data Fee</p></li></ul><p>The Execution Gas Fee is the cost for executing a transaction on L2. Optimism uses a fee model compliant with EIP-1559, similar to L1, where the Base Fee rises with increased demand. For more details, please refer to my previous blog post.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/sZ42ZTmmEzC99gTQ7djtkec6AOXcoJNxgLO6wpHfDXA">https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/sZ42ZTmmEzC99gTQ7djtkec6AOXcoJNxgLO6wpHfDXA</a></p><p>The 0.1 Gwei value specified in the experiment refers to this Execution Gas Fee.</p><p>On the other hand, the L1 Data Fee is the cost necessary to publish Optimism&apos;s transactions on Ethereum. As OP Mainnet is an Optimistic Rollup, its transactions must be made public on L1, and this incurs the L1 Data Fee. This fee is automatically deducted from the user&apos;s account at the time of transaction execution.</p><h2 id="h-op-mainnets-fees-paid-to-l1" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>OP Mainnet&apos;s Fees Paid to L1</strong></h2><p>Let&apos;s look at the types of transactions OP Mainnet is sending to L1 to sustain itself. The &quot;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://docs.optimism.io/stack/protocol/transaction-flow">Transaction Flow</a>&quot; page on Optimism&apos;s documentation can be very informative. Let&apos;s reference a diagram from there.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/ac763e400d8d00650da1b13cb8c74d00c83d1660a5ce35770183f9fd4e798798.png" alt="Figure 5: Transaction Flow (quoted from OPTIMISM DOCS)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 5: Transaction Flow (quoted from OPTIMISM DOCS).</figcaption></figure><p>As Figure 5 illustrates, the op-batcher submits batches of compressed transactions, and the op-proposer submits state commitments to L1. Naturally, both incur ETH payments on L1.</p><p>Let&apos;s examine this on the explorer. The op-batcher submits transaction batches to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://etherscan.io/address/0xff00000000000000000000000000000000000010">this address</a>. For transactions before the Ecotone upgrade (Optimism&apos;s upgrade to accommodate EIP-4844), you can see data written in calldata. After Ecotone, blobs are used, and the writing of data can be seen on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://blobscan.com/address/0x6887246668a3b87f54deb3b94ba47a6f63f32985">blobscan</a>. Similarly, the op-proposer&apos;s submission of state roots can be observed <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://etherscan.io/address/0x473300df21d047806a082244b417f96b32f13a33">here</a>.</p><p>Next, let&apos;s look at how much is being paid. This Dune dashboard shows the breakdown of OP Mainnet&apos;s on-chain costs. Before Ecotone, about 98% was comprised of L1 Calldata Fees, but after Ecotone, L1 Overhead Fees and L1 State Outputs take up most of the total. In other words, before Ecotone, the L1 Data Fee was a significant burden, but after Ecotone, the L1 Data Fee almost disappeared. These on-chain costs were transferred to users through a set formula, hence the characteristic appearance in transaction fees.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/a1058e1405d9e99354b141efc6a17e1b82543abae284b1a92d9fe65e71a20a7d.png" alt="Figure 6: Share of Total Onchain Costs by Contributor (quoted from oplabspbc&apos;s Dune dashboard)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Figure 6: Share of Total Onchain Costs by Contributor (quoted from oplabspbc&apos;s Dune dashboard).</figcaption></figure><h2 id="h-connecting-with-the-experimental-results" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Connecting with the Experimental Results</strong></h2><p>The experiment showed a surge in the cost of transactions with inputted strings, especially in the measurements taken on February 12, 2024. Before the Ecotone, OP Mainnet had to compress and submit these transactions to L1, including the data of inputted strings. As L1 Calldata Fees constituted most of the on-chain costs, and these were transferred to users, the fees for transactions with input strings surged, resulting in a plot like Figure 2.</p><p>After Ecotone, blobs began to be used for storing these data, significantly reducing the L1 Data Fee and leading to a plot like Figure 3. However, some on-chain costs still occurred, requiring a degree of cost transfer to the users, hence the plot not being a straight line through the origin.</p><h1 id="h-conclusion" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h1><p>In this blog post, I have clarified the characteristics of Optimism&apos;s transaction fees and how the EIP-4844 and Dencun upgrade affected these characteristics. The results from the experiment suggest that Optimism&apos;s transaction fees behave differently from Ethereum&apos;s.</p><p>Particularly intriguing was the impact of the amount of data input into transactions on the fees. The Ecotone upgrade significantly reduced the cost of transactions (especially those with large data), which is not only beneficial for users but also contributes greatly to Ethereum&apos;s scaling.</p><p>I have not yet decided on the date for the next blog update, but I will continue to cover Optimism in this blog series, so stay tuned.</p><p>Stay Optimistic🔴✨️</p><h1 id="h-references" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">References</h1><ul><li><p>Transaction Fees on OP Mainnet, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://docs.optimism.io/stack/transactions/fees">https://docs.optimism.io/stack/transactions/fees</a> .</p></li><li><p>Transaction Flow, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://docs.optimism.io/stack/protocol/transaction-flow">https://docs.optimism.io/stack/protocol/transaction-flow</a> .</p></li><li><p>oplabspbc, Share of Total Onchain Costs by Contributor (Dune dashboard), <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://dune.com/queries/2453515/5930935">https://dune.com/queries/2453515/5930935</a>.</p></li></ul><p><em>For official resources on Optimism, author attribution has been omitted.</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[Special Edition #1: The Benefits of Being Optimistic (Paper Review)]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/special-edition-1-the-benefits-of-being-optimistic-paper-review</link>
            <guid>jLhp4EgoGKq2OsMQ26eL</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jan 2024 14:36:13 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The phrase "Stay Optimistic🔴✨" represents Optimism values an optimistic attitude. Indeed, this phrase is also written at the end of The Optimistic Vision, and it frequently concludes other important documents. So, what are the benefits of being optimistic? Today, I will review the paper by Scheier and Carver, "On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic." This paper consists of five pages. The paper cites several other experimental results and sources. This is a summa...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The phrase &quot;Stay Optimistic🔴✨&quot; represents Optimism values an optimistic attitude. Indeed, this phrase is also written at the end of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/vision">The Optimistic Vision</a>, and it frequently concludes other important documents.</p><p>So, what are the benefits of being optimistic? Today, I will review the paper by Scheier and Carver, &quot;On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic.&quot; This paper consists of five pages.</p><p>The paper cites several other experimental results and sources. This is a summary, not an exhaustive academic paper. For detailed information, please refer to the original sources cited in the paper.</p><h2 id="h-measuring-optimism" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Measuring Optimism</strong></h2><p>In this section, we&apos;ll discuss how optimism is measured. The &quot;Life Orientation Test (LOT)&quot; is a key tool used for this purpose. This involves responding to statements (such as, &quot;I hardly ever expect things to go my way&quot;) to determine the extent of a person&apos;s optimism.</p><p>In a study tracking the LOT scores of stroke patients and their primary caregivers over six months, Schulz, Tompkins, and Rau found that, although LOT scores declined over time for both patients and caregivers, the absolute magnitude of this decline was very small. This indicates that the LOT scores can accurately assess a person&apos;s optimism, regardless of life&apos;s ups and downs.</p><h2 id="h-psychological-well-being" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Psychological Well-being</strong></h2><p>This section examines studies focused on postpartum depression and the distress levels among new college students. In the former, women in their third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum were tested for LOT and depression levels. It was found that optimistic women were less likely to become depressed after childbirth. In the latter, optimistic students at the time of college entrance had lower distress levels three months later. These results show that optimists can elevate their everyday happiness levels.</p><h2 id="h-physical-well-being" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Physical Well-being</strong></h2><p>Next, consider a study conducted on a group of men undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The results showed that optimists tend to:</p><ul><li><p>Have a lower likelihood of heart attacks during surgery.</p></li><li><p>Experience faster postoperative recovery.</p></li><li><p>Return to social activities quicker after surgery.</p></li></ul><h2 id="h-does-optimism-help" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Does Optimism Help?</strong></h2><p>Studies observing how optimists and pessimists cope with stress have examined the actual usefulness of optimism.</p><p>Aspinwall and Taylor conducted a study on the adjustment to college life. They found that optimists were more likely than pessimists to rely on active coping methods and less likely to engage in avoidance. This means that optimists use more effective ways of coping with stress.</p><p>A similar conclusion was suggested in a study on breast cancer patients by the authors. The women in this study reported on their distress and coping reactions before surgery, 10 days after surgery, and at 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups.</p><h2 id="h-where-does-optimism-come-from" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Where Does Optimism Come From?</strong></h2><p>The authors explored the origins of optimism. In a Swedish study, the heritability of optimism and pessimism was estimated to be about 25% through the LOT. On the environmental side, they discussed models on how children might lean towards optimism or pessimism by observing their parents&apos; actions and attitudes. Recently, a research program has been initiated to explore this further.</p><h2 id="h-is-optimism-always-good-is-pessimism-always-bad" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Is Optimism Always Good? Is Pessimism Always Bad?</strong></h2><p>The studies so far suggest that optimism is generally good. But is this always true?</p><p>The authors considered two cases where optimism might backfire:</p><ul><li><p>Being too optimistic or optimistic in unproductive ways.</p></li><li><p>Optimism in situations where constructive action is difficult.</p></li></ul><p>The first concern is that optimists might adopt a passive &quot;good things come to those who wait&quot; approach. However, studies based on the LOT suggest that optimists believe continued effort is partially necessary to achieve good outcomes, so this concern may not apply.</p><p>As for the latter, there is not enough direct data to answer this. However, optimists are also capable of employing many emotion-focused coping responses, such as accepting the reality of the situation, viewing things in the best possible light, and growing personally from hardships. This suggests that optimism can be advantageous even in difficult situations.</p><p>Regarding whether pessimism can ever be beneficial, Cantor and Norem recently introduced the concept of &quot;defensive pessimism.&quot; Defensive pessimism might be useful as it serves as a buffer against future failure and prompts remedial action due to worry over anticipated failure.</p><p>Defensive pessimism seems effective, but it never performs better than optimism. Additionally, people who use defensive pessimism in the short run report more psychological symptoms and a lower quality of life in the long run compared to optimists. This suggests that being optimistic is more advantageous in the long term.</p><h2 id="h-relationship-to-other-approaches" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Relationship to Other Approaches</strong></h2><p>The authors compared their approach to other psychological constructs such as attributional style and self-efficacy, noting similarities and differences. They emphasize that while optimism is related to these constructs, it has distinct characteristics and implications.</p><h2 id="h-conclusion" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2><p>The authors acknowledge that research in this field is ongoing and that further study is needed to fully understand the complexity and impact of optimism. However, they also state that positive thinking undoubtedly influences life.</p><h1 id="h-references" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>References</strong></h1><p>Scheier, Michael F., and Charles S. Carver. &quot;On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic.&quot; Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 2, no. 1, 1993, pp. 26-30.</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#3 Optimism and EIP-1559]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/3-optimism-and-eip-1559</link>
            <guid>pnPpH4UPzZ6wPZibCqJz</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 21:25:30 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[EIP-1559 is well-known as a standard related to Ethereum&apos;s gas fees. This fee system is also often applied to other EVM chains. Optimism, an EVM-equivalent chain that aims to eventually be equivalent to Ethereum, has implemented a gas fee system based on EIP-1559 with its recent Bedrock upgrade. Additionally, this blog article announces that Optimism will execute the Canyon hard fork. This hard fork plans to apply EIPs included in Ethereum&apos;s Shanghai hard fork, and also make changes...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>EIP-1559 is well-known as a standard related to Ethereum&apos;s gas fees. This fee system is also often applied to other EVM chains.</p><p>Optimism, an EVM-equivalent chain that aims to eventually be equivalent to Ethereum, has implemented a gas fee system based on EIP-1559 with its recent Bedrock upgrade.</p><p>Additionally, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://blog.oplabs.co/canyon-hardfork/">this blog article</a> announces that Optimism will execute the Canyon hard fork. This hard fork plans to apply EIPs included in Ethereum&apos;s Shanghai hard fork, and also make changes to parameters related to EIP-1559.</p><p>The goal of this article is to briefly review the specifications of EIP-1559 and understand how these parameter changes will specifically impact the system.</p><h1 id="h-what-is-eip-1559" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">What is EIP-1559?</h1><blockquote><p>A transaction pricing mechanism that includes fixed-per-block network fee that is burned and dynamically expands/contracts block sizes to deal with transient congestion.</p></blockquote><p><em>Quote from “EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain”</em></p><h2 id="h-fee-system-before-eip-1559" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Fee System Before EIP-1559</h2><p>Before implementing EIP-1559, users submitted transactions by setting a gas price for the transaction they were submitting. The actual transaction fee paid is the product of the consumed gas and the gas price.</p><p>Miners could maximize their profits by executing transactions in the order of those with higher gas prices (Note). Of course, it wasn&apos;t prohibited by the protocol to execute transactions with obviously low gas prices.</p><p>However, this specification had mainly two problems regarding the user experience:</p><ul><li><p>The variation in gas fees paid by users could be significant.</p></li><li><p>Transactions could take a long time to be approved.</p></li></ul><p>Since Ethereum has the same block size and these blocks get filled up due to demand, such problems occur. To address this, the introduced idea was to absorb temporary demand fluctuations by varying block capacity.</p><p>Note: This description is not precisely correct, but this blog article does not address the algorithm, so it will not be discussed.</p><h2 id="h-overview-of-eip-1559" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Overview of EIP-1559</h2><p>A characteristic parameter in EIP-1559 is the base fee. Ethereum sets a target capacity for its blocks, and if a block exceeds this target capacity, the base fee for the next block increases, and if it is below, it decreases. Transactions that specify a gas price below the base fee of a certain block will not be executed in that block. The base fee is burned and cannot be received by anyone.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/4b58d5df20a16ccb978d24f27821908be02a6fe5c1e5e0ef07b75c02562508d8.png" alt="If the target is exceeded, the base fee increases, and if it falls short, it decreases." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">If the target is exceeded, the base fee increases, and if it falls short, it decreases.</figcaption></figure><p>Additionally, transactions must specify a &apos;priority fee&apos; parameter. This is the gas price that miners (before The Merge) receive.</p><p>From these specifications, users can process transactions quickly if they set a sufficiently high gas price and a small priority fee (about 0.1 Gwei after The Merge), while the network adjusts to an appropriate level. The gas price at this time is the sum of the base fee and the priority fee.</p><h1 id="h-eip-1559-on-the-op-mainnet" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">EIP-1559 on the OP Mainnet</h1><p>As mentioned at the beginning, the OP mainnet also adopts a fee system based on EIP-1559. However, some parameters are different. The differences are documented <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#eip-1559">here</a>.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/6a8cf9b96ed5855629ab219a4b3ca8b2a229627431c20f7af5825989c4c6c57e.png" alt="The differences in EIP-1559 parameters between two chains (screenshot)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">The differences in EIP-1559 parameters between two chains (screenshot).</figcaption></figure><p>Block gas limit is the maximum capacity of a block, and block gas target is the target capacity of a block. The ratio of these two is expressed by a parameter called EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier. While Ethereum has this value set to 2, OP mainnet has it set to 6. This situation can be illustrated with a schematic diagram.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/b85ed4431695641dcef90abf9f56c3fdb48704cbd7f33ef5403296df4cffc7d8.png" alt="Explanation of the EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">Explanation of the EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier.</figcaption></figure><p>Then, EIP-1559 denominator is a parameter that relates to the magnitude of changes in the base fee for the next block. From this and the EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier, you can calculate the Maximum base fee increase (per block) and Maximum base fee decrease (per block). An example of this calculation is shown below.</p><h2 id="h-calculation-example-using-eip-1559-denominator" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Calculation Example Using EIP-1559 Denominator</h2><h3 id="h-ethereum" class="text-2xl font-header !mt-6 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Ethereum</strong></h3><p>First, let&apos;s look at an example calculation for Ethereum. The value of Ethereum&apos;s EIP-1559 denominator is 8, so its reciprocal is 1/8 = 0.125. If the block capacity is below the target, the base fee for the next block decreases, so the Maximum base fee decrease (per block) is simply 0.125·1 = 12.5%. And since the EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier is 2, considering an increase in the base fee for the next block when the block capacity exceeds the target, the Maximum base fee increase (per block) is 0.125·(2-1) = 12.5%.</p><h3 id="h-op-mainnet" class="text-2xl font-header !mt-6 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>OP Mainnet</strong></h3><p>Next, let&apos;s look at an example calculation for the OP mainnet. The value of the OP mainnet&apos;s EIP-1559 denominator is 50, so its reciprocal is 1/50 = 0.02. If the block capacity is below the target, the base fee for the next block decreases, so the Maximum base fee decrease (per block) is simply 0.02·1 = 2%. And since the EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier is 6, considering an increase in the base fee for the next block when the block capacity exceeds the target, the Maximum base fee increase (per block) is 0.02·(6-1) = 10%.</p><h2 id="h-known-issues-with-the-op-mainnet" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Known Issues with the OP Mainnet</h2><p>Thus, a larger value of the EIP-1559 denominator seems to make the variation in the base fee more moderate. However, since the block generation interval on the OP Mainnet is 2 seconds, which is 1/6 of that of Ethereum, the rate of increase in the base fee per unit time can be very fast when the demand for block space is high.</p><p>If the block capacity is fully used for 1 minute, the base fee in Ethereum only increases by 1.8 times, but on the OP Mainnet, it increases by more than 17 times. This has made it more likely for submitted transactions to get stuck, especially during times when there is a temporary, sharp increase in demand.</p><h1 id="h-parameter-revisions-in-the-canyon-hard-fork" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Parameter Revisions in the Canyon Hard Fork</h1><p>Therefore, in the Canyon hard fork, the EIP-1559 denominator is increased from 50 to 250, and the reciprocal of 250 is 0.004. At this time, the Maximum base fee decrease (per block) becomes 0.004·1 = 0.4%, and the Maximum base fee increase (per block) becomes 0.004·(6-1) = 2%. If the block capacity is fully used for 1 minute, the base fee increases by 1.8 times. This is almost the same value as Ethereum. Although the parameters are different, this change brings the user experience closer to that of Ethereum.</p><h1 id="h-conclusion" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Conclusion</h1><p>In this blog article, we have looked at how Optimism has adopted a fee system based on EIP-1559 and how it has incorporated a system similar to Ethereum&apos;s. The EIP-1559 parameter changes by the Canyon hard fork aim to increase the stability of gas fees on the OP Mainnet. This could lead to a better user experience during network congestion, as the increase in base fee is expected to be moderated.</p><h1 id="h-references" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">References</h1><ul><li><p>Introducing the Canyon Hardfork, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://blog.oplabs.co/canyon-hardfork/">https://blog.oplabs.co/canyon-hardfork/</a> .</p></li><li><p>Vitalik Buterin, Eric Conner, Rick Dudley, et al.,<em>”EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain”</em>, 2019, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559">https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559</a> .</p></li><li><p>Bedrock Differences, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#">https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#</a> .</p></li></ul><p><em>For official resources on Optimism, author attribution has been omitted.</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
            <enclosure url="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/d10925b4ec5535593130b9c03e3582d4085b9c81adeaf3f7b819a65720aefa38.png" length="0" type="image/png"/>
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            <title><![CDATA[#3 OptimismのEIP-1559]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/3-optimism-eip-1559</link>
            <guid>8RYTbhOKJe1fvkD3RJEV</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 21:24:59 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[EIP-1559は、Ethereumのガス料金に関わる規格として有名です。そして、この料金システムは他のEVMチェーンにも適用されているのをよく見かけます。 EVM等価であり、ゆくゆくはEthereum等価を目指しているOptimismでは、先のBedrockアップグレードを以ってEIP-1559に基づくネットワーク手数料システムが適用されました。 ところで、OptimismはCanyonハードフォークを実施することがこのブログ記事で発表されました。このハードフォークでは、Ethereumで実施されたShanghaiハードフォークに含まれていたEIPsの適用の他、EIP-1559に関するパラメータを変更することなどが予定されています。 この記事では、EIP-1559の仕様を簡単におさらいし、このパラメータ変更が具体的にどう影響を及ぼすのかを理解できるようになることをゴールとしています。EIP-1559とはブロックごとの固定ネットワーク手数料を焼却するトランザクション価格メカニズムで、一時的な混雑に対処するためにブロックサイズを動的に拡大縮小します。EIP-1559: Fee ma...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>EIP-1559は、Ethereumのガス料金に関わる規格として有名です。そして、この料金システムは他のEVMチェーンにも適用されているのをよく見かけます。</p><p>EVM等価であり、ゆくゆくはEthereum等価を目指しているOptimismでは、先のBedrockアップグレードを以ってEIP-1559に基づくネットワーク手数料システムが適用されました。</p><p>ところで、OptimismはCanyonハードフォークを実施することが<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://candied-crane-c03.notion.site/Canyon-788507f3b72e4eaf97d210d1910855db">このブログ記事</a>で発表されました。このハードフォークでは、Ethereumで実施されたShanghaiハードフォークに含まれていたEIPsの適用の他、EIP-1559に関するパラメータを変更することなどが予定されています。</p><p>この記事では、EIP-1559の仕様を簡単におさらいし、このパラメータ変更が具体的にどう影響を及ぼすのかを理解できるようになることをゴールとしています。</p><h1 id="h-eip-1559" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">EIP-1559とは</h1><blockquote><p>ブロックごとの固定ネットワーク手数料を焼却するトランザクション価格メカニズムで、一時的な混雑に対処するためにブロックサイズを動的に拡大縮小します。</p></blockquote><p><em>EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chainより引用・翻訳</em></p><h2 id="h-eip-1559" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">EIP-1559前の料金システム</h2><p>EIP-1559を実装する前は、ユーザは自身が提出するトランザクションに、ガス価格を設定して提出していました。そして、トランザクションの実行により実際に支払われるトランザクション手数料は、消費したガスとガス価格の積で算出されます。</p><p>そして、マイナーは高いガス価格をつけたトランザクションから順番に実行することで、利益を最大化することができます(注)。もちろん、明らかに安いガス価格をつけたトランザクションを実行することはプロトコルで禁止されていませんでした。</p><p>しかし、この仕様はUX面において主に以下の2つの問題を抱えていました。</p><ul><li><p>ユーザが支払うガス代の変動が大きくなりやすい。</p></li><li><p>トランザクションが承認されるまでに時間がかかりやすい。</p></li></ul><p>Ethereumはブロックサイズがすべて同じであり、それらブロックが満杯になるほど需要があるので、このような問題が発生してしまいます。これに対処するために導入されたのが、一時的な需要の変動を、ブロックの容量を変動させて吸収するという考えです。</p><p>注: この記述は正確には誤りなのですが、本ブログ記事はアルゴリズムを解説する記事ではないので扱いません。</p><h2 id="h-eip-1559" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">EIP-1559の概要</h2><p>EIP-1559で特徴的なパラメータはbase feeです。Ethereumのブロックに目標容量を定め、あるブロックが目標容量を上回った場合には次のブロックのbase feeは増加し、下回った場合には減少します。そして、トランザクションが指定するガス価格が、あるブロックのbase feeを下回った場合には、そのトランザクションはそのブロックで実行されません。base feeは焼却され、誰も受け取ることができなくなります。</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/4b58d5df20a16ccb978d24f27821908be02a6fe5c1e5e0ef07b75c02562508d8.png" alt="目標を超えたらbase feeは上がり、下回れば下がる." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">目標を超えたらbase feeは上がり、下回れば下がる.</figcaption></figure><p>また、トランザクションにはpriority feeというパラメータを指定することが求められます。これは、（当時の）マイナーが受け取る分のガス価格を指定するものです。</p><p>以上の仕様から、ユーザはガス価格を十分大きい値に設定し、priority feeを少額（The Merge後は0.1 Gwei程度）設定すれば、ネットワークが適切なガス価格を設定しながらも、迅速にトランザクションを処理することが可能となります。このときのガス価格は、base feeとpriority feeの和です。</p><h1 id="h-opeip-1559" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">OPメインネットのEIP-1559</h1><p>冒頭述べた通り、OPメインネットもEIP-1559に基づく料金システムを採用しています。しかし、いくつかのパラメータが異なります。その違いは、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#eip-1559">このドキュメント</a>に記されています。</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/6a8cf9b96ed5855629ab219a4b3ca8b2a229627431c20f7af5825989c4c6c57e.png" alt="2つのチェーンのEIP-1559パラメータの違い (スクリーンショット)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">2つのチェーンのEIP-1559パラメータの違い (スクリーンショット).</figcaption></figure><p>Block gas limitはブロックの最大容量、Block gas targetはブロックの目標容量です。この2つの比は、EIP-1559 elasticity multiplierというパラメータで表現されています。Ethereumはこの値が2であるのに対して、OPメインネットは6ですね。この様子を模式図で表すと、以下のようになります。</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/b85ed4431695641dcef90abf9f56c3fdb48704cbd7f33ef5403296df4cffc7d8.png" alt="EIP-1559 elasticity multiplierの説明." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">EIP-1559 elasticity multiplierの説明.</figcaption></figure><p>そして、EIP-1559 denominatorは、次のブロックのbase feeの変動の大きさに関わるパラメータです。これとEIP-1559 elasticity multiplierから、Maximum base fee increase (per block)とMaximum base fee decrease (per block)を算出することができます。つまり、1ブロック当たりbase feeは最大何倍まで増加または減少しうるかを求めることができるということですね。この計算の例を次に示します。</p><h2 id="h-eip-1559-denominator" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">EIP-1559 denominatorを使った計算例</h2><h3 id="h-ethereum" class="text-2xl font-header !mt-6 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>Ethereum</strong></h3><p>まず、Ethereumの計算例を示します。EthereumのEIP-1559 denominatorの値は8なので、逆数と取って1/8=0.125となります。ブロックが目標容量を下回ったら次のブロックのbase feeは減少するので、Maximum base fee decrease (per block)はそのまま0.125·1=12.5％です。そして、EIP-1559 elasticity multiplierは2であり、ブロックが目標容量を上回った場合には次のブロックのbase feeは増加することを考えると、Maximum base fee increase (per block)は0.125·(2-1)=12.5%です。</p><h3 id="h-op" class="text-2xl font-header !mt-6 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>OPメインネット</strong></h3><p>次に、OPメインネットの計算例を示します。EthereumのEIP-1559 denominatorの値は50なので、逆数と取って1/50=0.02となります。ブロックが目標容量を下回ったら次のブロックのbase feeは減少するので、Maximum base fee decrease (per block)はそのまま0.02·1=2％です。そして、EIP-1559 elasticity multiplierは6であり、ブロックが目標容量を上回った場合には次のブロックのbase feeは増加することを考えると、Maximum base fee increase (per block)は0.02·(6-1)=10%です。</p><h2 id="h-op" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">OPメインネットの既知の問題点</h2><p>このように、EIP-1559 denominatorの値が大きいと、base feeの変動は穏やかになるようです。しかし、OPメインネットのブロック生成間隔は2秒と、Ethereumのそれよりも1/6であることから、ブロックスペースの需要が高いときの単位時間あたりのbase feeの増加速度はとても速くなります。</p><p>もし1分間、ブロックの容量がすべて使用された場合、Ethereumの場合はbase feeが1.8倍になるだけですが、OPメインネットの場合は17倍以上です。これにより、一時的に急激に需要が高まったときに提出されたトランザクションが詰まる事態が発生しやすくなっていました。</p><h1 id="h-canyon" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Canyonハードフォークによるパラメータの見直し</h1><p>そこでCanyonハードフォークでは、EIP-1559 denominatorを50から250に増やします。250の逆数を取ると、0.004ですね。このとき、Maximum base fee decrease (per block)は0.004·1=0.4％となり、Maximum base fee increase (per block)は0.004·(6-1)=2％となります。もし1分間、ブロックの容量がすべて使用された場合、base feeは1.8倍となります。これは、Ethereumとほとんど同じ値であることがわかります。パラメータは違えど、UX面ではよりEthereumに近づいたという評価をすることもできるでしょう。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">さいごに</h1><p>このブログ記事では、OptimismがEIP-1559に基づく料金システムを採用し、どのようにEthereumのシステムに似た仕組みを取り入れているかを見てきました。CanyonハードフォークによるEIP-1559のパラメータ変更は、OPメインネットのガス料金の安定性を高めることを目的としています。これにより、ネットワークの混雑時にもbase feeの増加が抑えられ、ユーザー体験が向上することが期待できるでしょう。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">参考文献</h1><ul><li><p>Introducing the Canyon Hardfork, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://blog.oplabs.co/canyon-hardfork/">https://blog.oplabs.co/canyon-hardfork/</a> .</p></li><li><p>Vitalik Buterin, Eric Conner, Rick Dudley, et al.,<em>”EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain”</em>, 2019, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559">https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559</a> .</p></li><li><p>Bedrock Differences, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#">https://community.optimism.io/docs/developers/bedrock/differences/#</a> .</p></li></ul><p>※Optimismの公式リソースに関しては、著者の記載を省略しています。</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#2 Introducing RetroPGF: The Future of Public Goods in the Optimism Ecosystem]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/2-introducing-retropgf-the-future-of-public-goods-in-the-optimism-ecosystem</link>
            <guid>Swy1d6sEDof1QGCWYV55</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Oct 2023 12:50:25 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In my last blog post, I focused on public goods. Within the blockchain ecosystem, many projects provide value as public goods but face challenges regarding sustainability. To address this, we need a system of &apos;taxation&apos; to support the entities maintaining these public goods. You can view the previous blog post here. https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/06XgQHDyg3sbAglxn9IwOj0WTjMVPmszJ86hgEeYVRs In this post, I will delve deeper into RetroPGF.What is RetroPGF?RetroPGF is a pro...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In my last blog post, I focused on public goods. Within the blockchain ecosystem, many projects provide value as public goods but face challenges regarding sustainability. To address this, we need a system of &apos;taxation&apos; to support the entities maintaining these public goods. You can view the previous blog post here.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/06XgQHDyg3sbAglxn9IwOj0WTjMVPmszJ86hgEeYVRs">https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/06XgQHDyg3sbAglxn9IwOj0WTjMVPmszJ86hgEeYVRs</a></p><p>In this post, I will delve deeper into RetroPGF.</p><h1 id="h-what-is-retropgf" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">What is RetroPGF?</h1><p>RetroPGF is a program that embodies the concepts of the Optimism Collective, a novel digital democracy governance model. Its design fosters sound public goods and a valuable ecosystem.</p><h2 id="h-the-flow-of-value" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">The Flow of Value</h2><p>In RetroPGF, evaluations are retroactively conducted for public goods projects that have had an impact on the Optimism ecosystem, providing them with funding. The principle behind this concept is simple: it&apos;s based on the idea that it&apos;s easier to agree on which projects have made an impact than to predict which ones will do so in the future. Foreseeing the future and reaching a consensus through governance regarding the valuation of each project are expected to be challenging; thus, the rationale is clear. Providing funds to projects that have demonstrated impact is similar to investors in startups being rewarded retrospectively. Please refer to the official blog for more details.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c">https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c</a></p><p>When users conduct transactions on the OP Mainnet, a profit is generated for the sequencer. Simply put, the formula is:</p><p>(ETH received in L2) - (ETH paid to L1)</p><p>For additional information, this post might be useful.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832">https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832</a></p><p>The profit is then allocated to public goods funding through RetroPGF. This strengthens public goods, leading to further expansion of the ecosystem and increasing the sequencer&apos;s profit. This flow is depicted clearly in the diagram below.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/8937e8cbfb2d7b10e89475d9f6b1a34290cc0340cdb06350931c5970d2d872f8.png" alt="The RetroPGF Flywheel." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">The RetroPGF Flywheel.</figcaption></figure><p>So, who evaluates the impact of these projects? For now, the task is undertaken by the Citizens&apos; House, and badge holders will vote. Through iterative voting by a limited number of people, efforts are being made to establish a system where everyone involved in Optimism can vote in the future.</p><h1 id="h-comparison-with-the-ethereum-ecosystem" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Comparison with the Ethereum Ecosystem</h1><p>Up to this point, I&apos;ve explained RetroPGF. But is it genuinely superior? And why was such a program established? The answers become clearer when we compare it to other ecosystems, using Ethereum as an example.</p><p>In Ethereum, those operating nodes can earn rewards. The rewards they receive can be primarily categorized into three types:</p><ul><li><p>For producing a block</p></li><li><p>For acting as a validator based on Gasper</p></li><li><p>For executing transactions (Execution Layer)</p></li></ul><p>Essentially, those running a node can receive rewards. Moreover, with the introduction of EIP-1559, if the BaseFee surges, the supply of ETH diminishes. As a result, one could argue that ETH holders indirectly receive rewards. For this discussion, we will disregard the presence of ETH holders.</p><p>Within this system, there&apos;s an element that cannot be overlooked: the Liquid Staking Protocol. To become a validator in Ethereum, one must stake 32 ETH. However, since there&apos;s no native mechanism to use staked ETH within the Ethereum ecosystem, applications have emerged to address this gap. One such application is the Liquid Staking Protocol. Its existence is rooted in the demand for maximizing capital efficiency in ETH management. Additionally, services offering staking solutions exist because running a node can be challenging for the average person.</p><p>These services are enticing, as depicted by the following pie chart, which shows they hold a significant portion of staked ETH.</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/fbbd462c3fd15703b77068dc0058135dc3ced299139c16f9e656bab76d7c4ad8.png" alt="obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard).</figcaption></figure><p>Consequently, individuals can receive staking rewards without operating a node. A portion of these rewards is taken by staking providers as a fee. This implies that in an ecosystem like Ethereum, where various projects support its infrastructure, rewards are directed towards very limited areas. On the other hand, ProtocolGuild offers tools to direct staking rewards from node operators to Ethereum&apos;s core contributors, but this is based on donations and relies on goodwill.</p><p>A system that redistributes protocol earnings through governance, is inevitable. As introduced in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/06XgQHDyg3sbAglxn9IwOj0WTjMVPmszJ86hgEeYVRs">the previous blog</a>, there are numerous public goods projects that support the ecosystem, including societal initiatives. However, evaluating these initiatives is challenging for machines, which necessitates the formation of a consensus by humans. In other words, it&apos;s arguably because of the role of human oracles that such a wide range of public goods projects can be supported. This program, which taxes users of Optimism and subjectively allocates funds to public goods projects, represents an intriguing effort to build a new digital democracy.</p><h1 id="h-in-conclusion" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">In Conclusion</h1><p>Through the concepts of RetroPGF and the Optimism Collective, we have been able to reflect on the formation of new governance, the management of public goods, and their sustainability. By comparing it with Ethereum, we have also pondered how this experiment by Optimism benefits its own ecosystem. These developments in today&apos;s digital ecosystems provide profound insights into how we should handle our shared resources and how to maximize their potential.</p><h1 id="h-retropgf3-applications-are-open" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">RetroPGF3 Applications are Open</h1><p>We are currently in the application period for RPGF3. The deadline is October 23rd, so individuals or organizations that have made an impact on Optimism are encouraged to apply.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc">https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc</a></p><p>Points to note when filling out the application form are compiled in this Twitter thread.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/hash1go_/status/1706263627437887615">https://twitter.com/hash1go_/status/1706263627437887615</a></p><h1 id="h-references" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">References</h1><ul><li><p>Retroactive Public Goods Funding, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c">https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c</a> .</p></li><li><p>Delphi Digital, How Do Sequencers Generate Profit?, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832">https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832</a> .</p></li><li><p>About RetroPGF, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://app.optimism.io/retropgf">https://app.optimism.io/retropgf</a> .</p></li><li><p>beaconcha.in, Ethereum Staking Knowledge Base, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://kb.beaconcha.in/">https://kb.beaconcha.in/</a> .</p></li><li><p>obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard), <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://dune.com/queries/1938115/3197390">https://dune.com/queries/1938115/3197390</a> .</p></li><li><p>RetroPGF Round 3 Applications Are Open, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc">https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc</a> .</p></li></ul><p><em>For official resources on Optimism, author attribution has been omitted.</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
            <enclosure url="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/05468f3458148cee2251519614f8d2ed41f142575c1b93b0475186072a41b6e5.png" length="0" type="image/png"/>
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            <title><![CDATA[#2 RetroPGFの紹介: Optimismエコシステムにおける公共財の未来]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/2-retropgf-optimism</link>
            <guid>ZJwBmO2dbrDcndCuOgGa</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Oct 2023 12:48:14 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[前回のブログ記事では、公共財に焦点を当てました。ブロックチェーンのエコシステムでは、多くのプロジェクトが公共財として価値を提供していながらも、持続可能性に課題を抱えています。これを解決するには、公共財を維持管理する主体に必要なものを供給する仕組みである「税」の仕組みが必要です。前回のブログ記事はこちらでご覧いただけます。 https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/J_wJbzIqqd_6y7gyO5I2wEfquE0ZMfkA3zQfbTAusfU 今回のブログ記事では、RetroPGFについて踏み込んで取り上げます。RetroPGFとはRetroPGFは、新しいデジタル民主主義のガバナンスモデルであるOptimism Collectiveの考えを具体化したプログラムです。健全な公共財と、価値あるエコシステムを創造するために執り行われています。価値の流れRetroPGFでは、Optimismのエコシステムに対し、impactを残した公共財プロジェクトに対し遡及的に評価を行い、資金提供を行います。このコンセプトの原理は単純であり、将来どん...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>前回のブログ記事では、公共財に焦点を当てました。ブロックチェーンのエコシステムでは、多くのプロジェクトが公共財として価値を提供していながらも、持続可能性に課題を抱えています。これを解決するには、公共財を維持管理する主体に必要なものを供給する仕組みである「税」の仕組みが必要です。前回のブログ記事はこちらでご覧いただけます。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/J_wJbzIqqd_6y7gyO5I2wEfquE0ZMfkA3zQfbTAusfU">https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/J_wJbzIqqd_6y7gyO5I2wEfquE0ZMfkA3zQfbTAusfU</a></p><p>今回のブログ記事では、RetroPGFについて踏み込んで取り上げます。</p><h1 id="h-retropgf" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">RetroPGFとは</h1><p>RetroPGFは、新しいデジタル民主主義のガバナンスモデルであるOptimism Collectiveの考えを具体化したプログラムです。健全な公共財と、価値あるエコシステムを創造するために執り行われています。</p><h2 id="h-" class="text-3xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">価値の流れ</h2><p>RetroPGFでは、Optimismのエコシステムに対し、impactを残した公共財プロジェクトに対し遡及的に評価を行い、資金提供を行います。このコンセプトの原理は単純であり、将来どんなプロジェクトがimpactを発揮するかよりも、どんなプロジェクトがimpactを発揮したかについて合意するほうが簡単であるという考えに基づいています。将来について予想し、ガバナンスによって各プロジェクトの評価について合意に達するのは困難であることは予想されるので、とても明快な理由ですね。impactを発揮したプロジェクトに資金を提供するということは、ちょうどスタートアップに投資した人が結果的に報われることと似ています。詳細については、こちらの公式ブログをご覧ください。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://candied-crane-c03.notion.site/41dde5f77e0949079b3717d87c04ef2a">https://candied-crane-c03.notion.site/41dde5f77e0949079b3717d87c04ef2a</a></p><p>ユーザーがOP Mainnetで取引を行うと、シーケンサでは利益が発生します。計算式を簡単に表現すると、</p><p>（L2で受け取ったETH）-（L1に支払うETH）</p><p>です。詳しくは、こちらのtwitter投稿が参考になります。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832">https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832</a></p><p>この利益はRetroPGFを通じて公共財の資金に充てられます。これにより公共財が強化され、さらなるエコシステムへの拡大へと繋がり、またシーケンサの利益が増大します。この一連の流れは、以下の図でわかりやすく表現できます。</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/3b54b974270b6653fd07e05a149212596b3a349a6fcedcc0d822f13bce9a6b03.png" alt="The RetroPGF Flywheel." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">The RetroPGF Flywheel.</figcaption></figure><p>では、誰がimpactを評価するのでしょうか。これは現在のところCitizens’ Houseが担い、バッジホルダーが投票します。少数の人による投票を繰り返すことで、将来、Optimismに関わる全ての人が投票できる体制を試行錯誤で構築しています。</p><h1 id="h-ethereum" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Ethereumエコシステムとの比較</h1><p>ここまで、RetroPGFについて説明してきました。しかし、これは実際に優れているのでしょうか。また、なぜこのようなプログラムが用意されているのでしょうか。これは、他のエコシステムと比較するとわかりやすいです。例として、Ethereumを取り上げてみましょう。</p><p>Ethereumでは、ノードを運営している人が報酬を受け取ることができます。受け取る報酬は、主に次の3種類に分けられます。</p><ul><li><p>ブロックを生成した</p></li><li><p>Gasperに基づいてValidatorとして振る舞った</p></li><li><p>トランザクションを実行した（Execution Layer）</p></li></ul><p>つまり、基本的にはノードを運営している人が報酬を受け取ることができます。また、EIP-1559によってBaseFeeが高騰している場合には、ETHの供給量は減少していくので、ETHホルダーも間接的に報酬を受け取っていると考えることもできるでしょう。ここでは、ETHホルダーの存在は考えないものとします。</p><p>このシステムにおいて、無視出来ない存在があります。それは、Liquid Staking Protocolの存在です。Ethereumでvalidatorになるには32ETHをstakeしなければなりません。しかし、stakeしたETHをEthereumエコシステムで使用する仕組みがネイティブに備わっていないため、アプリケーションによってこの問題を解決しています。そのアプリケーションがLiquid Staking Protocolです。なぜそのようなアプリケーションが存在するのかというと、ETHの運用において資金効率を高めたいという需要があるからでした。その他にも、ノードを運用することは一般人にとって難しいためStakingサービスを提供しているところもあります。</p><p>このサービスは魅力的なもので、この円グラフのようにstakingされたETHの中で多くの割合を占めていることがわかります。</p><figure float="none" data-type="figure" class="img-center" style="max-width: null;"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/papyrus_images/fbbd462c3fd15703b77068dc0058135dc3ced299139c16f9e656bab76d7c4ad8.png" alt="obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard)." blurdataurl="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" nextheight="600" nextwidth="800" class="image-node embed"><figcaption HTMLAttributes="[object Object]" class="">obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard).</figcaption></figure><p>これにより、ノードを運用することなく、staking報酬を受け取ることができます。staking報酬の一部は手数料としてstakingプロバイダが受け取ります。これは、Ethereumエコシステムを支える様々なプロジェクトがある中、ごく限られた領域へ報酬が向かうことを意味します。一方、ProtocolGuildはノードオペレーター向けにstaking報酬をEthereumのコアコントリビューターに向かわせるためのツールを提供していますが、これは寄付であり、善意に頼るものです。</p><p>プロトコル収益をガバナンスを通じて再分配する仕組みは必然です。<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://mirror.xyz/hashigo%F0%9F%94%B4.eth/J_wJbzIqqd_6y7gyO5I2wEfquE0ZMfkA3zQfbTAusfU">前回のブログ</a>で紹介したように、社会的な取り組みを含めればエコシステムを支える公共財プロジェクトは数多く存在します。しかしながら、そのような取り組みを評価するためには、機械では困難であり、人間による合意形成が必要です。言い換えれば、人間によるオラクルが機能するからこそ、幅広い公共財プロジェクトを支援できるとも言えるでしょう。Optimismを使う人から徴税し、主観的に公共財プロジェクトに分配するこのプログラムは、新しいデジタル民主主義を築くための大変興味深い試みです。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">さいごに</h1><p>RetroPGFやOptimism Collectiveの考えを通して、新しいガバナンスの形成や公共財の管理、その持続可能性について考えることができました。また、Ethereumとの比較を行うことで、Optimismのこの実験が自身のエコシステムにどう役立つのかについて考えました。現代のデジタルエコシステムにおけるこれらの動きは、私たちが共有資源をどのように扱うべきか、そしてどのようにそれを最大化するかについての深い洞察をもたらします。</p><h1 id="h-rpgf3" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">RPGF3の紹介</h1><p>現在、RPGF3の申請期間中です。締切は10月23日ですので、Optimismにimpactを残した個人や団体は奮ってご応募ください。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://candied-crane-c03.notion.site/RetroPGF-3-507889a54dd54ca19bc427de5af519fa">https://candied-crane-c03.notion.site/RetroPGF-3-507889a54dd54ca19bc427de5af519fa</a></p><p>応募フォームに記入する際の注意点はこのtwitterスレッドにまとめました。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/hash1go_/status/1706106414476005605">https://twitter.com/hash1go_/status/1706106414476005605</a></p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">参考文献</h1><ul><li><p>Retroactive Public Goods Funding, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c">https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c</a> .</p></li><li><p>Delphi Digital, How Do Sequencers Generate Profit?, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832">https://twitter.com/Delphi_Digital/status/1680990872312184832</a> .</p></li><li><p>About RetroPGF, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://app.optimism.io/retropgf">https://app.optimism.io/retropgf</a> .</p></li><li><p>beaconcha.in, Ethereum Staking Knowledge Base, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://kb.beaconcha.in/">https://kb.beaconcha.in/</a> .</p></li><li><p>obol_labs, Staking Depositors (Dune dashboard), <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://dune.com/queries/1938115/3197390">https://dune.com/queries/1938115/3197390</a> .</p></li><li><p>RetroPGF Round 3 Applications Are Open, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc">https://optimism.mirror.xyz/wiHMKqsbAQnK51Se3MraSnvf0blwRzS9jguojEmKKVc</a> .</p></li></ul><p>※Optimismの公式リソースに関しては、著者の記載を省略しています。</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#1 Introducing RetroPGF: Blockchain and Public Goods]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/1-introducing-retropgf-blockchain-and-public-goods</link>
            <guid>H5bVe8l3Y4bTj1xQGPwn</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 10:29:16 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn this and the following article, I&apos;ll introduce RetroPGF (Retroactive Public Goods Funding), a program that funds initiatives impacting Optimism. RetroPGF is a program that evaluates and provides funding to entities that have made an impact on Optimism.The Optimistic VisionOptimism, an Ethereum Layer 2 project, advocates The Optimistic Vision. This vision aims to dispel the myth that "public goods cannot be profitable," adhering to the axiom of "impact = profit." It declare...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="h-introduction" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Introduction</h1><p>In this and the following article, I&apos;ll introduce RetroPGF (Retroactive Public Goods Funding), a program that funds initiatives impacting Optimism. RetroPGF is a program that evaluates and provides funding to entities that have made an impact on Optimism.</p><h1 id="h-the-optimistic-vision" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>The Optimistic Vision</strong></h1><p>Optimism, an Ethereum Layer 2 project, advocates <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/vision"><strong>The Optimistic Vision</strong></a>. This vision aims to dispel the myth that &quot;public goods cannot be profitable,&quot; adhering to the axiom of &quot;impact = profit.&quot; It declares the goal of constructing a new governance model for cyberspace.</p><p>So why can&apos;t public goods generate profit? The answer lies in their business models. For example, startups can acquire funding through equity and even exit the business later. Public goods projects, on the other hand, lack such mechanisms.</p><p>RetroPGF aims to fund these non-profitable public goods projects and ensure their sustainability. In this article, I will discuss the nature of public goods.</p><h1 id="h-what-are-public-goods" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">What Are Public Goods?</h1><p>In economics, public goods refer to assets that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. To put it simply, these are goods that:</p><ul><li><p>Anyone can use</p></li><li><p>Usage by one person does not restrict another person from using them</p></li></ul><p>Consider residential roads as an everyday example. Generally, anyone can walk or drive on these roads. However, if too many people use the road, it becomes congested, indicating some level of rivalry.</p><p>Gravity serves as an excellent example of a public good. Everyone living on or near Earth, including those on the ISS, is affected by gravity. You don&apos;t need anyone&apos;s permission to be influenced by gravity, and your usage doesn&apos;t limit another&apos;s—making it both non-excludable and non-rivalrous.</p><p>However, the public goods around us, despite being essential for our lives, typically require a system maintained by human effort. If you live within a bounded territory, you benefit from the public good of national defense, but those maintaining that defense require resources or compensation. In this way, the mechanism for supplying what is necessary to the entities that maintain public goods is taxation, and we are taxed to sustain these services.</p><h1 id="h-public-goods-and-trustlessness" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Public Goods and Trustlessness</h1><p>Permissionless blockchains can be considered to have the nature of public goods. In this section, we&apos;ll discuss blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum.</p><p>Setting up a node to participate in the blockchain doesn&apos;t require anyone&apos;s permission. Additionally, anyone can use the blockchain network by paying a usage fee. Scalability solutions are also gradually eliminating the issue of rivalry.</p><p>Despite these characteristics, it&apos;s interesting to note that many of us don&apos;t question the blockchain&apos;s functionality. Don&apos;t you find that curious? In other words, why does blockchain have the quality of being &quot;trustless,&quot; where it operates without expecting a third party to take some action? Understanding this aspect of blockchain is a good opportunity to delve deeper, so let&apos;s take a little detour to explore it.</p><p>The key factor is that nodes verify the information they receive against the protocol. Similar to an airplane pilot following a checklist, nodes too have their checklists. Nodes must verify that other nodes are operating according to protocol. This embodies the spirit of &apos;Don&apos;t trust, verify.&apos;</p><p>For instance, according to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/">Mastering Bitcoin</a>, the Bitcoin network performs up to 18 different checks when receiving a transaction from another node. Some of these are:</p><ul><li><p>The transaction’s syntax and data structure must be correct.</p></li><li><p>Neither lists of inputs or outputs are empty.</p></li><li><p>nLocktime is equal to INT_MAX, or nLocktime and nSequence values are satisfied according to MedianTimePast.</p></li><li><p>For each input, if the referenced output exists in any other transaction in the pool, the transaction must be rejected.</p></li><li><p>Reject if transaction fee would be too low (minRelayTxFee) to get into an empty block.</p></li></ul><p>Through these checks, the Bitcoin network prevents being flooded with invalid transactions, ensuring the network&apos;s integrity. The reason the vast majority of nodes adhere to the protocol is due to cryptoeconomic incentives acting on the node participants. This is true not only for transactions but also for other types of data, and even for other blockchains.</p><p>Furthermore, because anyone can join the blockchain, several other rules have been introduced, such as consensus algorithms. In Bitcoin, Nakamoto consensus determines that the longest chain is the legitimate chain. The longest chain is considered legitimate because it is the one into which the most computational effort has been poured, according to Proof of Work (PoW). Contrary to popular belief, PoW is not a term that describes a consensus algorithm.</p><p>Thus, through various mechanisms and the introduction of consensus make it possible for the blockchain to have a trustless nature, despite being a public good.</p><h1 id="h-is-optimism-a-public-good" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Is Optimism a Public Good?</h1><p>The chain known as Optimism has been renamed as OP Mainnet. This name change signifies that it is the first chain to conform to the vision of SuperChain that Optimism espouses. Let&apos;s delve into SuperChain in a blog post when we have another opportunity.</p><p>OP Mainnet is open for anyone to use, and anyone can set up a node. Speaking of the infrastructure, sequencers are not yet decentralized and are not available for just anyone to run. Therefore, until sequencers are decentralized, as outlined in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/about">About Optimism</a>, all profits from the sequencers will be donated to public goods. In addition, the roadmap for Optimism includes sequencer decentralization.</p><p>Up to this point, we&apos;ve been discussing whether OP Mainnet is a public good. Another important consideration is that there are many public goods projects in the ecosystem surrounding Optimism.</p><p>In a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI">recent RetroPGF</a>, projects were categorized into three categories: Infrastructure, Education, and Tooling &amp; Utilities. While it&apos;s easy to understand why infrastructure supporting Ethereum and Optimism, as well as tools manifested in the form of dApps, are valued, some people might find it surprising that there&apos;s a category for education. Education is known as one of the most powerful means for promoting social inclusion and helps people access Optimism. This is something that propels the expansion of the Optimism ecosystem and should be appreciated.</p><p>In this way, when you include social factors like education, there are a considerable number of public goods projects supporting Optimism. Efforts to sustain these projects could be described as the aim of RetroPGF. Through this effort, Optimism aims to expand its own ecosystem.</p><h1 id="h-in-conclusion" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">In Conclusion</h1><p>In the realm of blockchain, many projects are providing value as public goods but face challenges in sustainability. In domains where there are no mechanisms like taxation to collect funds, securing financing and maintaining these as public goods is a crucial issue.</p><p>In the next blog post, we will delve deeper into RetroPGF. Why is there a need to retroactively evaluate projects? Why bother with what seems to be the cumbersome process of human voting to evaluate projects? Upon closer inspection, there are many curious aspects to consider.</p><h1 id="h-references" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">References</h1><ul><li><p>The Optimistic Vision, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/vision">https://www.optimism.io/vision</a> .</p></li><li><p>Retroactive Public Goods Funding, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c">https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c</a> .</p></li><li><p>Hashizume, D. (2000). Concept on publicity. Japanese Sociological Review, <strong>50</strong>(4), 451–463. doi: 10.4057/jsr.50.451（橋爪大三郎（2000）．「公共性とは何か」『社会学評論』<strong><em>50</em></strong>(4), 451–463）(In Japanese).</p></li><li><p>Andreas M., Mastering Bitcoin, 2014, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/">https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/</a> .</p></li><li><p>Abount Optimism, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/about">https://www.optimism.io/about</a> .</p></li><li><p>Announcing the Results of RetroPGF 2, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI">https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI</a> .</p></li><li><p>Marsela, Robo. &quot;Social inclusion and inclusive education&quot;, <em>Academicus International Scientific Journal</em>. <strong>10</strong> ,181–191, (2014).</p></li></ul><p><em>For official resources on Optimism, author attribution has been omitted.</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#1 RetroPGFの紹介: ブロックチェーンと公共財]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/1-retropgf</link>
            <guid>dieuyUbYnVY7Tpq8f503</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 10:28:38 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[はじめに今回と次回の2回にわたり、Optimismの資金提供を実施するプログラムであるRetroPGF (= Retroactive Public Goods Funding)について紹介していきます。RetroPGFは、Optimismに対して影響を与えたエンティティを評価し、資金提供をするプログラムです。The Optimistic VisionEthereumのLayer 2プロジェクトであるOptimismは、The Optimistic Visionを掲げています。これは、「公共財は利益を生むことができない」という神話を払拭することを目指し、「影響力=利益」という原則に従い、サイバースペースのための新しいガバナンスモデルを構築することを目指すことが宣言されています。 なぜ、公共財は利益を生むことができないのでしょうか。その理由は、そのビジネスモデルにあります。例えばスタートアップでは、エクイティを通じてファンディングすることもできますし、exitすることもできます。それに対し、公共財プロジェクトにはそのような仕組みは備わっていません。 このように、利益を生むことができな...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">はじめに</h1><p>今回と次回の2回にわたり、Optimismの資金提供を実施するプログラムであるRetroPGF (= Retroactive Public Goods Funding)について紹介していきます。RetroPGFは、Optimismに対して影響を与えたエンティティを評価し、資金提供をするプログラムです。</p><h1 id="h-the-optimistic-vision" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0"><strong>The Optimistic Vision</strong></h1><p>EthereumのLayer 2プロジェクトであるOptimismは、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/vision">The Optimistic Vision</a>を掲げています。これは、「公共財は利益を生むことができない」という神話を払拭することを目指し、「影響力=利益」という原則に従い、サイバースペースのための新しいガバナンスモデルを構築することを目指すことが宣言されています。</p><p>なぜ、公共財は利益を生むことができないのでしょうか。その理由は、そのビジネスモデルにあります。例えばスタートアップでは、エクイティを通じてファンディングすることもできますし、exitすることもできます。それに対し、公共財プロジェクトにはそのような仕組みは備わっていません。</p><p>このように、利益を生むことができない公共財プロジェクトに対して資金提供し、持続可能性を持たせることを目的としたプログラムがRetroPGFです。まず今回の記事では、公共財とはどんな性質のものなのかを説明していきます。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">公共財とは</h1><p>経済学において、公共財とは排除性も競合性もない財を指します。もっと噛み砕いて表現すると、次のような特徴を持つ財です。</p><ul><li><p>誰であってもそれを利用できること</p></li><li><p>誰かが利用することによって、別の人がそれを利用できなくなることがないこと</p></li></ul><p>身近な例として、生活道路について考えてみましょう。通常、生活道路を歩いたり、車で通行したりする際には誰でも利用できます。しかし、道路を利用する人が増加すると渋滞を引き起こしてしまい、使いにくくなってしまうので、ある程度の競合性は持っているかもしれません。</p><p>さらに、理想的な公共財として、重力があります。ISS含め地球上や地球付近で生活している人は、みな重力の影響を受けます。もちろん、重力を利用する上で誰の許可も必要となりませんし、誰かに重力が働いたことによって、他の人に重力が働かなくなることはないので、排除性も競合性もないといえるでしょう。</p><p>しかしながら、身の回りにある公共財は、生活する上で重要であるにも関わらず、通常は人間の手によって維持管理する仕組みが必要となります。もしあなたが国境線に囲まれた領域に暮らしているなら、国防という公共財の恩恵を受けていますが、国防を維持する人には物資なり報酬なりが必要です。このように、公共財を維持管理する主体に必要なものを供給する仕組みが税であり、私たちはこれらを維持するために徴税されます。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">公共財であり、トラストレスである</h1><p>パーミッションレスなブロックチェーンは公共財の性質を持っていると言えます。ここでは、BitcoinやEthereumのようなパーミッションレスなブロックチェーンについて議論していきます。</p><p>ブロックチェーンに参加するためにはノードをセットアップする必要がありますが、このようなノードは誰の許可も必要とせずにセットアップできます。また、ブロックチェーンを利用するためには、ネットワークに利用料を支払えば誰でも利用することができます。また、スケーリングによって、競合性も徐々になくなりつつあります。</p><p>このような性質を持っているにもかかわらず、私たちの多くはブロックチェーンが意図したとおりに動作することに疑問を持つことがありません。不思議だと思いませんか。言い換えると、なぜブロックチェーンは、第三者が何かしらの行動を起こすことを期待せずに動作するという性質を持つ、「トラストレス」なのでしょうか。ブロックチェーンの特徴を理解するいい機会なので、少し脱線して掘り下げてみましょう。</p><p>その鍵は、「ノードが受け取る情報は、プロトコルに沿ったものであるかチェックされている」です。ちょうど旅客機の機長/副機長がチェックシートを実施するように、ノードもチェックシートを実施するのです。ノードは他のノードがプロトコルの仕様通りに動作していることを検証する必要があります。まさに、Don’t trust, verifyの精神であると言えますね。</p><p>例えば、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/">マスタリングビットコイン</a>によれば、Bitcoinネットワークは他のノードからトランザクションを受け取ったときに18ものチェック項目を実施するとしています。一部を抜粋すると以下のとおりです。</p><ul><li><p>トランザクションの構文とデータ構造は正しいか</p></li><li><p>インプットとアウトプットのいずれも空ではないか</p></li><li><p>nLocktimeがINT_MAXに等しいか、またはnLocktimeとnSequenceの値がMedianTimePastに従って満たされているか</p></li><li><p>各インプットに対して、もしこのインプットが参照しているアウトプットをトランザクションプールの他のトランザクションも参照していた場合、このトランザクションを拒否する</p></li><li><p>もしトランザクション手数料が少なすぎて、空ブロックに入れることができない場合は拒否する</p></li></ul><p>このようなチェックを実施することによって、Bitcoinネットワーク内に無効なトランザクションであふれることを防ぎ、ネットワークの健全性が担保されます。なぜ超多数のノードがプロトコルに沿った動作をするかというと、暗号経済学的なインセンティブがノード参加者に働くためです。これは、トランザクション以外のデータであっても、ひいては他のブロックチェーンであっても言えることです。</p><p>また、ブロックチェーンは誰でも参加できるため、他にもいくつかのルールが導入されています。例えば、コンセンサスアルゴリズムです。Bitcoinにおいては、ナカモトコンセンサスによって、一番長いチェーンが正統なチェーンであると判断されます。一番長いチェーンは、PoWによって計算量が最も注ぎ込まれたチェーンであることから、そのチェーンを正統であると判断しているのでした。よく間違われますが、PoWはコンセンサスアルゴリズムを表現する単語ではありません。</p><p>このように、様々なメカニズムやコンセンサスの導入によって、ブロックチェーンは公共財であるにもかかわらず、トラストレスな性質を持っているのです。</p><h1 id="h-optimism" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">ところで、Optimismは公共財ですか？</h1><p>Optimismとして知られていたチェーンは、OP Mainnetという名前に変更されました。この名前の変更は、Optimismが掲げるSuperChainという構想に最初に準拠したチェーンであるという意味が込められています。SuperChainについては、また機会がありましたらブログ記事で解説しましょう。</p><p>OP Mainnetは誰でも使うことができますし、ノードも誰でも建てることができます。インフラに関してもっと言えば、シーケンサは分散化されておらず、誰でも実行できるわけではありません。そのため、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/about">About Optimism</a>にあるように、シーケンサが分散化されるまでは、シーケンサの利益はすべて公共財に寄付されます。また、Optimismのマイルストーンとして、シーケンサの分散化が予定されています。</p><p>と、ここまで「OP Mainnetは公共財であるか」という視点で話をしてきましたが、さらに重要なことは、Optimismを取り巻くエコシステムには多くの公共財プロジェクトが存在するという点です。</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI">最近のRetroPGF</a>では、Infrastructure、Education、Tooling &amp; Utilitiesという3つのカテゴリでプロジェクトが分類されました。EthereumやOptimismを支えるインフラストラクチャーや、dAppsという形で表現されるツールが評価される理由は想像しやすいですが、教育のカテゴリが存在することに意外だと感じた人もいるのではないでしょうか。教育は社会的包摂を促進するための最も強力な手段の一つとして知られており、人々がOptimismにアクセスすることを助けます。これは、Optimismのエコシステム拡大を後押しするものであり、評価されるべきものです。</p><p>このように、教育のような社会的なものも含めれば、Optimismを支える公共財プロジェクトは相当数存在することになります。これらプロジェクトに持続可能性を与える試みがRetroPGFであると表現することもできるでしょう。この試みによって、Optimismは自らのエコシステムの拡大を図ります。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">さいごに</h1><p>ブロックチェーンにおいては、多くのプロジェクトが公共財としてその価値を提供しつつ、その持続可能性に課題を抱えています。税金のような徴収メカニズムが存在しないこの領域で、どのようにして資金を確保し、公共財として維持していくかは重要な問題です。</p><p>次回のブログでは、RetroPGFについてもっと掘り下げていく予定です。なぜRetroactive（遡及的）にプロジェクトを評価する必要があるのでしょうか。なぜ、わざわざめんどくさそうな、人間による投票でプロジェクトを評価する必要があるのでしょうか。よく考えると、不思議な要素はたくさんありますね。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">参考文献</h1><ul><li><p>The Optimistic Vision, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/vision">https://www.optimism.io/vision</a> .</p></li><li><p>Retroactive Public Goods Funding, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c">https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c</a> .</p></li><li><p>Hashizume, D. (2000). Concept on publicity. Japanese Sociological Review, <strong>50</strong>(4), 451–463. doi: 10.4057/jsr.50.451（橋爪大三郎（2000）．「公共性とは何か」『社会学評論』<strong><em>50</em></strong>(4), 451–463）(In Japanese).</p></li><li><p>Andreas M., Mastering Bitcoin, 2014, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/">https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/</a> .</p></li><li><p>Abount Optimism, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://www.optimism.io/about">https://www.optimism.io/about</a> .</p></li><li><p>Announcing the Results of RetroPGF 2, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI">https://optimism.mirror.xyz/Upn_LtV2-3SviXgX_PE_LyA7YI00jQyoM1yf55ltvvI</a> .</p></li><li><p>Marsela, Robo. &quot;Social inclusion and inclusive education&quot;, <em>Academicus International Scientific Journal</em>. <strong>10</strong>, 181–191, (2014).</p></li></ul><p>※Optimismの公式リソースに関しては、著者の記載を省略しています。</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#0 Introduction to This Blog Series]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/0-introduction-to-this-blog-series</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 09:46:10 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[OverviewIn this blog series, I will mainly focus on explaining Optimism and topics related to it. Specifically, the blog will cover:How Optimism worksInitiatives involving OptimismTopics related to blockchain and crypto in generalMy aim is to provide easy-to-understand explanations by giving hands-on examples and avoiding overly complex descriptions. I plan to write blog articles in both Japanese and English. Basically, when publishing articles, I will release them simultaneously in both lang...]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="h-overview" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">Overview</h1><p>In this blog series, I will mainly focus on explaining Optimism and topics related to it. Specifically, the blog will cover:</p><ul><li><p>How Optimism works</p></li><li><p>Initiatives involving Optimism</p></li><li><p>Topics related to blockchain and crypto in general</p></li></ul><p>My aim is to provide easy-to-understand explanations by giving hands-on examples and avoiding overly complex descriptions. I plan to write blog articles in both Japanese and English. Basically, when publishing articles, I will release them simultaneously in both languages.</p><p>Updates to this blog will generally be irregular. However, I aim to update it at least once a month.</p><p>If you have any comments, questions, or things you&apos;d like to point out about the articles, please notify me through <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/hash1go_">X</a>.</p><h1 id="h-about-me" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">About Me</h1><p>My name is hashigo. I am just an ordinary person who is interested in the world of crypto for fun. I do not work for any crypto or web3 companies.</p><p>At the time of writing, I am a newcomer with just 2 years of experience in the crypto world. Nonetheless, I will do my best to write articles that may interest you.</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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            <title><![CDATA[#0 このブログシリーズの紹介]]></title>
            <link>https://paragraph.com/@hashigo🔴/0</link>
            <guid>tNH07uZLPZcAK1JqquFZ</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 09:45:34 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[概要このブログシリーズでは、主にOptimismやそれに関連することを解説していきます。具体的には、以下のようなものです。OptimismのしくみOptimismの取り組みブロックチェーンやcrypto全般に関すること基本的には、難解な説明に終止することなく、極力手を動かしてみたり、具体的な例を挙げたりして分かりやすく解説することを目指します。ブログ記事は日本語と英語で書く予定です。基本的に、記事を公開する際には、両方の言語で同時にリリースします。 ブログの更新は基本的に不定期です。ただ、1か月に1回以上の頻度で更新することを目標とします。 もし記事について、指摘したいことや質問等がありましたら、Xでお知らせください。自己紹介はしごといいます。ただの一般人で、趣味でcryptoの世界にいます。cryptoやweb3の企業で働いているなんてことはありません。 執筆時点において、cryptoの世界に入って2年の新人ですが、どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">概要</h1><p>このブログシリーズでは、主にOptimismやそれに関連することを解説していきます。具体的には、以下のようなものです。</p><ul><li><p>Optimismのしくみ</p></li><li><p>Optimismの取り組み</p></li><li><p>ブロックチェーンやcrypto全般に関すること</p></li></ul><p>基本的には、難解な説明に終止することなく、極力手を動かしてみたり、具体的な例を挙げたりして分かりやすく解説することを目指します。ブログ記事は日本語と英語で書く予定です。基本的に、記事を公開する際には、両方の言語で同時にリリースします。</p><p>ブログの更新は基本的に不定期です。ただ、1か月に1回以上の頻度で更新することを目標とします。</p><p>もし記事について、指摘したいことや質問等がありましたら、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow ugc" class="dont-break-out" href="https://twitter.com/hash1go_">X</a>でお知らせください。</p><h1 id="h-" class="text-4xl font-header !mt-8 !mb-4 first:!mt-0 first:!mb-0">自己紹介</h1><p>はしごといいます。ただの一般人で、趣味でcryptoの世界にいます。cryptoやweb3の企業で働いているなんてことはありません。</p><p>執筆時点において、cryptoの世界に入って2年の新人ですが、どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。</p>]]></content:encoded>
            <author>hashigo🔴@newsletter.paragraph.com (hashigo)</author>
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