叶律师(lawyer0592)

律师详解挖矿业务涉嫌犯罪情形分析 2

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Fri, 05 Aug 2022 05:48:07 GMT

律师详解挖矿业务涉嫌犯罪情形分析

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Fri, 27 May 2022 04:45:58 GMT

就目前来看，“矿机”生产商销售“矿机”设备，普通“矿工”“挖矿”并不会受到刑事方面的打击。 1 中国打击比特币挖矿的历史内蒙古率先打起第一枪最早打响禁止“挖矿”第一枪的是2017年内蒙古互联网金融风险专项整治工作领导小组办公室印发的《关于引导我区虚拟货币“挖矿”企业有序退出的通知》（内整治办函〔2017〕47号），明确“‘挖矿’产业与实体经济并无关系、耗能较大，一些企业存在安全隐患，一些企业以“大数据产业”为包装享受地方电价、土地和税收等方面的优惠政策。”并予以取缔。“互金整治办”紧随其后2018年1月份，网传互联网金融风险专项整治领导小组发文(整治办函【2018】2号)，要求积极引导辖区内企业有序退出挖矿业务。发改委发文出现转机国家发改委在2019年《产业结构调整指导目录（征求意见稿）》中，“虚拟货币挖矿”被列为淘汰类产业。但在正式的《产业结构调整指导目录（2019年本）》中， “虚拟货币挖矿” 从限制类消失，说明 “挖矿”不再被国家发改委界定为“淘汰产业”。金融委一锤定音2021年2月25日，内蒙古自治区发展和改革委员会发布《关于确保完成“十四五”能耗双控目标任务若干保障措施（征求意见稿）》，提到全面清理关停虚拟货币挖矿项目，2021年4月底前全部退出；并特别提及严禁新建虚拟货币挖矿项目。这一次，虽然只是内蒙古明确禁止“挖矿”，但预示着重拳之下的监管大幕即将拉开。2021年5月21日国务院金融稳定发展委员会会议提到，坚决防控金融风险，打击比特币挖矿和交易行为。这一次，禁止“挖矿”已提上全国重点工作。随后，内蒙古自治区发展和改革委员会出台了《内蒙古自治区发展和改革委员会关于坚决打击惩戒虚拟货币“挖矿”行为八项措施（征求意见稿）》。该《意见稿》分别对不同主体进行“挖矿的”给予不同的惩罚措施：对工业园区、数据中心、自备电厂等为虚拟货币“挖矿”企业提供场地、电力支持的加大节能监查力度，核减能耗预算指标，严肃追责问责；对大数据中心、云计算企业等 “挖矿”的，取消各类优惠政策，从严处理，严肃追究责任；对通讯企业、互联网企业等 “挖矿”的，吊销增值电信业务许可证，严肃追究责任；对网吧等 “挖矿”的，进行停业整顿等处置；对未经报批私自接入动力电源的虚拟货币“挖矿”项目等主体，违法窃电行为依法移送司法机关处理；对存在虚拟货币“挖矿”行为的相关企业及有关人员，按有关规定纳入失信黑名单；对公职人员利用职务之便，参与虚拟货币“挖矿”或为其提供方便与保护的，一律移送纪检监察机关处理。至此，禁止“挖矿”行为的监管体系逐步确立。在频频高压监管之下，矿工也是灵魂拷问：“挖矿”是否还有活路？是不是所有人“挖矿”都会受到监管？继续“挖矿”是否涉嫌刑事风险？连续追问之下，“挖矿”的未来之路也得分情况视之。就目前而言，与“挖矿”有关的主体主要是“矿机”生产商、“矿机”服务商与普通“矿工”，这三方主体随着“挖矿”监管力度的升级，会不会有风险，有何风险。 2 矿机生产商与普通矿工不应受到打击。在分析上述三方主体风险之前，不妨先看看已有观点的分析。有人认为“挖矿”是一种生产代币的过程，很可能违反《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法（修订草案征求意见稿）》第二十二条规定：“任何单位和个人不得制作、发售代币票券和数字代币，以代替人民币在市场上流通。进而面临监管，甚至涉嫌非法经营罪。还认为购买矿机，个人”挖矿“的行为也会受到打击。但上述观点显然是夸大解读了国家禁止“挖矿”的范围。国家之所以打击“挖矿”，一方面是为了减少能源消耗与浪费，促进产业结构的优化升级；另一方面是从源头上遏制虚拟币的产出，防止利用虚拟币交易进行违法犯罪活动，避免金融风险。在此目的下，并不会“一刀切”的打击所有与“挖矿”有关的活动，而本质上是打击“挖矿”经营行为，以及利用“挖矿”为名义的虚拟币交易行为。因此，受到禁止的是“挖矿”经营行为，而非提供“矿机”的厂商。另一个问题，则是个人购买“矿机挖矿”是否会违法而受到监管？答案是并不会。一个很简单的逻辑，个人购买“矿机挖矿”并不涉及任何一种经营行为。正如广强律所杨天意律师《监管不断加码，是否意味着虚拟货币“挖矿”在我国不再合法？》一文所说，“挖矿”重点整顿治理的对象，集中在企业或个体经营者利用其经营主体进行的“挖矿”活动，并未涉及到不具有任何经营性质的私人领域。因此，在未有进一步监管措施出台，以及未有明确禁止性法律规定的情况下，不能肆意认定公民个人利用私人计算机进行“挖矿”为非法行为。同时购买“矿机”的行为更不会受到监管，既没有扰乱任何社会或经济管理秩序，也没有侵犯任何公民的人身或财产权利，不具有法益的侵害性。即使认为销售“矿机”行为违法，也不能处罚购买”矿机“的行为，这与只处罚贩卖淫秽物品的行为人，而不处罚购买淫秽物品的行为人的道理完全一致。真正受到监管且具有刑事风险的是“矿机”服务商，而且是包括矿机托管、矿机租赁、算力租赁在内具有规模性的挖矿企业。可能涉嫌哪些罪名非法经营“矿机”服务商通过提供“挖矿”服务，获取利润，本质是经营行为。作为一种经营活动，如果未来有法律法规予以明文禁止，那么“矿机”服务商就有非法经营罪的可能。但绝不是因为“挖矿”是一种生产代币的过程，因违反《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法（修订草案征求意见稿）》第二十二条规定而构成非法经营罪，即“任何单位和个人不得制作、发售代币票券和数字代币，以代替人民币在市场上流通。”“挖矿”本身只是一个计算机运算并产出虚拟币的过程，是提供算力并获得虚拟奖励的行为，不是一个发售数字代币的行为。再者，“矿机”服务商在提供“挖矿”服务过程中，很可能因为以虚拟货币作为支付结算工具，而涉嫌非法从事资金支付结算业务，构成非法经营罪。无论是从《关于防范比特币风险的通知》还是《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，明确指出：“各金融机构和非银行支付机构等不得直接或者间接为 ‘虚拟货币’提供账户开立、登记、交易、清算、结算、定价、信息中介等等产品或者服务。不得接受比特币或以比特币作为支付结算工具；开展比特币的储存、托管、抵押等业务等。”如果“矿机”服务商约定相关服务以虚拟货币结算，很可能涉嫌非法从事资金支付结算业务，构成非法经营罪。

非法集资真正隐藏巨大刑事风险的是提供“算力”租赁服务的云挖矿服务。目前市面上出现了众多“云挖矿”的模式。云挖矿模式是通过租赁平台提供的算力挖矿，作为一种投资方式，非常依赖虚拟货币在市场上的价值，如果业务中存在承诺高收益的虚拟币回报，当虚拟货币价格不稳或者出现价格大跌就会产生兑付危机，很有可能涉及非法吸收公众存款罪。目前已施行的《防范和处置非法集资条例》，已将利用虚拟货币吸收资金的行为列入非法集资行为处置和调查认定对象。更为严重的是如果“矿机”服务商没有真正的算力提供，产不出虚拟币，则可能涉嫌集资诈骗罪。组织、领导传销活动罪另外，有刑事风险的是以“挖矿”为名义的虚拟币交易行为。其模式是利用出售/租赁算力“挖矿”，吸引投资者用人民币或者将人民币兑换为主流币，购买不同等级的“算力”，挖取自己发行的虚拟币。此种模式往往会因为宣传模式的不同而涉嫌非法吸收公众存款罪或组织、领导传销活动罪。在组织领导传销活动罪中，往往存在投币生息的静态收益以及拉人头的动态收益。而非法吸收公众存款罪则会承诺虚拟币的价值一直会上涨，会获得高回报的虚拟币。

总结

综上，在加密货币“挖矿”监管的升级之下，国家并不会“一刀切”的打击所有与“挖矿”有关的活动，而本质上是打击“挖矿”经营行为，以及利用“挖矿”为名义的虚拟币交易行为。

因此，就目前来看，“矿机”生产商销售“矿机”设备，普通“矿工”“挖矿”并不会受到刑事方面的打击。真正受到监管且具有刑事风险的是“矿机”服务商，而且是包括矿机托管、矿机租赁、算力租赁在内具有规模性的挖矿企业。这些“挖矿”企业在未来很有可能因自身业务的不规范性而涉嫌非法经营罪，非法吸收公众存款罪，组织、领导传销活动罪，集资诈骗罪。基于此，“矿机”服务商，在加密货币“挖矿”业务转型过程中，必须建立起刑事合规的意识，利用专业的刑事法律团队构建刑事法律风险管理机制，布置天罗地网，“防患于未然”，降低风险成本，提高抗风险能力，营造长久可持续的经济效益。

律师解读最高院关于“虚拟币交易”涉嫌非法集资犯罪司法解释

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Fri, 25 Feb 2022 00:49:48 GMT

2022年2月24日，最高法发布新修改非法集资刑事司法解释,增加网贷、虚拟币交易、融资租赁等新型非法吸收资金的行为方式和养老领域多种非法吸收资金的情形。 https://m.sohu.com/a/525188033_117927/?pvid=000115_3w_a

其中关于虚拟货币字样的只有一条，即将原司法解释第二条第八款修改为：实施下列行为之一，符合本解释第一条第一款规定的条件的，应当依照刑法第一百七十六条的规定，以非法吸收公众存款罪定罪处罚：（八）以网络借贷、投资入股、虚拟币交易等方式非法吸收资金的；

重点解读： 一、“虚拟货币交易”到底是不是犯罪？

这里很有意思：最高院司法解释用的是“虚拟币交易”等方式非法吸收资金涉嫌犯罪，而不是“虚拟货币”非法吸收资金的，是不是代表“虚拟货币交易就构成犯罪”？？？？？本律师认为，此次司法解释恐怕还是强调“虚拟货币交易”的风险性！虚拟货币交易本身并不构成犯罪。

司法解释原文明确说的是“……虚拟币交易等方式非法吸收资金的”，在“虚拟币交易”后面是有后缀的，因此，可以得出明确结论：**并不是所有虚拟币交易都等同于非法集资。**但是，虚拟币交易，如果符合非法吸收公众存款罪、集资诈骗罪的犯罪构成要件，应当以相应罪名予以规制。换句话说，普通虚拟货币交易如果不符合两罪的犯罪构成，并不能适用该司法解释。
我们通常理解的虚拟币交易，指的是币币交易、法币交易、合约交易等等，这些虚拟货币交易行为，并不符合非法集资犯罪的构成要件，因此不适用该司法解释。当然，不适用该司法解释并不等同于不符合其他犯罪构成，**比如合约交易，**按照目前的趋势，有可能未来商家会构成“非法经营罪”，**比如otc行为，**极有可能构成帮信罪或掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪（已经有大量的判例）,有兴趣的可以看本人文章
https://mirror.xyz/0x098C54E453e5Fb273fa6C0Cdc22d340Bea23ef1B/F4NZmOh-FfIeZLRMeGdp_vKFaAUsvJ9kYp8-ylHuF5g
二、重点重点重点（强调三次）
利用虚拟币交易的行为，符合非法吸收公众存款罪和集资诈骗罪犯罪构成的行为，比如：ico、ieo、ifo或者私募等一切发行代币行为、土狗发币、币本位资管、理财、私募、代投、“mint”nft等等，说白了，就是以项目为名义，向社会不特定多数人募集虚拟数字货币，完全可能构成非法吸收公众存款罪和集资诈骗罪。其实币圈中的部分gamefi本质上也是以游戏的名义募集虚拟数字货币，也有可能构成非法集资犯罪。所以，在国内从事区块链项目的经营者一定要注意了：发行土狗币的就不要说了，还有别以为**自己发行NFT让大家“mint”**是不违法的，比如最近NFT圈很火的“某狸”项目。
三、虚拟货币被明确为“资金”
在非法集资犯罪中，虚拟数字货币的性质被明确为刑法意义上的“资金”，这是较大的突破。随着虚拟数字货币案件不断增多，以往那些“虚拟数字货币”不具有法偿性，不是刑法意义上的财产，不能进行价值认定”等等辩护观点在实践中根本不具有任何意义。
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            **以上解读仅供参考
           微信号：lawyer0592**
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尽快制订打击虚拟货币犯罪司法解释的几点建议（Some suggestions on the judicial interpretation of combating virtual currency crime as soon as possible）

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Tue, 15 Feb 2022 14:04:08 GMT

2021年9月24日，人民银行等十个部委发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》，打击虚拟货币交易和炒作。同日，国家发改委等十一个部委发布《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》，全面整治并取缔虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知（简称924通知）明确将虚拟货币相关活动定义为非法金融活动，并取缔了虚拟货币挖矿活动。上述通知的发布和实施有力打击了涉虚拟货币的相关犯罪活动，起到了较好的效果。然而，由于上述规定较为原则，且涉虚拟货币犯罪具有隐蔽性、高科技性、高智能性等特点，需要两高尽快制订司法解释对定罪量刑予以细化。

一、开设和经营虚拟货币交易所是否涉嫌非法经营罪需要司法解释予以明确。

924通知关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知规定，“虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。”还同时进一步规定：境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动。对于相关境外虚拟货币交易所的境内工作人员，以及明知或应知其从事虚拟货币相关业务，仍为其提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务的法人、非法人组织和自然人，依法追究有关责任。

由于“虚拟货币交易所”提供的虚拟货币交易，部分交易所还提供合约交易，杠杠交易等产品，上述产品是否属于“金融产品”目前没有相关规定，需要司法解释予以明确。特别需要明确924通知中认定的“虚拟货币交易所”是否是《国务院办公厅关于清理整顿各类交易场所的实施意见》所规定的“金融产品交易”机构。

二、对于从事虚拟货币与人民币兑换结算业务的“OTC”商家是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。

OTC商家是指在代币交易平台中或者交易场所外直接从事人民币法定货币与 “虚拟货币”之间兑换业务的商家（一般为自然人主体）。由于OTC商家作为虚拟货币变现的主要渠道，极易成为“涉黑”“涉恐”“赌博”等非法资金洗钱变现的通道，，因此一直处于刑事打击的最前端。OTC商家有可能涉嫌“洗钱罪”、“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪”、“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”，也有可能涉嫌“非法经营罪”。目前大部分“OTC”商家以“帮助信息网络活动罪”予以定罪量刑，但是否涉嫌其他罪名，什么情况下涉嫌其他罪名，具体的量刑标准，也需要司法解释予以明确。

三、销售虚拟货币矿机以及虚拟货币算力是否构成犯罪需要司法解释予以明确。

924通知已明确取缔虚拟货币挖矿，并于10月将比特币矿机已被列为国家明令禁止淘汰项目。上述通知发布后，由于虚拟货币矿机挖矿有利可图，仍然有部分企业或者个人通过销售矿机、托管矿机、销售“算力”、租赁算力等经营活动，甚至提供贷款买币质押等金融衍生产品。而上述行为是否涉嫌非法经营罪或者其他非法集资类犯罪，需要相关司法解释予以明确。同时，由于部分企业和个人存在超卖矿机或者算力的情况，是否构成集资诈骗罪或非法吸收公众存款罪，也需要司法解释予以明确。

四、很多以“元宇宙”“数字藏品NFT”名义进行的活动可能涉嫌犯罪，需要相关司法解释尽快予以明确。

2021年年底，元宇宙成了市场上的热点，市面上出现了很多打着元宇宙旗号的的区块链游戏，号称“躺赚”，年收益率100%等等，同时，有大量机构竞相发布各种形式的数字藏品（“NFT”），上述活动和行为暗藏传销，也有可能已经涉嫌非法集资类犯罪，普通人对于“元宇宙”的概念，仍处于一知半解的懵懂阶段，需要司法解释对此类假“元宇宙”，真犯罪的行为予以明确，并予以打击。

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On September 24, 2021, the people's Bank of China and other ten ministries and commissions issued the notice on further preventing and handling the risk of speculation in virtual currency transactions to crack down on virtual currency transactions and speculation. On the same day, 11 ministries and commissions including the national development and Reform Commission issued the notice on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency to comprehensively rectify and ban the mining activities of virtual currency. The above notice (hereinafter referred to as the 924 notice) clearly defined the activities related to virtual currency as illegal financial activities and banned the mining activities of virtual currency. The issuance and implementation of the above notice has effectively cracked down on the criminal activities related to virtual currency and achieved good results. However, because the above provisions are more principled, and the crimes involving virtual currency have the characteristics of concealment, high technology and high intelligence, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's court need to formulate a judicial interpretation as soon as possible to refine the conviction and sentencing.

1、 Whether the establishment and operation of virtual currency exchange is suspected of the crime of illegal operation needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.

924 Circular on regulating the "mining" activities of virtual currency stipulates that "business activities related to virtual currency belong to illegal financial activities." It also further stipulates that the provision of services by overseas virtual currency exchanges to domestic residents through the Internet also belongs to illegal financial activities. Domestic staff of relevant overseas virtual currency exchanges, as well as legal persons, unincorporated organizations and natural persons who know or should know that they are engaged in virtual currency related business and still provide them with marketing publicity, payment and settlement, technical support and other services, shall be investigated for relevant responsibilities according to law.

Due to the virtual currency trading provided by the "virtual currency exchange", some exchanges also provide contract trading, lever trading and other products. At present, there are no relevant provisions on whether the above products belong to "financial products", which needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation. In particular, it is necessary to clarify whether the "virtual currency exchange" identified in the 924 notice is the "financial product trading" institution specified in the "implementation opinions of the general office of the State Council on cleaning up and rectifying various trading places".

2、 Whether "OTC" businesses engaged in virtual currency and RMB exchange and settlement business constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.

OTC businesses refer to businesses (generally natural persons) that directly engage in the exchange business between RMB legal currency and "virtual currency" in the token trading platform or outside the trading place. As the main channel for the realization of virtual currency, OTC merchants are easy to become the channel for the laundering and Realization of illegal funds such as "Mafia related", "terrorism related" and "gambling", so they have always been at the forefront of criminal crackdown. OTC businesses may be suspected of "money laundering crime", "crime of concealing the proceeds of crime", "crime of helping information network criminal activities", or "crime of illegal operation". At present, most "OTC" businesses are convicted and sentenced for the crime of "helping information network activities", but whether they are suspected of other crimes, under what circumstances they are suspected of other crimes, and the specific sentencing standards also need to be clarified by judicial interpretation.

3、 Whether the sale of virtual currency mining machines and the computing power of virtual currency constitute a crime needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.

The 924 notice has clearly banned the mining of virtual currency, and listed the bitcoin mining machine as a project banned by the state in October. After the issuance of the above notice, due to the profitable mining of virtual currency mining machines, some enterprises or individuals still sell mining machines, trust mining machines, sell "computing power", lease computing power and other business activities, and even provide financial derivatives such as loan purchase pledge. Whether the above-mentioned acts are suspected of the crime of illegal business operation or other crimes of illegal fund-raising needs to be clarified by relevant judicial interpretations. At the same time, because some enterprises and individuals have oversold mining machines or computing power, whether they constitute the crime of fund-raising fraud or the crime of illegally absorbing public deposits also needs to be clarified by judicial interpretation.

4、 Many activities carried out in the name of "meta universe" and "digital collection NFT" may be suspected of crimes, which need to be clarified as soon as possible in the relevant judicial interpretation.

At the end of 2021, yuancosmos became a hot spot in the market. There were many blockchain games under the banner of yuancosmos, known as "lying earn", with an annual yield of 100%, etc. at the same time, a large number of institutions competed to release various forms of digital collections ("NFT"). The above activities and behaviors hidden pyramid schemes, and may have been suspected of illegal fund-raising crimes, Ordinary people are still ignorant of the concept of "meta universe" and need judicial interpretation to clarify and crack down on such fake "meta universe" and real crimes.

币圈虚拟货币OTC商家涉嫌犯罪类型简要分析（Brief analysis of suspected crime types of currency circle virtual currency OTC merchants）

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Thu, 03 Feb 2022 03:06:16 GMT

【虚拟货币OTC商家概念】 是指在代币交易平台中或者交易场所外直接从事法定货币与 “虚拟货币”之间兑换业务的商家（一般为自然人主体）。例如，在火币，OKEX等专门从事USDT/BTC/ETH等虚拟货币与人民币兑换业务的商家。【虚拟货币OTC商家可能涉嫌的犯罪类型】洗钱罪；掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得、收益罪；帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪；非法经营罪 【相关法律法规及政策】 2017年9月4日国家七部委《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》（简称94公告）。2021年9月24日，人民银行等十个部委发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》，第（二）条载明：虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。开展法定货币与虚拟货币兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供信息中介和定价服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务活动涉嫌非法发售代币票券、擅自公开发行证券、非法经营期货业务、非法集资等非法金融活动，一律严格禁止，坚决依法取缔。对于开展相关非法金融活动构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

【涉嫌相关犯罪类型分析】

洗钱罪和掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得、收益罪 OTC场外交易商家经营者收到“不干净”的钱，可能会触犯“洗钱罪”或者是“掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪”。两个罪名如何区分呢，根据我国《刑法》第312条的规定，只要行为人明知是犯罪所得及其产生的收益而予以窝藏、转移收购、代为销售或者以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒的，就会涉嫌构成该罪。而洗钱罪的范围较窄，只有是毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、走私犯罪、贪污贿赂犯罪、破坏金融管理秩序犯罪、金融诈骗犯罪的所得及其产生的收益才能被认定为涉嫌洗钱罪。当然，只有OTC商家主观上具有“明知”时才会被认定为涉嫌“洗钱罪”和“掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪”。《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（十一）》第十四条[6]款规定，洗钱罪是指为掩饰、隐瞒毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、走私犯罪、贪污贿赂犯罪、破坏金融管理秩序犯罪、金融诈骗犯罪的所得及其产生的收益的来源和性质，而提供资金账户的，或者将财产转换为现金、金融票据、有价证券的，或者通过转帐或者其他支付结算方式转移资金的，或者跨境转移资产的，或者以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质的行为《刑法修正案（六）》将刑法第三百一十二条：“明知是犯罪所得及其产生的收益而予以窝藏、转移、收购、代为销售或者以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金；情节严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。” 《最高人民法院关于审理洗钱等刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》对于洗钱罪和掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪中的“明知”应当结合被告人的认知能力，接触他人犯罪所得及其收益的情况，犯罪所得及其收益的种类、数额，犯罪所得及其收益的转换、转移方式以及被告人的供述等主、客观因素进行认定。下列情形可以认定被告人明知系犯罪所得及其收益，但有证据证明确实不知道的除外：（一）知道他人从事犯罪活动，协助转换或者转移财物的；（二）没有正当理由，通过非法途径协助转换或者转移财物的；（三）没有正当理由，以明显低于市场的价格收购财物的；（四）没有正当理由，协助转换或者转移财物，收取明显高于市场的“手续费”的；（五）没有正当理由，协助他人将巨额现金散存于多个银行账户或者在不同银行账户之间频繁划转的；（六）协助近亲属或者其他关系密切的人转换或者转移与其职业或者财产状况明显不符的财物的；（七）其他可以认定行为人明知的情形。电信诈骗司法解释二十、电商平台预付卡、虚拟货币、手机充值卡、游戏点卡、游戏装备等经销商，在公安机关调查案件过程中，被明确告知其交易对象涉嫌电信网络诈骗犯罪，仍与其继续交易，符合刑法第二百八十七条之二规定的，以帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪追究刑事责任。同时构成其他犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪处罚。　　十一、明知是电信网络诈骗犯罪所得及其产生的收益，以下列方式之一予以转账、套现、取现，符合刑法第三百一十二条第一款规定的，以掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪追究刑事责任。但有证据证明确实不知道的除外。　　(一)多次使用或者使用多个非本人身份证明开设的收款码、网络支付接口等，帮助他人转账、套现、取现的; 　　(二)以明显异于市场的价格，通过电商平台预付卡、虚拟货币、手机充值卡、游戏点卡、游戏装备等转换财物、套现的; 　　(三)协助转换或者转移财物，收取明显高于市场的 “手续费”的。　　实施上述行为，事前通谋的，以共同犯罪论处;同时构成其他犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪处罚。法律和司法解释另有规定的除外。十二、为他人实施电信网络诈骗犯罪提供技术支持、广告推广、支付结算等帮助，或者窝藏、转移、收购、代为销售及以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒电信网络诈骗犯罪所得及其产生的收益，诈骗犯罪行为可以确认，但实施诈骗的行为人尚未到案，可以依法先行追究已到案的上述犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的刑事责任。最高人民法院关于修改《关于审理掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的决定（2021年4月7日最高人民法院审判委员会第1835次会议通过，自2021年4月15日起施行）法释〔2021〕8号中华人民共和国最高人民法院公告《最高人民法院关于修改〈关于审理掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释〉的决定》已于2021年4月7日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1835次会议通过，现予公布，自2021年4月15日起施行。最高人民法院 2021年4月13日根据审判实践需要，经最高人民法院审判委员会第1835次会议决定，对《关于审理掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》（法释〔2015〕11号）作如下修改：自本决定实施之日起，《关于审理掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》（法释〔2015〕11号）第一条第一款第（一）项、第二款和第二条第二款规定的掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪的数额标准不再适用。人民法院审理掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益刑事案件，应综合考虑上游犯罪的性质、掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的情节、后果及社会危害程度等，依法定罪处罚。本决定自2021年4月15日起施行。
帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪（目前被定此罪较多）
帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的规定与虚拟币交易犯罪符合的有两个点，第一，明知他人利用信息网络实施犯罪；第二，为他人提供支付结算等帮助。即：“明知”他人的钱“不干净”依然倒买倒卖USDT，就有可能构成“帮信罪”。实务中关于“明知他人利用信息网络实施犯罪”的判断标准，倾向于只要行为人“明知”他人可能利用信息网络实施犯罪即可，并不需要对他人是否利用信息网络实施犯罪产生确信以及实施的是何种犯罪行为。具体到OTC场外交易商家经营者而言，如果在与他人交易虚拟货币的过程中存在没有正当理由可以解释的异常交易时，就可以认定其本身在交易时对于收到的钱或者币是“犯罪所得及其收益”存在主观上的“明知”。比如，某虚拟货币交易平台法币交易区，购买USDT的价格6.55元-6.85元区间，如果某OTC商家以过低或者过高的价格收购或者出售，就容易被认定为主观“明知”。《刑法》第287条之二：针对明知他人利用信息网络实施犯罪，为其犯罪提供互联网接入、服务器托管、网络存储、通讯传输等技术支持，或者提供广告推广、支付结算等帮助的行为独立入罪。《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理非法利用信息网络、帮助信息网络犯罪活动等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第十一条关于“推定明知”进行了较详细的规定：“为他人实施犯罪提供技术支持或者帮助，具有下列情形之一的，可以认定行为人明知他人利用信息网络实施犯罪，但是有相反证据的除外：（一）经监管部门告知后仍然实施有关行为的；（二）接到举报后不履行法定管理职责的；（三）交易价格或者方式明显异常的；（四）提供专门用于违法犯罪的程序、工具或者其他技术支持、帮助的；（五）频繁采用隐蔽上网、加密通信、销毁数据等措施或者使用虚假身份，逃避监管或者规避调查的；（六）为他人逃避监管或者规避调查提供技术支持、帮助的；（七）其他足以认定行为人明知的情形。”
非法经营罪
非法经营罪，是OTC商家最大的法律风险。更多的是涉嫌非法经营罪的刑事风险，主要是非法从事资金支付结算或者非法买卖外汇。非法经营罪，根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十五条的规定，违反国家规定，有下列非法经营行为之一，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金；情节特别严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑，并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产：是指违反国家规定，有下列非法经营行为之一的犯罪：（一）未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或其他限制买卖的物品的；（二）买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的；（三）未经国家有关主管部门批准，非法经营证券、期货或者保险业务的，或者非法从事资金结算业务的；（四）从事其他非法经营活动，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的行为。《关于办理非法从事资金支付结算业务、非法买卖外汇刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第一条违反国家规定，具有下列情形之一的，属于刑法第二百二十五条第三项规定的“非法从事资金支付结算业务”：（一）使用受理终端或者网络支付接口等方法，以虚构交易、虚开价格、交易退款等非法方式向指定付款方支付货币资金的；（二）非法为他人提供单位银行结算账户套现或者单位银行结算账户转个人账户服务的；（三）非法为他人提供支票套现服务的；（四）其他非法从事资金支付结算业务的情形。第二条违反国家规定，实施倒买倒卖外汇或者变相买卖外汇等非法买卖外汇行为，扰乱金融市场秩序，情节严重的，依照刑法第二百二十五条第四项的规定，以非法经营罪定罪处罚。《关于惩治骗购外汇、逃汇和非法买卖外汇犯罪的决定》第四条的规定：“在国家规定的交易场所以外非法买卖外汇，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的”按照非法经营罪处罚最高人民法院研究室关于非法经营罪中“违法所得”认定问题的研究意见有关部门就非法经营罪中“违法所得”认定问题征求最高人民法院研究室意见。最高人民法院研究室经研究认为：非法经营罪中的“违法所得”，应是指获利数额，即以行为人违法生产、销售商品或者提供服务所获得的全部收入（即非法经营数额），扣除其直接用于经营活动的合理支出部分后剩余的数额。 4.组织、领导传销活动罪，诈骗罪或者开设赌场罪等犯罪的共犯如果OTC场外交易商家经营者在交易之前（事前）就已经与交易对象达成了合意，则可能构成上述犯罪的共犯。
**微信号：lawyer0592**
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[virtual currency OTC merchant concept]

Refers to businesses (generally natural persons) directly engaged in the exchange business between legal currency and "virtual currency" in the token trading platform or outside the trading place. For example, in Huo coin, okex and other businesses specializing in the exchange business between virtual currencies such as usdt / BTC / Eth and RMB.

[types of crimes that virtual currency OTC merchants may be suspected of]

Money laundering; The crime of concealing the proceeds of crime; Crime of helping information network criminal activities; Crime of illegal business operation

[relevant laws, regulations and policies]

On September 4, 2017, the seven national ministries and commissions issued the announcement on preventing the financing risk of token issuance (hereinafter referred to as the 94 announcement). On September 24, 2021, the people's Bank of China and other ten ministries and commissions issued the notice on further preventing and dealing with the risk of speculation in virtual currency transactions. Article (2) stated that the business activities related to virtual currency belong to illegal financial activities. Carrying out virtual currency related business activities such as legal currency and virtual currency exchange business, virtual currency exchange business, buying and selling virtual currency as a central counterparty, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing and virtual currency derivatives trading, suspected of illegal issuance of token tickets, unauthorized public issuance of securities Illegal financial activities such as illegal futures business and illegal fund-raising are strictly prohibited and resolutely banned according to law. If carrying out relevant illegal financial activities constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

[analysis of types of suspected related crimes]

Crime of money laundering and crime of concealing criminal proceeds and proceeds

The operators of OTC businesses who receive "unclean" money may commit "money laundering crime" or "crime of concealing and concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime". How to distinguish between the two charges? According to the provisions of article 312 of China's criminal law, as long as the perpetrator knows that it is the proceeds of crime and the proceeds generated, he will be suspected of constituting the crime if he conceals, transfers, purchases, sells on behalf of others or conceals or conceals it by other means. The scope of the crime of money laundering is relatively narrow. Only the proceeds of drug crime, underworld organized crime, terrorist crime, smuggling crime, corruption and bribery crime, crime of undermining financial management order, and financial fraud crime can be recognized as suspected of money laundering. Of course, only when OTC businesses subjectively have "knowledge" will they be recognized as suspected of "money laundering crime" and "crime of concealing and concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime".

Article 14 [6] of the amendment to the criminal law of the people's Republic of China (11) stipulates that the crime of money laundering refers to the provision of capital accounts to cover up and conceal the proceeds of drug-related crimes, underworld organized crimes, terrorist activities, smuggling crimes, corruption and bribery crimes, crimes of undermining financial management order, and financial fraud crimes and the source and nature of the proceeds generated, Or converting property into cash, financial instruments or securities, or transferring funds through transfer or other payment and settlement methods, or transferring assets across borders, or covering up or concealing the source and nature of criminal proceeds and their proceeds by other means

Article 312 of the criminal law is amended in the criminal law amendment (VI): "Whoever knowingly harbors, transfers, purchases, sells on behalf of others or conceals or conceals the proceeds of crime and the proceeds generated therefrom shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also, or shall only, be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined."

In the interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the specific application of law in the trial of criminal cases such as money laundering, the "knowing" in the crime of money laundering and the crime of concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime should be combined with the defendant's cognitive ability, contact with other people's proceeds of crime and their proceeds, the types and amount of proceeds of crime and their proceeds, the conversion of proceeds of crime and their proceeds The way of transfer and the defendant's confession and other subjective and objective factors. Under the following circumstances, the defendant may be deemed to know that it is the proceeds of crime and its proceeds, unless there is evidence to prove that he does not know: (1) knowing that others are engaged in criminal activities and assisting in the conversion or transfer of property; （2） Assisting in the conversion or transfer of property through illegal means without justified reasons; （3） Purchasing property at a price significantly lower than the market without justified reasons; （4） Assisting in the conversion or transfer of property without justified reasons and charging a "handling fee" significantly higher than the market; （5） Assisting others to deposit huge amounts of cash in multiple bank accounts or transfer frequently between different bank accounts without justified reasons; （6） Assisting close relatives or other closely related persons to change or transfer property that is obviously inconsistent with their occupation or property status; （7） Other circumstances under which the perpetrator may be deemed to know.

Judicial interpretation of Telecom fraud II

10、 Dealers of e-commerce platform prepaid cards, virtual currencies, mobile recharge cards, game point cards, game equipment, etc. are clearly informed that their trading partners are suspected of telecom network fraud and continue to trade with them in the process of investigating the case by the public security organ, which is in line with the provisions of article 287 bis of the criminal law, so as to help them investigate criminal responsibility for the crime of information network crime. Those who commit other crimes at the same time shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions on heavier punishment.

11、 Those who knowingly transfer, cash out or withdraw the proceeds from the crime of telecommunications network fraud in one of the following ways, in line with the provisions of the first paragraph of article 312 of the criminal law, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility for the crime of concealing or concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime. Unless there is evidence to prove that they do not know.

（1） Repeatedly using or using multiple collection codes and online payment interfaces opened by non personal identity certificates to help others transfer, cash out or withdraw cash;

（2） Converting property and cash out through e-commerce platform prepaid card, virtual currency, mobile phone recharge card, game point card, game equipment, etc. at a price significantly different from the market;

（3） Assist in the conversion or transfer of property and charge a "handling fee" significantly higher than the market.

Whoever conspires in advance to commit the above-mentioned acts shall be punished as a joint crime; Those who commit other crimes at the same time shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions on heavier punishment. Unless otherwise provided by laws and judicial interpretations.

12、 Providing technical support, advertising promotion, payment and settlement and other assistance for others to commit the crime of telecom network fraud, or harbouring, transferring, acquiring, selling on behalf of others, and covering up or concealing the proceeds of the crime of telecom network fraud and the income generated by it by other methods, the crime of fraud can be confirmed, but the perpetrator of fraud has not been brought to court, The criminal responsibility of the above suspect and defendant can be investigated in advance.

supreme people 's court

Decision on Amending the interpretation on Several Issues concerning the application of law in the trial of criminal cases involving the concealment and concealment of proceeds of crime and proceeds of crime

(adopted at the 1835th meeting of the judicial committee of the Supreme People's Court on April 7, 2021 and effective as of April 15, 2021)

FA Shi [2021] No. 8

Announcement of the Supreme People's Court of the people's Republic of China

The decision of the Supreme People's Court on Amending the interpretation on Several Issues concerning the application of law in the trial of criminal cases involving the concealment and concealment of criminal proceeds and proceeds of crime, which was adopted at the 1835th meeting of the judicial committee of the Supreme People's Court on April 7, 2021, is hereby promulgated and shall enter into force as of April 15, 2021.

supreme people 's court

April 13, 2021

According to the needs of trial practice and the decision of the 1835th meeting of the judicial committee of the Supreme People's court, the following amendments are made to the interpretation on Several Issues concerning the application of law in the trial of criminal cases involving the concealment and concealment of criminal proceeds and proceeds of crime (FSH [2015] No. 11):

Since the date of implementation of this decision, the amount standard of the crime of concealing or concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime stipulated in paragraph 1 (1) and paragraph 2 of Article 1 and paragraph 2 of the interpretation on Several Issues concerning the application of law in the trial of criminal cases of concealing or concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime (fashi [2015] No. 11) shall no longer apply. When trying criminal cases of concealing or concealing the proceeds of crime and the proceeds of crime, the people's court shall comprehensively consider the nature of the upstream crime, the circumstances, consequences and social harm of concealing or concealing the proceeds of crime and its proceeds, and convict and punish them according to law.

This decision shall enter into force as of April 15, 2021.

Crime of helping information network crime

The provisions on the crime of helping information network criminal activities are consistent with the crime of virtual currency trading in two aspects: first, knowing that others use the information network to commit a crime; Second, provide payment and settlement assistance to others. That is: "knowing that other people's money is" unclean "and still buying and selling usdt, it may constitute a" crime of helping trust ". In practice, the judgment standard of "knowing that others use the information network to commit a crime" tends to be as long as the perpetrator "knows" that others may use the information network to commit a crime, and does not need to be convinced of whether others use the information network to commit a crime and what kind of criminal act they commit. As far as OTC over-the-counter trading business operators are concerned, if there are abnormal transactions that can not be explained without justifiable reasons in the process of trading virtual currencies with others, they can be determined that they have subjective "knowledge" that the money or currency they receive is "proceeds of crime and its proceeds" during the transaction. For example, in the legal currency trading area of a virtual currency trading platform, the price of buying usdt ranges from 6.55 yuan to 6.85 yuan. If an OTC merchant purchases or sells at a too low or too high price, it is easy to be identified as subjective "knowing".

Article 287 bis of the criminal law: the act of providing technical support such as Internet access, server hosting, network storage and communication transmission, or providing assistance such as advertising promotion, payment and settlement, knowing that others use the information network to commit a crime, shall be independently convicted.

Article 11 of the interpretation of the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on Several Issues concerning the application of law in handling criminal cases such as illegal use of information networks and helping information network criminal activities stipulates in more detail the "presumption of knowledge": "Providing technical support or assistance for others to commit a crime under any of the following circumstances, the perpetrator may be deemed to know that others have committed a crime by using the information network, unless there is evidence to the contrary: (1) he still commits relevant acts after being informed by the regulatory department; (2) he fails to perform his statutory management duties after receiving the report; (3) The transaction price or method is obviously abnormal; （4） Providing procedures, tools or other technical support and assistance specially used for law breaking and crime; （5） Frequently using covert Internet access, encrypted communication, data destruction and other measures or using false identity to evade supervision or investigation; （6） Providing technical support or help for others to evade supervision or investigation; （7） Other circumstances sufficient to determine that the perpetrator knows well. "

Crime of illegal business operation

The crime of illegal operation is the biggest legal risk of OTC businesses. More is the criminal risk of being suspected of the crime of illegal business operation, mainly illegal fund payment and settlement or illegal trading of foreign exchange.

Whoever, in accordance with the provisions of Article 225 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China, violates State regulations and commits one of the following acts of illegal business operation, thus disrupting market order, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than one time but not more than five times the illegal gains; If the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined not less than one time but not more than five times the illegal income or be sentenced to confiscation of property: it refers to the crime of violating the provisions of the state and committing one of the following illegal business operations: (1) operating special or monopoly goods or other goods restricted from trading as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations without permission; （2） Buying and selling import and export licenses, import and export certificates of origin and other business licenses or approval documents stipulated by laws and administrative regulations; （3） Illegally engaging in securities, futures or insurance business, or illegally engaging in capital settlement business without the approval of the relevant competent departments of the state; （4） Engage in other illegal business activities, disrupt market order and commit serious acts.

Article 1 of the interpretation on Several Issues concerning the application of law in criminal cases of illegally engaging in fund payment and settlement business and illegal trading of foreign exchange violates the provisions of the state and belongs to "illegally engaging in fund payment and settlement business" stipulated in Item 3 of Article 225 of the criminal law: (1) using acceptance terminals or network payment interfaces and other methods, Paying monetary funds to the designated payer in illegal ways such as fictitious transaction, false price, transaction refund, etc;

（2） Illegally providing services for others to cash out unit bank settlement accounts or transfer unit bank settlement accounts to personal accounts;

（3） Illegally providing cheque cashing services for others;

（4） Other situations of illegally engaging in fund payment and settlement business.

Article 2 Whoever, in violation of state regulations, illegally buys or sells foreign exchange, or trades in foreign exchange in a disguised form, and disturbs the order of the financial market, if the circumstances are serious, shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business operation in accordance with Item 4 of Article 225 of the criminal law.

Article 4 of the decision on punishing the crimes of fraudulent purchase of foreign exchange, evasion of foreign exchange and illegal trading of foreign exchange stipulates that "those who illegally trade in foreign exchange outside the trading places specified by the state and disrupt the market order, if the circumstances are serious, shall be punished as the crime of illegal business operation"

Research opinions of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court on the identification of "illegal income" in the crime of illegal business operation

The relevant departments sought the opinions of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court on the identification of "illegal income" in the crime of illegal business operation. The Research Office of the Supreme People's court holds that:

The "illegal income" in the crime of illegal business operation should refer to the amount of profit, that is, the amount remaining after deducting the reasonable expenditure directly used in business activities from all the income obtained by the perpetrator from the illegal production and sale of goods or the provision of services (i.e. the amount of illegal business operation).

Accomplices in the crime of organizing and leading MLM activities, the crime of fraud or the crime of opening a casino

If the operator of OTC over-the-counter trading business has reached an agreement with the trading partner before the transaction (in advance), it may constitute an accomplice to the above-mentioned crime.

打击虚拟货币犯罪的几点建议（Some suggestions on cracking down on virtual currency crime）

lawyer0592@newsletter.paragraph.com (叶律师(lawyer0592)) — Thu, 03 Feb 2022 03:04:31 GMT

 2019年10月24日，中共中央政治局就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行第十八次集体学习，反映出国家层面对此问题的高度重视。近年来，随着基于区块链技术产生的比特币、以太币等“虚拟货币”受到热捧，不法分子趁机假借“区块链”“ICO”“购买虚拟货币算力”等各种名义从事违法犯罪活动。由于比特币等虚拟货币本身具有去中心化、匿名性、全球可兑换性、交易便捷性和不可撤销性等特点，因此容易被犯罪分子利用，实施相关犯罪。
涉虚拟货币犯罪主要具有以下几个特点：
一是隐蔽性。由于比特币等虚拟货币具有去中心化和匿名性特征，用户可以通过创建不同地址来保护隐私，且相关地址仅为代码，不需实名，使得行为监管和追踪变得困难；虚拟货币交易具有全球可兑换性和便捷性，不受时间、空间限制，自由度更高、隐蔽性更强；虚拟货币交易平台的监管还不完善，既包括火币、欧易等中心化交易平台，还出现了UNISWAP等去中心化交易平台，很难对可疑交易或违法犯罪行为进行有效识别。
二是高智能性，有别于传统犯罪，涉虚拟货币领域犯罪需要行为人具备较多的互联网金融知识和较强的计算机操作技能，如通过计算机病毒或恶意程序攻击他人计算机系统以窃取虚拟货币，又如假借虚拟货币平台进行非法集资等，均需要行为人对相关领域的知识有一定的了解，才能顺利实施犯罪行为。
三是易传播性，虚拟货币作为互联网金融领域新生事物，专业性较强、普通民众知之甚少，容易被犯罪分子以“区块链”“高科技”等噱头宣传利用，相关行为具有较强的迷惑性；加之虚拟货币本身具有的去中心化、跨国性特征，导致相关违法犯罪风险的传播与扩散将更为迅速、更为广泛，且更难管控。
四是较大危害性。在犯罪类型上，由于此类犯罪通常会涉及到非法吸收公众存款等集资类犯罪，也经常涉及网络诈骗犯罪，和百姓的财产息息相关，同时经常涉及到洗钱类犯罪，严重影响国家金融管理秩序。
打击涉虚拟货币犯罪主要面临以下几个难点：
一是法律适用面临诸多困惑。立法上的滞后性导致虚拟货币法律属性模糊，进而影响到刑法对涉虚拟货币领域犯罪行为的有效规制。目前对虚拟货币的规定仅限于人民银行等部委的几个规范性文件，缺乏较为明确的法律、法规和相关司法解释，给涉虚拟货币领域犯罪案件办理带来了一定的困难。
二是刑事管辖权归属存在争议。由于涉虚拟货币犯罪具有地域广、流动多发、受害者众多、去中心化、跨国性等特征，实践中存在犯罪行为实施地难以确认、犯罪行为结果地较为分散、犯罪嫌疑人跨国流动、多个国家或地区均享有管辖权等情况。在管辖权冲突时，既面临国内地域管辖协调困难、指定管辖层报程序繁琐等问题；国际管辖也可能面临管辖权原则不同、缺乏国际公约保障、准据法选择困难等问题。
三是侦查取证难度大。首先，涉虚拟货币领域犯罪的隐蔽性非常强。查证相关证据，分析、甄别、锁定、追踪犯罪嫌疑人的难度明显高于传统犯罪甚至是一般的网络犯罪；其次，涉虚拟货币领域犯罪具有高度专业性和技术性，办案人员不仅要熟知相关刑事案件的法律法规，还需要熟悉区块链、互联网金融的相关知识，甚至需要具备一定的技术能力，对侦查取证的要求非常高；再次，由于比特币等虚拟货币匿名性、交易便捷性、波动性大等特点，在防止犯罪嫌疑人转移犯罪所得、查证犯罪金额等方面存在难度。
因此，建议如下：
一、	完善涉虚拟货币领域相关立法。首先，应明确虚拟货币作为虚拟财产的法律属性。2013年《关于防范比特币风险的通知》和2017年《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》中明确了比特币是一种特定的虚拟商品，但《民法典》中对于虚拟货币是否属于“网络虚拟财产”并没有规定。第二，及时修改完善行政法、经济法相关法律法规，使其适应虚拟货币等互联网金融发展，比如，反洗钱法，人民银行法、证券法等等。第三，及时修订相关刑事立法，尽快制订并出台有关涉虚拟货币犯罪的司法解释。因涉虚拟货币犯罪涉及了非法吸收公众存款、集资诈骗、诈骗、传销、洗钱、帮助信息网络犯罪活动、非法经营、盗窃等，有必要出台专门司法解释，颁布实体法和程序法的适用规则。
二、	加强虚拟货币行政监管工作。首先应明确虚拟货币交易所的法律地位。通过对虚拟货币交易所的监管实现预防和管理风险，在反洗钱政策、监管主体、监管技术、经营模式方面积累经验。第二应明确虚拟货币的监管机构，形成以央行为主导，网信、工业和信息化部、证监等配合的金融监管体系。第三应大力发展监管科技水平。传统金融监管对虚拟货币很难发挥效力，应通过大数据、区块链、人工智能等领域的研究加强虚拟货币的涉犯罪检测。
三、	提高打击涉虚拟货币犯罪打击能力。首先应改进案件的地域管辖和指定管辖权，在坚持“以犯罪地为主，以居住地为辅”的原则基础上，在涉及犯罪地所在的办案单位中，选择办案能力强，人力物力充足的侦查机构来侦查，以“有利于查清犯罪事实、有利于诉讼”为目标。二是应不断提高办案队伍的专业性。可以招聘一些熟悉互联网和金融知识的专业人员，充实队伍；邀请科研单位或区块链企业专家开展专业培训，培养互联网金融+法律的复合人才；三是加强执法司法机关沟通衔接。完善行刑衔接机制，充分发挥金融监管机构在虚拟货币领域专业知识方面的优势；同时加强公检法三机关之间的协调配合，通过召开联席会议等形式共同对涉虚拟货币领域犯罪疑难问题进行研究、磋商，就相关标准达成共识。
四、	加大涉虚拟货币领域法治宣传教育。随着比特币等虚拟货币行情火爆，一些投资者盲目进入“虚拟货币”领域，缺乏足够的理性和敏感度，导致这一领域风险不断聚集。应帮助投资者了解虚拟货币等“互联网金融产品”的性质、品种、潜在风险，以典型案例、白皮书等方式适时发布涉虚拟货币安全风险提示，鼓励群众积极举报涉虚拟货币领域违法犯罪线索或提供相关证据，并在核实后予以适当奖励。

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On October 24, 2019, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 18th collective learning on the development status and trend of blockchain technology, reflecting the high attention paid by the national level to this issue. In recent years, with the popularity of "virtual currencies" such as bitcoin and Ethereum based on blockchain technology, criminals have taken the opportunity to engage in illegal and criminal activities under the names of "blockchain", "ICO" and "purchasing virtual currency computing power". Because virtual currencies such as bitcoin have the characteristics of decentralization, anonymity, global convertibility, transaction convenience and irrevocability, they are easy to be used by criminals to commit related crimes.

Crimes involving virtual currency mainly have the following characteristics:

First, concealment. Because virtual currencies such as bitcoin have the characteristics of decentralization and anonymity, users can protect privacy by creating different addresses, and the relevant addresses are only codes without real names, which makes it difficult to monitor and track behavior; Virtual currency trading has global convertibility and convenience, is not limited by time and space, has higher freedom and stronger concealment; The supervision of virtual currency trading platform is not perfect, including centralized trading platforms such as Huo coin and Ouyi, and decentralized trading platforms such as uniswap, which is difficult to effectively identify suspicious transactions or illegal and criminal acts.

Second, it is a crime involving malicious money collection through computer or virtual programs, which involves more traditional people's criminal knowledge, such as stealing money through computer or virtual programs, Both require the perpetrator to have a certain understanding of the knowledge in relevant fields in order to successfully implement the criminal act.

Third, it is easy to spread. As a new thing in the field of Internet finance, virtual currency is highly professional and little known by ordinary people. It is easy to be publicized and used by criminals with gimmicks such as "blockchain" and "high technology", and the relevant behaviors are highly confusing; Coupled with the decentralized and transnational characteristics of virtual currency itself, the spread and diffusion of relevant illegal and criminal risks will be faster, more extensive and more difficult to control.

Fourth, greater harm. In terms of crime types, such crimes usually involve fund-raising crimes such as illegal absorption of public deposits, as well as cyber fraud, which are closely related to people's property. At the same time, they often involve money laundering crimes, which seriously affect the national financial management order.

Cracking down on crimes involving virtual currency mainly faces the following difficulties:

First, the application of law faces many puzzles. The lag of legislation leads to the fuzziness of the legal attribute of virtual currency, which affects the effective regulation of criminal acts involving virtual currency in criminal law. At present, the provisions on virtual currency are limited to several normative documents of ministries and commissions such as the people's Bank of China, and lack of clear laws, regulations and relevant judicial interpretations, which brings some difficulties to the handling of criminal cases involving virtual currency.

Second, the ownership of criminal jurisdiction is controversial. Because of the characteristics of virtual currency crime, such as wide area, frequent flow, many victims, decentralization and transnational nature, there are many problems in practice, such as the difficulty of confirming the implementation of criminal acts, the scattered results of criminal acts, the transnational movement of suspect, and the jurisdiction of many countries or regions. In the case of jurisdictional conflict, it is not only difficult to coordinate domestic regional jurisdiction, but also cumbersome in the reporting procedure of designated jurisdiction; International jurisdiction may also face problems such as different principles of jurisdiction, lack of guarantee of international conventions, difficulty in the selection of applicable law and so on.

Third, it is difficult to investigate and obtain evidence. First of all, the concealment of crimes involving virtual currency is very strong. Checking relevant evidence, analyzing, screening, locking and tracking suspect is much more difficult than traditional crime or even general network crime. Secondly, crimes involving virtual currency are highly professional and technical. Case handlers should not only be familiar with the laws and regulations of relevant criminal cases, but also be familiar with the relevant knowledge of blockchain and Internet finance, and even have certain technical ability. They have very high requirements for investigation and evidence collection; Thirdly, because of the characteristics of anonymity, convenience and volatility of bitcoin, virtual currency has difficulty in preventing the suspect from transferring the proceeds of crime and checking the amount of money.

Therefore, the recommendations are as follows:

I Improve relevant legislation in the field of virtual currency. First of all, we should clarify the legal attribute of virtual currency as virtual property. The notice on preventing the risk of bitcoin in 2013 and the notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance in 2017 made it clear that bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity, but there is no provision in the civil code on whether virtual currency belongs to "network virtual property". Second, timely revise and improve relevant laws and regulations of administrative law and economic law to adapt them to the development of Internet finance such as virtual currency, such as anti money laundering law, people's Bank Law, securities law and so on. Third, timely revise relevant criminal legislation and formulate and issue judicial interpretations on crimes involving virtual currency as soon as possible. Because the crimes involving virtual currency involve illegal absorption of public deposits, fund-raising fraud, fraud, MLM, money laundering, helping information network criminal activities, illegal business, theft, etc., it is necessary to issue special judicial interpretations and promulgate the applicable rules of substantive law and procedural law.

II Strengthen the administrative supervision of virtual currency. Firstly, the legal status of virtual currency exchange should be clarified. Through the supervision of virtual currency exchange, we can prevent and manage risks, and accumulate experience in anti money laundering policy, supervision subject, supervision technology and business model. Second, we should clarify the regulatory authority of virtual currency and form a financial regulatory system dominated by the behavior of the central government and coordinated by the Ministry of Internet information technology, industry and information technology and CSRC. Third, we should vigorously develop the scientific and technological level of supervision. It is difficult for traditional financial supervision to play an effective role in virtual currency. We should strengthen the crime related detection of virtual currency through the research in the fields of big data, blockchain, artificial intelligence and so on.

III Improve the ability to crack down on crimes involving virtual currency. First of all, we should improve the regional jurisdiction and designated jurisdiction of the case. On the basis of adhering to the principle of "giving priority to the place of crime and supplemented by the place of residence", among the case handling units involved in the place of crime, we should choose the investigation institutions with strong case handling ability and sufficient human and material resources to investigate, with the goal of "being conducive to the investigation of criminal facts and litigation". Second, we should constantly improve the professionalism of the case handling team. Some professionals familiar with Internet and financial knowledge can be recruited to enrich the team; Invite experts from scientific research institutions or blockchain enterprises to carry out professional training and cultivate compound talents of Internet Finance + law; Third, strengthen the communication and connection between law enforcement and judicial organs. Improve the execution connection mechanism and give full play to the advantages of financial regulators in the field of virtual currency expertise; At the same time, strengthen the coordination and cooperation among the three organs of public security, procuratorial and judicial organs, and jointly study and negotiate the difficult problems related to crimes in the field of virtual currency through holding joint meetings, so as to reach a consensus on relevant standards.

IV Increase publicity and education on the rule of law in the field of virtual currency. With the popularity of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, some investors blindly enter the field of "virtual currency" and lack sufficient rationality and sensitivity, resulting in the continuous accumulation of risks in this field. Investors should be helped to understand the nature, varieties and potential risks of "Internet financial products" such as virtual currency, timely release tips on security risks related to virtual currency in the form of typical cases and white papers, encourage people to actively report clues of violations and crimes related to virtual currency or provide relevant evidence, and give appropriate rewards after verification.