Author: Stella L (stella@footprint.network)
Data Source: Footprint Analytics Chains Research Page
2024 marked a watershed year for the blockchain industry as it evolved from technical competition to practical implementation. While market capitalization surged 105.3% to $2.8 trillion and Bitcoin surpassed $100,000, the ecosystem’s true transformation lay in its strategic development. Bitcoin’s institutional adoption through ETFs, Ethereum’s Layer 2 expansion reaching 200 chains, and Bitcoin Layer 2’s extraordinary 1,277.6% TVL growth demonstrated the industry’s shift from technological experimentation to real-world utility. This evolution signaled blockchain’s maturation into an infrastructure driven by application needs rather than pure technical advancement.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, all data in this report reflects market activity through December 20, 2024.
The blockchain sector achieved unprecedented growth in 2024, marked by significant expansion across multiple metrics.
Total market capitalization surged 105.3% to reach $2.8 trillion. Bitcoin dominance increased to 69.8%, while Ethereum’s share declined from 20.4% to 15.2%. BNB Chain and Solana maintained relatively stable positions with 3.5% and 3.3% respectively, while other platforms comprised 8.1% of the market.
The DeFi sector demonstrated robust growth in 2024, with total value locked (TVL) reaching $102.8 billion by year-end, marking an 88.6% increase. Among the top 10 chains by TVL, Bitcoin and TON led the expansion with remarkable TVL increases exceeding 2,000%, while Aptos, Sui and Solana showed strong momentum with gains of 754.4%, 677.1% and 321.3% respectively. However, this growth was not universal across all major chains, as both Tron and Avalanche experienced declines in their TVL.
The Ethereum Layer 2 landscape underwent significant consolidation in 2024. Arbitrum maintained leadership with $10.6 billion TVL and 41.1% market share, though declining from its 50.8% dominance in 2023. Base emerged as the breakthrough story, securing second position with $5.8 billion TVL (22.5% share), while Optimism settled into third with $4.0 billion TVL (15.8%). Together, these three platforms consolidated control over 79.1% of Ethereum L2 rollups DeFi TVL, while previous contenders including Blast, zkSync, and Starknet saw declining market shares.
Meanwhile, The ecosystem’s expansion was evident with 50 Rollups and 70 Validiums & Optimiums live on mainnet, plus approximately 90 upcoming chains, bringing the total to over 200 chains.
The Bitcoin Layer 2s and sidechains experienced explosive growth, with total TVL reaching $2.6 billion — a remarkable 1,277.6% increase from 2023. Core led the ecosystem with $789.1 million TVL (30.3% share), followed by Bitlayer ($503.5 million, 19.4% share) and BSquared ($330.3 million, 12.7% share). The ecosystem’s expansion was evident not only in value but also in diversity, with the number of active chains more than doubling throughout the year.
In 2024, the blockchain ecosystem witnessed significant shifts in competitive dynamics, marked by Bitcoin’s strengthened dominance, Ethereum’s strategic pivot, and the emergence of new challengers.
Bitcoin achieved remarkable growth in 2024, with price surging 129.2% and market capitalization growing 131.7%. This growth was catalyzed by institutional adoption through spot ETFs, the April halving event, and favorable post-election sentiment. Beyond reaching the $100,000 milestone, Bitcoin’s ecosystem demonstrated fundamental evolution through two key developments:
Institutional Integration: The successful launch of spot ETFs in January revolutionized institutional access, with BlackRock’s product reaching $20 billion in assets. Bitcoin surpassed both silver and Saudi Aramco to become the seventh-largest global asset, marking its transition from a speculative asset to a recognized store of value.
BTCfi Emergence: The Bitcoin ecosystem expanded beyond price appreciation through innovative financial products. Babylon’s Bitcoin staking program, Solv Protocol’s cross-chain solutions, and Core’s Fusion Upgrade with Dual Staking demonstrated growing sophistication. Cross-chain functionality advanced through BOB network’s Optimism integration and BEVM’s “Super Bitcoin” framework, though standardization challenges remain.
2024 marked a pivotal year for Ethereum as it navigated the transition to a Layer 2-centric ecosystem. Despite a 55.8% price increase to $3,744, Ethereum faced complex challenges in redefining its role and maintaining relevance amidst growing Layer 2 adoption. While the successful launch of spot ETFs in July provided institutional validation, Ethereum’s price performance notably lagged behind Bitcoin’s surge.
The Ethereum mainnet underwent significant changes with the Dencun Upgrade implementation, which successfully reduced Layer 2 costs and improved scalability. However, the increasing migration of activity to Layer 2s impacted base layer fee revenue, prompting discussions about long-term sustainability. The Ethereum Foundation responded with strategic initiatives, including Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844) implementation, development of cross-L2 communication standards, and enhanced security requirements for Layer 2 solutions.
The Layer 2 ecosystem demonstrated remarkable growth and consolidation throughout the year. Notable new entrants enriched the ecosystem, including World Chain’s privacy-focused solution, Uniswap’s Unichain announcement, and Sony’s entry with Soneium targeting mainstream entertainment applications.
This evolution highlighted Ethereum’s transition from a pure execution layer to a settlement and security provider for a diverse Layer 2 ecosystem. While questions remained about revenue models and competitive dynamics, Ethereum’s robust developer activity and continued innovation in scaling solutions demonstrated its adaptability.
2024 marked Solana’s impressive comeback, with a 70.8% price increase and 90.9% market cap growth, reaching a new all-time high above $260 in November. This resurgence began with Jupiter’s January airdrop, which catalyzed ecosystem activity. Solana distinguished itself as a hub for retail traders, fostering vibrant meme and DeFi communities. Beyond meme culture, Solana advanced on multiple fronts: restaking protocols, modular Layer 2 solutions, and stablecoin innovations. The ecosystem’s expansion through SVM chains like Eclipse, Soon, Atlas, and Sonic further extended its influence.
The Open Network(TON) demonstrated remarkable growth in 2024, with Toncoin’s price rising 149.6% and market cap increasing 84.3%. TON’s success largely stemmed from its deep integration with Telegram, effectively bridging traditional social networking with blockchain technology. The platform’s simplified crypto experience through Telegram’s wallet functionality and blockchain integration provided millions of users access to games, memes, and DeFi applications, establishing a compelling model for mass adoption.
Sui emerged as a standout performer with extraordinary growth — 461.6% in token price and 1,363.8% in market cap. This success reflected growing confidence in Move language technology and ecosystem development. Sui’s focus on DeFi and gaming, including Telegram game integration and the innovative SuiPlay0X1 gaming console development, demonstrated its comprehensive approach to ecosystem growth. The platform’s emphasis on user experience and protocol development created positive network effects, attracting both developers and users.
This impressive growth was driven by several key factors. Coinbase’s robust support, particularly through its user-friendly smart wallet implementation, significantly lowered entry barriers for mainstream users. The platform gained substantial momentum from successful social applications like friend.tech and Clanker, while the popularity of memecoin initiatives further boosted on-chain activity. The Dencun Upgrade’s implementation notably reduced gas fees, making Base increasingly attractive for both developers and users.
2024 witnessed a significant trend of established protocols launching their own blockchains, diversifying the ecosystem across multiple sectors. DeFi giant Uniswap announced Unichain, while gaming platform Treasure DAO developed a ZK-based Layer 2. The NFT space saw Pudgy Penguins launch Abstract, and Web3 platform Galxe introduced Gravity. This trend extended beyond established protocols, with innovative new chains like Monad, Berachain, and HyperLiquid entering the space, reflecting a broader shift toward specialized blockchain infrastructure.
2024 marked a decisive shift from experimental blockchain initiatives to strategic implementation across the enterprise sector. Financial institutions led this transition, with BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF reaching $20 billion and PayPal expanding PYUSD to Solana. Tech giants demonstrated deeper commitment through innovative approaches: Sony launched Soneium for entertainment applications, while Google Cloud expanded its Web3 portal offerings. Infrastructure development saw particular momentum with Circle launching native USDC on Sui and Visa integrating Solana for settlements.
The blockchain infrastructure sector showed strong recovery in 2024, with networks securing $1.7 billion across 174 funding events — a 137.1% increase from 2023. Notably, investment strategy shifted from pure infrastructure plays to application-focused innovation. Early-stage investments comprised 21.4% of total funding, while Series A and B rounds accounted for 31.8%, reflecting a maturing ecosystem.
Venture capital’s investment thesis evolved significantly, prioritizing user-centric applications over traditional infrastructure development. This was evidenced by substantial investments in consumer-facing projects: Monad’s $225 million raise for user experience optimization, and Celestia and Berachain each securing $100 million for application-focused infrastructure.
The blockchain industry experienced a fundamental shift in 2024, moving from a technology-first approach to an application-driven strategy. This transformation challenged the traditional “Build it and they will come” mentality that had dominated previous years. Despite significant advances in technical capabilities, increased capacity didn’t directly translate to proportional user growth. Notably, Ethereum’s base layer maintained higher user operations per second (UOPS) than most Layer 2s, despite its technical limitations, highlighting the complex relationship between technological capability and actual adoption.
This reality prompted a strategic pivot across the ecosystem. Blockchain platforms increasingly focused on identifying specific user needs and building targeted solutions, rather than pursuing pure technical advancement. This “Find them and build for them” approach manifested in several successful initiatives. Social-financial integration emerged as a particularly effective strategy, with TON’s Telegram integration and Base’s friend.tech demonstrating how familiar social interfaces could drive blockchain adoption. Simplified user experiences through account abstraction and familiar authentication methods significantly reduced entry barriers for mainstream users.
The evolution of meme culture in the blockchain space further exemplified this shift toward application-focused development. What began as purely speculative activity evolved into a legitimate user acquisition channel, particularly on platforms like Solana and Base. These networks successfully leveraged meme initiatives to drive ecosystem growth while building sustainable community engagement. The success of these user-centric approaches demonstrated that sustainable growth in the blockchain sector increasingly depends on understanding and serving user needs rather than purely advancing technical capabilities.
The regulatory environment shows promise for significant improvement, particularly in the US. A clearer regulatory framework is anticipated to benefit the entire sector, potentially including progress on stablecoin legislation. This regulatory clarity should encourage increased institutional participation through regulated products and services, while fostering competition among jurisdictions for thoughtful crypto regulation.
Chain specialization emerges as a defining trend, moving away from generic Layer 1 competition toward purpose-built architectures. Application-specific chains and optimized execution environments will gain prominence, supported by enhanced cross-chain infrastructure. The rollup-as-a-service (RaaS) sector is poised for expansion, facilitating easier deployment of customized blockchain solutions for enterprises and protocols alike.
Technical advancements will continue to shape the ecosystem, with “Proto-Danksharding” implementation doubling blob capacity and enhanced focus on chain abstraction improving user interfaces. The development of standardized frameworks for cross-chain communication will further streamline interoperability. Meanwhile, AI integration is poised to transform blockchain infrastructure, from improving user interfaces to enabling sophisticated on-chain AI agents and decentralized model training, marking a convergence of two transformative technologies.
2025 will likely see infrastructure development increasingly driven by application needs rather than pure technical advancement. The modular blockchain stack will mature, with specialized solutions for data availability, settlement, and execution layers. We expect to see enhanced infrastructure support for AI applications, decentralized computing networks, and social-financial integration. This evolution will enable more sophisticated applications while maintaining security and decentralization, creating a robust foundation for the next wave of blockchain innovation.
The past year has demonstrated that sustainable growth depends not just on technological capabilities, but on meaningful user adoption and practical utility. With improved regulatory clarity, advancing technical infrastructure, and growing institutional participation, the foundations are in place for blockchain technology to achieve meaningful mainstream adoption. The focus now shifts from “what’s technically possible” to “what’s practically valuable” — a transition that will define the industry’s next phase of growth in 2025.
About Footprint Analytics
Footprint Analytics is a comprehensive blockchain data analytics platform that simplifies complex analysis for businesses and projects in the Web3 ecosystem. It offers tailored solutions that eliminate the need for extensive expertise and infrastructure maintenance. The platform provides long-term growth tools designed to help build and manage communities step by step, emphasizing sustainable growth and user loyalty. By combining powerful analytics with community management tools, Footprint Analytics enables projects to leverage blockchain data effectively for decision-making and growth strategies across various sectors including GameFi, NFT, and DeFi.
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