Introduction: The Determinism Challenge in AO and the Summation OperatorThe AO ecosystem, built on Arweave, aims to achieve decentralized, trustless computation. APUS Network, as a GPU acceleration project within AO, focuses on enhancing the efficiency of compute-intensive tasks like deep learning. However, a key challenge in decentralized systems like AO is ensuring the determinism of computation results. Non-determinism—where the same input might produce slightly different outputs across di...