The design of many liquidity mining programs very extractive and parasitical, where projects are giving rewards in hopes of bootstrapping their liquidity, but the liquidity providers that farm either end up extracting and destroying project value.

The lifecycle of most DeFi projects tends to go something like this:

1. Launch protocol + token with certain price

2. Issue liquidity incentives in token with high APY

3. Apes add liquidity, TVL goes up, liquidity is solved (for now)

4. Token rewards are issued to the liquidity miners

5. Since its free money for them, they will sell at any price to lock in their APY gains

6. Token price goes down over time

7. Lower token price leads to lower APY

8. Liquidity decreases

9. Dumping continues

10. Project slowly fades into irrelevance

Some projects have tried to solve this with reward lockups, and other mechanisms, but it only delays the inevitable, which is based on a critical flaw of the incentive concept:

Mercenary traders will always sell to lock in profits

So instead of just giving tokens away for “free” - lets start establishing a cost basis for these tokens.

If instead of getting them for free, the liquidity miners need to pay something for them, this will raise the bar for what they consider to be “profit”.

For instance if they have paid $1 for a token, they will be more likely to sell them for greater than $1 instead of taking a loss. If they get them for free, any price over $0 is a profit for them.

Token Option Rewards

Instead of just granting the tokens to the liquidity incentive scheme, protocols can instead grant token options as the reward for mining.

The protocol can set the “strike” price, or the price that the token can be purchased for, as well as the exercise window or expiration date.

Say a protocol’s token is trading at $10, they want to give rewards to liquidity providers, but only if they are adding value to the ecosystem, not extracting.

They decide to give liquidity incentives in the form of a token option, and they decide to set the strike price to $10, to incentivize value creation above the current state of the protocol. They want this to happen over the course of 1 year.

They can create an option token, where the underlying token is deposited and can purchased at a strike price of $10. The option token is earned just like any other token incentive, over time via staking.

Once the farmer earns the option token, they can choose to exercise it by paying the strike price of $10, before the expiration date of 1 year.

If the token price has gone up to $30 as a result of the value added to the ecosystem, they will gladly pay the $10 to get rewarded with another $20 in value!

If the token price has gone down to $5 - well it seems that value was not added to the ecosystem and it is no longer worth participating.

With this model, the strike prices essentially create a floor beneath which the liquidity miners are not willing to sell at a loss, unless they fully lose faith in the project.

It also has the added benefit of bringing capital into the DAO treasury to be used for creating additional value in the ecosystem.

Create token options with Valorum

Valorem has launched their DeFi options primitive which makes it possible to easily (and cheaply) create a basic option contract as a token.

Head over to Valorem protocol to generate an option token for any ERC-20 token:

https://valorem.xyz/

Almost two years ago, we saw the crypto market needed to become more sophisticated in it’s derivatives offerings, and set out to create the best in class platform for the big missing financial primitive in crypto: options.

Since then, we have built what is probably the best and most comprehensive options and derivatives exchanges in crypto, as the market appetite for these derivatives has also grown significantly.

PowerTrade is now seeing great traction with options traders in the private Gamma Boss option trading group, and also growth with the PowerPools product, which enables gamma hedging of bonding curve style AMMs using options.

Having built several great features that are firsts for the crypto industry, plus a roadmap of releases that will continue bringing more trading tools that are firsts for crypto, PowerTrade has a bright future ahead.

On a personal level, I had the opportunity to learn a lifetime's worth of knowledge about derivatives, options, risk and margin, trading tech, product design, and more, from the fantastic teammates I worked with.

Reflecting on my personal accomplishments and bright points of my time at PowerTrade, a few things stand out:

• architecting and building out the first DAO based exchange liquidation reserve, in collaboration with Delphi and Bootnode (mainnet very soon!)

• bringing in top notch backers to collaborate with (several greats undisclosed), to the tune of ~$12m

• prototyping product designs on a complex topic (options) into something simple and approachable

• negotiating partnerships with some trading industry power houses that are worth 9 figures in future business for PowerTrade

• growing and operationalizing from a small team to 40 fully remote team members (hiring is f*&#**n hard!)

• bringing in top notch traders and market makers to trade on PowerTrade

Now, PowerTrade has grown to a place where my strongest skills of going from 0 to 1 are no longer needed and the company is operationalized to succeed without my assistance. (if you are a marketing or sales wizard they are hiring)

This presents an opportunity for me to get back to my passion of DeFi, DAOs and web3.

I remember fondly the tough but rewarding crypto winter days of building Mosendo and DeFi Nation, of geeking out over and building on new DeFi primitives, algo stables, DAOs, layer 2s, smart wallets and usability tech.

I look forward to applying the learnings from PowerTrade, Mosendo, DeFi Nation, and participating in DAOs such as MetaCartel DAO, to creating new innovations in web3.

If you are interested in chatting about some of the idea spaces I’m exploring, get in touch! I’ll be hacking at ETH Denver and otherwise online at the interwebs.

Even more important than the idea, I highly value working with teammates who enjoy and respect each other and bring out the best in each other - if we vibe, lets do something awesome!

I look forward to reconnecting with old friends and making new friends in my next journey in the metaverse.

Cheers! Tom

Is this just because they are newer, or have the current offerings failed to reach product market fit with a large enough market?

Based on our research into the crypto options market and ecosystem, we find the current offerings to be lacking some critical functionality, which are blocked by hard technical challenges that need to be resolved to truly become a useful financial primitive for DeFi.

We’ve identified several of these shortcomings and some potential solutions, and look forward to working with the open source community to solve these in coming months and years.

Product Market Fit and Market Size

Before jumping into the issues, it’s important to note the idea of addressable markets and product market fit, as the current options markets have clearly found fit within a niche, but not in the wider market.

Based on our research, we estimate the total addressable market for crypto options to be $12 trillion annual trade volume.

Currently CeFi options are averaging $240 billion annually, which we expect to increase as the options capital markets mature to more closely resemble the traditional markets.

Meanwhile, DeFi options have seemingly yet to hit $100m cumulative all time trade volume (based on limited data availability), which is very short of the potential compared to not only the TAM but also of the comparable CeFi markets.

The main drivers of product market fit in options can be distilled down to price and risk (multiple forms of risk), where depending on the needs of the trader, they may be willing to accept worse prices, depending on their risk needs from both a financial and decentralization perspective.

Right now, some DeFi options protocols seem to have found a subset of traders that prefer non-custodial, permission-less options, and are willing to pay a premium and often accept heightened financial risk or increased capital requirements of the DeFi market structure as well.

In order for the options markets to grow to the estimated TAM, options offerings will need to improve prices in order to be more useful to more users, which means increasing capital efficiency and decreasing risk.

The Challenges

Pricing

Pricing options is a notoriously tricky topic, which if done poorly often ends up bankrupting firms that get it wrong.

As a single option buyer, it’s relatively straightforward, you are purchasing a Call or Put for a certain strike, for a certain price, which could have a big payoff if they expire in the money, or otherwise expire worthless. While the price of an option in DeFi options has typically 2x-10x higher than the same option on a CeFi venue, at least the value at risk is known up front since the amount you are paying to buy the option is the max expected loss.

As an options seller, or as a market maker, things get a bit trickier. As a seller of calls, you have theoretically unlimited downside in exchange for a limited upside.

Market makers will rely on sophisticated statistical models to offer 2 way options markets that generate the best price that will entice a trader to trade with them while also making them a bit of money and ensuring they don’t completely blow up and lose everything.

These models rely on real time market data to generate the “correct” price at any given time, and often result in rapid re-pricings in times of high volatility. If a market maker does not react quickly enough to market fluctuations they can quickly go from a +20% month to a -90% month in a matter of minutes as the risk of the market shifts rapidly.

Unlike spot markets, which can also move quickly in crypto, the value of an option is non-linear, that is the change in value can move exponentially relative to the underlying. This property is commonly referred to as “convexity”.

Peer-to-pool solutions

Because of this, peer-to-pool models that rely on naive pricing models such as black-scholes, are doomed to both offering expensive premium prices AND getting periodically wiped out when the market shifts quickly and causing the pool to take on massive risk. This is apparent with Hegic, where prices are high, yet the pool is constantly losing money, subsidized (for now) with token rewards.

Perhaps it is possible to:

1. Come up with a sophisticated deterministic model for pricing and (projects such as Potion and Arrow seem to be doing interesting research here).

2. Improve the underlying technology such that the pool can react to market shifts quickly enough to not be front run.

Given that both options pricing and on chain execution are highly adversarial environments where predators are rewarded handsomely for outsmarting other participants, I’m personally not optimistic on this working out, but am open to being proven wrong!

Order book solutions

Other options protocols such as Opyn separate writing from pricing entirely, such that an options writer generates a token representing their position which they can then sell on a different venue. This seems like the directionally correct approach, however has limitations with capital efficiency (see below) and decentralized trading venues.

Currently, the two mechanisms for DEX trading are peer-to-pool AMM approaches and some form of a decentralized limit order book (DLOB). As covered above, the AMM approach is likely not suitable for options, which leaves the DLOB approach. The 0x protocol is the most commonly used form of DLOB at the moment, which is where Opyn tokenized options are traded.

This is definitely a superior approach as market participants on both sides can specify the pricing that works for them, however these order books are many orders of magnitude slower than a CLOB, and susceptible to front-running attacks or on-chain congestion. One thing that is critical for market makers is the ability to pull quotes and rapidly reprice them in the face of market volatility. However using 0x and other DLOBs, cancelling an open order requires submitting an on-chain transactions, which during times of market volatility have a much lower chance of being included in a block due to the sudden need of the entire market to respond to changing market conditions. This could be fatal to a market maker, and they will need to greatly widen their price spreads to account for the slow order book execution.

Because of these challenges, on-chain pricing will necessarily be far worse than off-chain pricing.

Likely the best approach is something like dYdX’s model of running a CLOB for trading with on-chain settlement. Another approach that could potentially work for a DLOB is a highly scalable layer 2 such as Connext Network’s state channels or zkSync’s zk-rollups. In addition, using a much faster layer 1 such as Serum orderbooks on Solana could solve this problem for the time being, but will eventually hit a scaling limit with increased adoption.

Margining

The challenges with margining in options touch on a few different areas, and the lack of good margining in both DeFi and CeFi is probably the biggest barrier holding back crypto options from reaching its full potential.

Options Writing

Most protocols start with a fully collateralized option writing approach, which means that you need to deposit 1 ETH to write 1 ETH call or 100% of the strike value in stable coins to write a Put. While this helps them sidestep the issue of risk and margining in order to get started, it also creates huge capital inefficiencies which translates into worse prices.

Writing an option on a CeFi venue might only require 20% collateral value, which means you can sell up to 5 ETH contracts by depositing 1 ETH, instead of just 1 contract. This results in 5x more opportunities to collect a premium, which gives you a greater ROI on your ETH. Or if you look at it another way, if your target is to earn 20% per month on your ETH, you can either sell 1 ETH contract for 0.2 ETH, or you can sell 5x contracts for 0.04 ETH. You can see why this would always lead to cheaper premiums on margined venues versus fully collateralized venues.

Portfolio Margining

The margining issue goes beyond simple collateralized option writing. A fully fledged options venue will have “Portfolio Margining”, which means the entire portfolio of an account is taken into consideration when the risk engine determines the risk of default of a trader.

This can dramatically improve capital efficiency if a trader is trading a strategy such as a Call Spread. If for instance a trader sells an ETH Call at $8000 but buys an ETH call at $7500, the portfolio margin system might calculate that the max risk for their account is $500, and instead of requiring $1600 worth of collateral (20% of $8000) to write the $8000 strike call, they require ~70% less collateral, just $500.

Because of portfolio margining taking into account all open options positions, a single account can generate millions USD of notional trading volume with just a few thousand dollars.

For the DeFi options market to mature and become capital efficient, protocols will need to be able to consider option position margining as a whole, rather than as isolated positions.

Opium has started on this path by offering spreads as a single product (which requires minimal margin) instead of as 2 separate options, but is thus limited in its ability to offer single leg or unbounded risk.

Delta Hedging and Multi-collateral

The final margining topic to touch on is delta hedging. The goal of most market makers and advanced options traders is to remain “delta neutral” - that is their portfolio does not have exposure to the price movements of the underlying assets.

For market makers the reasoning is simple, their goal is to make money, usually denominated in USD, by essentially arbitraging the options prices in the market. For options traders they might have other strategies such as trading volatility instead of price.

Other traders might take a “delta one” approach where they want to keep their exposure to the underlying asset and “stack sats” or otherwise increase their holdings of the underlying. Most popularly with a covered call approach.

All of these traders need markets that allow them to go long or short the underlying asset directly in order to maintain their desired exposure to the price of the underlying. This is mostly commonly done with a futures market which allows for leveraged long/short positions.

Most critically, these “delta” positions MUST be included in the portfolio that the portfolio margin risk engine is using to calculate the account risk!

In the case where a trader has sold a Put, and the market is going down rapidly, they will want to have a short futures position open in order to offset the losses they are incurring from the Put going in the money. Without a delta hedging market, the trader will either lose their collateral to liquidation, or be forced to increase their collateral in order to maintain the position in hopes that they can recover later.

This is both capital intensive for the trader and adds huge risk to the trading system overall as traders may not have a quick way to save their account, which would lead to cascading liquidations.

For the same reasons, traders need to choose the best collateral type for their particular strategy, whether it is BTC, ETH, stable coin, or other assets, which is also accounted for in the portfolio margin system.

Currently, almost all CeFi and DeFi venues force a single collateral type for options writing (with the exception of PowerTrade which lets you deposit collateral of your choosing).

The multi-collateral approach not only enables a basic form of delta hedging (for eg. covered calls), but lets the trader manage the type of exposure they want to have in the market with their collateral.

Bringing It All Together: Margining in DeFi

To summarize the above, in order for a DeFi options market to be fully capital efficient, mature, and low risk, it must be able to portfolio margin all options products, leveraged delta products, and accept multiple forms of collateral.

This sophistication of margining is already tough in CeFi venues, which is why this combination of margin features its not available on other crypto exchanges besides PowerTrade, and is even more difficult with the limitations of on-chain venues.

For portfolio margining to function, you need a few critical pieces:

• Near real time market data for the underlying assets, futures, and options markets

• All open positions and collateral for each account is continuously run though a risk calculation to determine the max value at risk (this is the SPAN methodology used in most options markets)

• Liquidation systems, if an account does not have sufficient collateral for their risk, it needs to be closed out

This is quite tough to do in DeFi as the risk system essentially requires computationally intense real-time calculations. Because of these limitations, the risk engine itself likely needs to be off chain, and which likely requires some sort of oracle strategy or verifiable decentralized compute system. Perhaps a Chainlink style % change system update would work as it does with Synthetix, or, if a Schelling point is viable, a UMA-style verification mechanism that relies on dispute escalation. A zk-proof offchain computation framework such as Aleo could provide the tools needed to have the best of both centralized real-time compute and trustlessness.

Liquidation (or auto-hedging) is another challenge, as a big issue facing DeFi markets is on-chain congestion during times of market volatility. For example, the MakerDAO system faced a system deficit during “Black Thursday” when traders were unable to complete any transactions that managed their positions and liquidation bots were unable to even complete liquidation trades.

Solving this problem likely requires innovation on the Layer 1 or some sort of clever Layer 2 system.

Margin Fi is building a cross-protocol margin system on Solana due to the massive TPS increase allowing for more activities to be done on-chain. In conjunction with an oracle system like Switchboard, a fully on-chain options market such as Zeta Markets could get pretty far on increasing capital efficiency, decreasing risk, and improving pricing. However, as Solana grows in popularity and reaches the throughput limit, the on-chain architecture may need to be rethought as margining may cease to function in a timely manner if there is a throughput bottleneck.

Equilibrium on Polkadot solves the liquidation issue by transferring at-risk positions to a “backstop liquidity provider” pool (inspired by the FTX backstop liquidity providers), which then manages the risk as a whole. Since the protocol is running on its own parachain, and the position is transferred rather than liquidated, this strategy may be viable as it does not require accessing trading markets in order to resolve the at risk account.

The backstop liquidity pool strategy still has the risk of going bankrupt itself, which would be even more catastrophic than a single trader going bankrupt. However this risk could potentially be mitigated with the Fuel DAO Liquidation Reserve system pioneered by PowerTrade, where the DAO is responsible for covering the bankruptcy risk and has various levers for ensuring the capital to cover that risk is available if needed.

The Road Ahead for DeFi Options

Again, product market fit is important to consider when it comes to evaluating options solutions. There is certainly already a niche that is willing to use the current offerings with their limitations.

In addition, products such as Squeeth (convexity) and Ribbon (structured products) can provide exposure to certain types of options positions without the need for a full on options market.

However, unlocking the true potential of options will require tackling these hard, but probably not unsolvable, problems.

Innovations in derivative composability, cross portfolio margining, and scalable risk engines will be needed to fully decentralize every aspect of the DeFi derivatives and options markets, which we look forward to working with the DeFi community to solve and push forward the DeFi space together.

Thanks for review and feedback from Cyrus Younessi, Dave White, Variant Research, Cindy Leow (Drift), Matt Nguyen, and Katia Babbar.

If you have more to add to this discussion, please contact me on Twitter: Tom Howard