Research Objects

1. FISCO-BCOS, one of the consortium blockchains that support parallel execution of transaction verification within blocks.

2. Khipu public chain, scala implementation of the Ethereum protocol.

3. Aptos public chain, Move Virtual Machine.

   ……

Details of this article can be found on Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc. We are currently working on an EVM-compatible, fast, and scalable ZKVM called OlaVM. If you are interested in talking with us, feel free to join our TG group or email us at contact@sin7y.com.

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Lookup Arguments play an important role in reducing the size of the circuit, thereby improving Zero Knowledge efficiency, and it’s widely used in the circuit design of ZKVMs. Throughout this article you’ll learn more about the following:

1. What role do Lookup Arguments play in ZKVM?

2. Plookup protocol principles

3. Lookup Argument protocol principle of Halo 2

4. The connection between the two Lookup Argument algorithms

Details of this article can be found on Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc. We are currently working on an EVM-compatible, fast, and scalable ZKVM called OlaVM.

And you can find us here: Website | Whitepaper |GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | HackMD | HackerNoon

Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.*

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

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Compared to Merkle Tree, Verkle Tree has been improved a lot in the Proof size as a critical part of the ETH2.0 upgrade. When it comes to data with the size of one billion, the Merkle Tree proof will take 1kB, while the Verkle Tree proof only needs no more than 150 bytes.

The Verkle Tree concept was proposed in 2018 by John Kuszmaul. The 23rd tech review by Sin7Y will demonstrate the principle of Verkle Tree.

Read more: https://hackmd.io/@sin7y/rJZZy_mD9

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

**And you can find us here: **GitHub | Twitter | Telegram | Medium | Mirror | HackMD | HackerNoon

Cairo is a practically-efficient Turing-complete STARK-friendly CPU architecture. In this article, we introduce the CPU architecture of Cairo in terms of instruction structure and state transition and provide some examples of instruction.

Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About us

Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, autonomous payment solutions, etc.

And you can find us here:

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Sin7Y reviews the optimization of Multi-Scalar Multiplication in terms of two methods: the optimization based on the windowing technique and the optimization based on group endomorphism.

Details of this report can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About Sin7Y

Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, and autonomous payment solutions, etc.

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In the previous article, we discussed using halo2 for circuit development. This article will illustrate what we need to pay attention to when developing circuits. When writing this article, we referred to the halo2 code, version f9b3ff2aef09a5a3cb5489d0e7e747e9523d2e6e. Before we begin, let’s review the most critical content, namely the circuit definition.

The halo2 circuit development consists of two critical functions: configure and synthesize. The former establishes the gate and defines the constraints, whereas the latter assigns witness and public data to the constraints.In this article, we’ll take a closer look at what happens in detail during circuit development.

Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About Sin7Y

Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, and autonomous payment solutions, etc.

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We are researching the design concept and solution plan for ZKEVM, which requires a custom gate. As a result, we spent some time researching it and hope you will gain some insight after reading this paper:

1. Why use the custom gate?

2. What is a custom gate?

Why?

Layer 2 scalability on Ethereum is always a hot topic. At present, the rollup solution is the most acceptable, as it combines off-chain calculation and on-chain verification. In short, the state transition will occur off-chain. The prover will be responsible for generating proof of the transition’s validity, as illustrated below:

For a particular contract, a corresponding specific state transition function (STF) must perform extensive calculations, including but not limited to global state modification and transaction signature verification. All calculation procedures above need to be converted to a circuit consisting of a simple add-gate and a mul-gate. The prover can generate a proof and send it to the verifier for verification using this circuit. The circuit’s expression form is as follows:

As previously stated, the circuit is fixed, representing only one calculation, and thus cannot represent additional calculations. In other words, if the prover wishes to verify additional calculation statements, the circuit must be redesigned to allow for the re-deployment of the verification contract. That is not desirable. We hope that users will be able to define their contracts independently rather than re-deploy a verification contract. This is the EVM-compliant ZKRollup concept. Though the concept is difficult and time-consuming to implement, many people make significant efforts to achieve it. MatterLabs is a good example. We hold them in high regard and have benefited from their knowledge.

What is the best way to achieve the generic? First, we need to understand the TinyRam principle. TinyRam is a framework for ensuring the accuracy of the calculation. It has the disadvantage that if the calculation is excessively complicated, the related TinyRam calculation becomes more complex. As a result, it’s difficult to accept simply using TinyRam to test the STF function’s validity during the process. TinyRam’s complexity comparison is as follows:

Therefore, generic calculations cannot be implemented solely on TinyRam. We adopt the custom gate to simplify the calculations. We know that the calculation of the contract logic accounts for a small fraction of a transaction’s consumption, whereas the signature and hash account for a significant fraction. As a result, separating these actions from the transaction as an operating component (OP), analogous to ADD/MUL/SUB, etc., simplifies the overall calculation.

Similarly, in the current fixed scenario, which is not generic, a custom gate can be constructed to minimize the circuit’s scale, except add-gate and mul-gate. This is why we research customized gates.

What is a custom gate?

For example, the circuit of the Plonk algorithm consists of an add-gate and a mul-gate, as shown below:

Because the gate constants can be zero, the two gates can be combined into one. Based on the value of the Gates constants, determine if a certain restriction is an add-gate or a mul-gate, as seen below:

When qM = 0, qL = 1, qR = 1 and qO = 1, the corresponding gate is an add-gate.

When qM = 1, qL = 0, qR = 0 and qO = 1, the gate is a mul-gate.

Consider that if the input wires of the gate exceed two, the associated gate may perform operations other than addition and multiplication. The AZTEC team has now developed several small circuit logic units, as seen below:

For example, if the circuit requires a more efficient MiMc function calculation, after the addition of x3custom gate, the circuit constraint will become:

qM·WL· WR + qL·WL + qR·WR + qO·WO + qL3WL3 + qC = 0

When qM = 0, qL = 0, qR = 0, qL3 = 1, qo = 1, the constraint responds to the “MiMc” gate. If it is the “Xor” gate, the circuit of sha256 will be much smaller.

The custom gate enables a significant reduction in the circuit’s scale (number of gates) and increases the circuit’s design flexibility. In practice, numerous operations, such as point addition and scalar mul for elliptic curves, can be constructed as custom gates. This is precisely what we are doing at the moment.

In addition to the Custom gate, the lookup table can be used to lower the scale of the circuit. When combined, they can provide a thrilling experience. Later, we’ll discuss how to use the lookup table in ZKP. In general, we refer to the Plonk algorithm that uses the custom gate as turbo Plonk. If the lookup is also employed, the Plonk algorithm is referred to as Ultra Plonk.

About Sin7Y

Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, and autonomous payment solutions, etc.

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Summary:

For the FRI protocol, the complexity of the verification satisfies the logarithmic relationship. The algorithm ensures that the round consistency verifications can be passed if and only if the initial polynomial satisfies . The actual implementation may vary slightly. For more information, please refer to the DEEP-FRI paper. In comparison to FRI, DEEP-FRI increases the system’s reliability while maintaining an optimal level of proof and verification complexity.

The ZK-STARK algorithm can be summarized as follows:

1. The algorithm is divided into two parts: Arithmeticalization and LDT.

2. Arithmeticalization converts the issue to polynomial equality and polynomial LDT issue.

3. The FRI protocol is used in the LDT stage to ensure the complexity of linear proof and the complexity of logarithmic verification

4. The zero-knowledge attribute ensures that the verifier cannot access the points in the trajectory polynomial and that the trajectory polynomial contains privacy values.

5. Simultaneously, to ensure the zero-knowledge attribute, random values for rows must be added to the trajectory polynomial, which is determined by the verifier and prover after negotiation.

6. CRS is not required as a third party throughout the process.

7. The entire process does not depend on any mathematical problems.

Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About Sin7Y

Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, and autonomous payment solutions, etc.

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The previous paper PLONK-Circuit investigates a critical part of the PLONK protocol — using the permutation check to prove the consistency among the circuit gates. In this report, Sin7Y will analyze the details of the protocol and elaborate on how the constraint relationship of the gate is valid.

Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.

About Sin7Y

Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM, Layer2, cross-chain, privacy computing, and autonomous payment solutions, etc.

Follow Us

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