It should be noted that Mordel Y, 44 per cent of sales originated in China (including the Port Australia market), with the United States and Canada accounting for 34 per cent. On the other hand, Model 328 per cent came from China (including the Port Australia market).

The third to fifths are from the Chinese brand, with the five diamond-mining MINIEV sales of 44.34 million, close to the TetraModel 3 sales; the Biyadi potato has reached 20.52 million, representing an increase of 91 per cent over the previous year; the same is the Biyadi PPLUS, which is known overseas as ATTO but is currently on the market in several countries, with a total sales volume of 18.06 million.

Sixth called MassID.4, last year, 17.56 million people were sold globally, 47 per cent of which came from China (including the Port Australia market) and 39 per cent from Europe.

The seventh to tenth names were from China, Biyadiev, selling 1634 million; Hiroshima, selling 11.98 million; Hiroshima, selling 11.7 million; and Biyadihanev, selling 11.65 million.

Technology

On the evening of March 3, 2022, Jiang MENGNAN, a girl from Chenzhou, Hunan, was rated as the person of the year in 2021. The girl, who came from a Yao town in Mangshan, Hunan Province and was deaf at the age of half a year, learned to “listen” and “speak” by reading lips. With her excellent academic performance, she became the only student in her hometown town who was admitted to a key university and finally came to Tsinghua University for a doctor in recent years.

On March 5, red net reporters interviewed Jiang MENGNAN in Beijing. Why can she move China? How does she feel after winning the prize? What are her plans for the future? Let’s walk into Jiang MENGNAN, a girl who is the same but different from us.

Why can processes that occur in nature only develop in one direction? For example, why can’t we heat a cup of coffee in the fridge or stop a drop of ink from spreading spontaneously in the water?

This is a problem that puzzles many generations of physicists. It stems from the incompatibility of physical laws, especially those governing the behavior of macro and micro systems. Macroscopic systems can be seen with the naked eye. They are composed of a large number of atoms and molecules. Microsystems represent a very different world, which we can’t see, but the behavior of each atom or molecule can be described.

Physicists can simply explain why the process of macro systems cannot be reversed spontaneously. This is attributed to the second law of thermodynamics, whose core is the energy properties of macro system. This Law provides a standard to predict the direction of spontaneous process through the concept of entropy, which is a standard to measure the material order.

For example, liquids have lower order than crystals, while gases have lower order. Hotter or more dispersed matter has a higher entropy. In short, entropy always increases, and the system will always become more disordered in the spontaneous process. Unless we provide energy, they cannot go back.

However, when observing the individual atoms and molecules that make up the micro system, there is a different set of physical laws. But they do not explain the direction in which the process in this system must go.

Matter and process are the same, but the results may be contradictory when studied from the macro and micro perspectives. This is clearly a problem.

Recently, in a new paper, physicists Emil roduner and tjaart Kr ü ger think they have found a way to solve this problem. The key to the answer is to distinguish between two types of reversibility: time reversibility and thermodynamic reversibility.

Equilibrium and gradient

We can imagine an ideal pendulum. It can swing back and forth without friction. If this movement is recorded and then inverted, it doesn’t seem to make any difference. This is a time reversible process. The motion of the pendulum is symmetrical in time inversion (i.e. time reversal).

However, the heat lost from a cup of hot coffee will never flow back. Heat inevitably flows from hot coffee into cooler air. When the coffee has the same temperature as the surrounding air, the heat flow stops. This final state is called equilibrium. Because it can’t be reversed like a pendulum, the process is irreversible. If you rewind its video, it looks very unnatural. The direction of this spontaneous process that eventually reaches equilibrium is the famous arrow of time.

Another concept is thermodynamic reversibility. Heat dissipation is an example. It is driven by a thermal gradient, always from a hotter place to a colder place. In fact, all spontaneous processes are driven by some type of gradient, whether it is temperature, concentration or pressure difference. These processes develop “downhill” along the gradient, from higher temperature to lower temperature, from higher concentration to lower concentration, or from higher pressure to lower pressure. The gradient provides the driving force of the process. Any process driven by a gradient in the universe is thermodynamically irreversible.

Gradients dominate the course of events in small and large systems. The earth receives radiant energy from the sun’s hot surface and dissipates it into the cold background of the universe at a lower temperature. Life processes, including plants, animals and humans, as well as other organisms, are also driven by gradients. Their energy sources can eventually be traced back to the tiny packets of light from the sun - photons. All living things dissipate energy in the form of cooler photons, which will eventually be released into outer space.

Molecular “memory”

The two physicists believe that the essence of the current problem is that we usually default that thermodynamic irreversibility and time irreversibility have the same probabilistic origin, which is true in many cases, but not necessarily so. The two reversibilities are essentially different.

Time reversibility has nothing to do with entropy gradient. In short, it’s about “memory”. If all molecules can “remember” their position and speed at each time point, so that the motion of each molecule can be reversed and restored to the initial state, then the process is time reversible. If a system is not particularly large, this process can already be simulated by modern computers. With the development of computer technology, more and more large and complex systems can be described at the single atomic and molecular level.

In other words, the obvious incompatibility between micro and macro systems is not related to the size of the system, but to the type of process and whether the process erases the “memory” of molecules.

The two types of reversibility are essentially different. The arrow of time can be divided into a dissipative arrow reaching thermal equilibrium and a thermal arrow leading to the loss of reversibility of time| Source: Kr ü R & rodU (2022)

In the case of heat (or more broadly, energy), the amount of energy used to synthesize a sugar molecule is released when the molecule fuels a process in our body and decays into its original constituent molecules. This is a thermodynamic point of view, but it ignores the aspect of time.

If it takes five minutes to synthesize a molecule, that doesn’t mean the molecule will decay after five minutes. We cannot predict the exact time of molecular decay because the decay process is dominated by a certain probability per unit time. Moreover, it is important that probabilistic processes are never time reversible because they do not contain memory of earlier states. The complete description of the probabilistic process needs to consider both energy and time.

In this case, the synthesis of sugar molecules and their decay are thermodynamically irreversible processes, because a large amount of energy must be injected to reverse them. But it’s not the same thing