Directora de marketing en la billetera de autocustodia en Fuel para iOS, Android y navegadores.

La tecnología Blockchain ha revolucionado la forma en que realizamos transacciones e interactuamos con los activos digitales. Sin embargo, las plataformas tradicionales de blockchain como Ethereum tienen limitaciones a la hora de definir las condiciones bajo las cuales las transacciones se consideran válidas. Aquí es donde entra en juego la abstracción de cuentas. En este artículo, exploraremos el concepto de abstracción de cuentas en la cadena de bloques Fuel y su importancia en el ámbito de las finanzas descentralizadas.

La definición en términos simples

La abstracción de cuenta, en términos simples, se refiere a la capacidad de establecer programáticamente las condiciones de validez de una transacción. Permite a los desarrolladores definir la lógica de verificación personalizada como la cuenta principal en lugar de depender únicamente de cuentas de propiedad externa (EOA) en Ethereum. Con la abstracción de cuentas, los desarrolladores pueden crear monederos de contratos inteligentes que contienen lógica de verificación arbitraria, ampliando las posibilidades de las condiciones de validez de la transacción.

Un video con Vitalik Buterin explicando la abstracción de cuentas

La implementación de la abstracción de cuentas de Fuel se basa en el uso de predicados, que son scripts que definen las condiciones bajo las cuales se pueden gastar los tokens. Un aspecto crucial de la abstracción de cuentas de Fuel es que los predicados no tienen estado, lo que significa que no tienen acceso directo al estado de blockchain. Esta elección de diseño garantiza que las condiciones de validez permanezcan consistentes e independientes del estado cambiante de la cadena de bloques. Por otro lado, la abstracción de cuentas con estado utilizada en las otras blockchains permite condiciones que pueden cambiar con el tiempo, lo que puede conducir a inconsistencias.

By leveraging predicates, developers can introspect transactions and programmatically determine the appropriate actions based on their outputs. This feature opens up possibilities such as building order book exchanges or enabling atomic swaps between multiple parties. Fuel’s account abstraction provides a transaction-level understanding of inputs and outputs, enabling developers to define logic based on the transaction’s final effects.

Beneficios de la extracción de cuentas de Fuel

La implementación de la abstracción de cuentas por parte de Fuel ofrece varios beneficios. En primer lugar, la introspección de UTXO proporciona a los desarrolladores más flexibilidad en comparación con los protocolos tradicionales de blockchain. En plataformas como Bitcoin y Ethereum, la introspección de las transacciones es limitada, lo que dificulta examinar el gasto de la transacción y definir programáticamente acciones basadas en los resultados. La abstracción de cuentas de Fuel elimina esta limitación, lo que permite esquemas de verificación personalizados a nivel de aplicación.

Además, la abstracción de la cuenta de Fuel evita la hinchazón del estado al nunca ingresar UTXO gastados en el estado blockchain. Esta elección de diseño optimiza la eficiencia del sistema y reduce los requisitos de almacenamiento, beneficiando la escalabilidad y el rendimiento.

Mientras que otros ecosistemas blockchain como Ethereum también han explorado la abstracción de cuentas a través de propuestas como EIP-2938 y ERC-4337, la implementación de Fuel destaca por su diseño modular. Fuel se construyó desde cero, proporcionando un entorno altamente personalizable sin las limitaciones y dependencias de los sistemas existentes. Este enfoque modular permite a Fuel innovar y ofrecer una solución de abstracción de cuentas de alto rendimiento.

Abstracción de cuentas para Dapps

Las posibilidades habilitadas por la abstracción de cuentas van más allá del mecanismo central en sí. Los desarrolladores pueden aprovechar la abstracción de cuentas para crear aplicaciones con experiencias de usuario mejoradas. Características como web3auth, pago de tarifas de gas para otros usuarios, firmas múltiples nativas y recuperación social de monederos se pueden construir sobre la abstracción de la cuenta. La abstracción de cuentas de Fuel permite a los desarrolladores crear nuevos tipos de aplicaciones, ofreciendo una experiencia similar a Web2 con las propiedades de custodia de Web3.

Resumen

En conclusión, la abstracción de cuentas en la blockchain Fuel introduce condiciones de validez programables para las transacciones. Mediante el uso de predicados sin estado, Fuel permite a los desarrolladores definir una lógica de verificación personalizada, abriendo nuevas posibilidades para aplicaciones descentralizadas. Con el diseño modular y la capa de ejecución de alto rendimiento de Fuel, los desarrolladores tienen la flexibilidad y escalabilidad necesarias para crear aplicaciones avanzadas en el mundo de las finanzas descentralizadas. A medida que la industria blockchain continúa evolucionando, la abstracción de cuentas juega un papel crucial en el desbloqueo de todo el potencial de los sistemas descentralizados.

The Starknet token, STRK, will soon be launched to the public - and the network’s unique approach to decentralization and overall scaling technology could give token-holders lasting value.

**Starknet **25 Aug 2023 • 5 min read

Nearly 12 months after it was deployed on Ethereum, Starknet’s STRK token will soon be provisioned and be made available to the public.

The release comes at a time when Starknet is going through a period of rapid growth. Network speeds are increasing dramatically; UX improvements are hurtling down the pipe.

So it’s no surprise that the crypto community is homing in on the Starknet token launch price, in the hope of making quick profits. But we believe this is the wrong approach. Instead of focusing on the token price, you should focus on the token value.

Because STRK isn’t designed like other crypto assets. As the emblem and motor of the decentralization strategy created by Starknet’s creator, StarkWare, the token will allow users to protect the network, decide its future direction, and benefit from a better approach to transaction fees.

Now we’re going to dig into this, focusing specifically on two key aspects:

• The role of STRK within the Starknet decentralization model.

• The individual use cases of the token within the Starknet ecosystem.

But first: is there anything we can say about the Starknet token price?

As mentioned, price isn’t the focus of this article. However many members of our community have asked for information about the token price, so here’s some information you may find useful.

The price of the token will be determined by the market.

So any prediction regarding the initial price of the Starknet token would be foolish and impractical.

The brief history of L2 tokens shows that prices can change in response to various events.

These include:

• An imminent upgrade.

• A new use case for its underlying technology.

• A rebrand.

• A new roadmap.

• A surge in adoption, be it usage, trading activity or total value locked (TVL).

For example, Optimism’s price surged in February 2023 as usage suddenly increased and Coinbase said it was using OP technology to build its own Layer 2 network, Base.

Starknet plans a number of improvements over the next few months.

These include

• A reduction in transaction costs through a new data availability model.

• A change to the block-creation model which will lead to major UX improvements, facilitating the creation of short, fixed block intervals.

• The infrastructure that allows wallets to cater gas payments in any ERC-20 token.

• And much more.

However, this does not mean that the Starknet token price is going to increase. Crypto prices are volatile and can go down as well as up, so be sure to do your own research.

So, how does the STRK token fit into Starknet’s wider strategy?

As noted in a proposal published in July 2022, Starknet’s approach to decentralization has two guiding aims:

1. To create a public good, like Ethereum or the internet, which is available to all.

2. To ensure that the operation and evolution of the network does not rely on any single entity. So even if StarkWare ceased to exist, Starknet would continue.

The Starknet token translates these aims from theory to practice. As the proposal notes, the token “is needed to operate the ecosystem, maintain and secure it, decide on its values and strategic goals, and direct its evolution.”

Ok. So, If I hold STRK tokens, what does this mean for me?

A lot of crypto tokens give you governance rights. That is, they enable you to vote on proposed changes to the protocol in public forums, such as Snapshot, and propose your own changes (although proposals are only possible with certain projects).

But Starknet takes this further.

With Starknet, the STRK token provides three specific utility outlets:

1. Governance, so you can vote on changes to the Starknet protocol.

2. Staking, enabling you to commit your tokens to secure the network.

3. Gas fees, allowing you to fund your transactions without ETH.

Can you give me more info on these Starknet token use cases?

Sure. Let’s go deeper into each one.

Governance

The first phase of Starknet’s governance proposal went live in December 2022. This means that, as a token-holder, you can now vote on changes to the Starknet project.

In the first phase of governance, you can only vote on changes to the protocol itself. Over time, however, the scope of governance will widen and you’ll have the chance to vote across a wider range of areas.

Here’s how the process works:

1. Changes are proposed by the recently created Starknet Foundation.

2. You and the rest of the community have at least six days to try them on testnet.

3. At the end of these six days, the proposal is put to a vote on testnet.

In the future, the process may be amended to allow STRK-holders to propose changes as well as vote on them.

Given the number of changes planned by Starknet over the next few months, it’s an ideal time to join the conversation.

Staking

Staking is a blockchain consensus mechanism whereby community members volunteer to undertake validation and other key services, and stake (or commit) their tokens as a form of bond to guarantee good conduct.

This mechanism, known as proof of stake, makes the network more secure by distributing control and reducing the likelihood of a 51% attack.

The concept has been pioneered by the Layer 1 Ethereum blockchain, and in fact, even on Starknet you have the chance to Stake your ETH and join Ethereum’s proof-of-stake system (Braavos, for example, offers Stake+, which is currently providing over 5% yield).

Starknet currently does not run a full proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for transaction validation, as its proving system relies on math rather than human overseers.

However, Starknet will rely on consensus to approve the transaction blocks created by the sequencer, and in a lengthy post about the future decentralization strategy, the project team have talked about achieving “permissionless and decentralized consensus through a proof-of-stake leader election for sequencing and proving STARK-compressed transactions.”

Stakers on Layer 1 Ethereum receive rewards in the form of interest and a share of trading fees. Starknet has yet to announce its own mechanism, but whatever the Starknet community decides, one thing we can say for certain is that, by staking your tokens, you’ll be helping to make the entire network stronger for everyone.

Paying for gas

Perhaps the most unique feature of Starknet’s token roadmap is the ability to pay gas in STRK. In its token distribution roadmap, for example, Starknet has written that:

**“**Currently, fees in Starknet are paid in Ether (ETH). But later on, we anticipate fees will be paid exclusively with the native Starknet Token. To support good user experience, automated and decentralized on-chain mechanisms will allow users to pay fees in ETH.”

When this feature is introduced, it will add an intrinsic utility to the token, which is much more than that of regular governance assets.

Summary

While Starknet’s future prospects are extremely promising, and the crypto ecosystem is bullish about the Starknet token price, we’d urge you to take a longer-term view of the asset.

STRK isn’t just a unit of account and a medium of exchange, it’s a chunk of Starknet itself. As the network strives to become the most scalable of all Layer 2 rollups, the native token will allow you to shape Starknet’s future and secure it, too.

Hello everyone, today I would like to share the latest information from the ZKX 1st Community Call held on their discord channel on June 25th, 2022.

ZKX is a new and very innovative project building on Starknet, as they define themselves:

“ZKX is a permissionless protocol for derivatives built on StarkNet, with a decentralized order book and a unique way to offer complex financial instruments as swaps.”

Summary

1. Problems ZKS aims to solve:

• Lack of permissionless listing of derivatives for upcoming projects within Web3. Dependencies on oracles, market makers and centralized listing mechanisms.

• Difficulty in bootstrapping liquidity and depth of market for new assets that want to be listed as derivatives. No native liquidity incentives for derivatives protocols, traders and market makers.

• Current offering of swaps is limited to perpetual swaps, which have Product Market Fit, but retail and institutional traders have the need for more sophisticated tools of investment within crypto.

2. Solutions ZKS proposes:

• ZKX is a permissionless swaps protocol that enables trading derivatives of assets on Starknet with built-in rewards mechanisms, liquidity provisioning and complex trading strategies.

• The protocol design optimizes for the creation of new trading instruments based on perpetual swaps inspired by traditional option strategies.

• A dynamic trading UX geared towards both retail and institutional traders, with API and SDK based integrations and gamified features.

EVERYTHING UNDER THE GOVERNANCE CITADEL OF A DAO.

3. Protocol Architecture

Decentralized Limit Order Book.

With this innovative architecture of a permissionless node network, ZKX aims to have their own internal oracle, where the nodes provide price feeds directly to the exchange to improve efficiency for both retail and high-frequency institutional traders.

ZKX Node Network

• A unique decentralized node network will offer the scalability and speed of a centralized orderbook while maintaining the trust provided by a public ZK rollup connected to Ethereum mainnet.

• Nodes will be rewarded from the trading fees and native token allocations, while maintaining a data availability feature to make running the node client accessible to everyone.

• The node network will also maintain the data layer for the protocol, enabling in the future fast and secure price feeds validated with ZK proofs and reduced Oracle dependency.

4. Swap Liquidity Mining

• Swap Liquidity Mining is a built-in feature within the protocol that will let DAOS, protocols and the community to incentivize the trading of swaps via ERC-20 rewards.

• The High-Tide algorithm calculates the score of traders and market makers of each asset according to their behavior during each trading season, basis consistency, duration, volume of trades as well as overall participation.

• The rewards earned at the end of the season are determined by the score (given by the High Tide algorithm). There will be leaderboards as well.

T-Swaps

New kind of perpetual swaps that replicate the payoff structures of existing options strategies and other complex instruments. These swaps will provide traders with access to hedging opportunities on new assets with the user experience of a perpetual swap. Essentially this innovation will wrap different strategies into perpetual swaps.

Adaptive Balance Rate

A new kind of funding rate called Adaptive Balancing Rate (ABR) will be implemented for ZKX protocol. The ABR adapts to sudden price jumps of the underlying asset and provides a risk premium for highly volatile assets to help balance the order book.

5. Governance

• DAO CITADEL

The ZKX protocol will be maintained by a DAO with a unique governance module on StarkNet.

• LIQUID GOVERNANCE

ZKX's governance module will distribute voting power automatically to stakeholders (protocol's traders, node operators, token stakers...) with pre-set decay and weights set by the DAO.

• STAKING POOL

vetoken-type staking to obtain voting power to access the top tier of protocol benefits and income-sharing as well as discounted trading fees and exclusive premium features in the protocol.

As the team announced during the call, the technical papers are expected to be released on July, the testnet on Q3, the mainnet by the end of the year and much more coming…

What is zkLend Protocol?

zkLend is a money-market protocol combining zk-rollup scalability, superior transaction speed, and cost-savings with Ethereum's security. They are building on starkNet.

Currently they are developing two different products, called Artemis and Apollo.

ARTEMIS

A next-generation DeFi lending protocol, Artemis enables any user to deposit, borrow, and lend in an efficient and decentralised manner on StarkNet.

APOLLO

A gateway for institutional users into DeFi, Apollo allows permissioned participants to deposit, borrow and lend without compromising compliance and security on StarkNet.

COMPARISON SUMMARY

If you have a look at the zkLend’s website, you’ll see that both products are still under development. When will they be released? Let’s have a look into the roadmap:

zkLend Protocol Roadmap

PHASE 1

Artemis MVP (Q3 2022) Reliability of core functionalities established

PHASE 2

Artemis 1.0 (Q4 2022) Refined Artemis mainnet product launched

PHASE 3

Apollo MVP (late-Q4 2022) Apollo testnet launched. First institutional clients onboarded

PHASE 4

Apollo 1.0 (Q1 2023) Apollo mainnet launched. Preparation of DAO governance transition

Stay tuned on zkLend’s social media for more information!