Year-over-year (YOY)—sometimes referred to as year-on-year—is a frequently used financial comparison for looking at two or more measurable events on an annualized basis.12

Observing YOY performance allows for gauging if a company’sfinancial performanceis improving, static, or worsening. For example, you may read in financial reports that a particular business reported itsrevenuesincreased for the third quarter, on a YOY basis, for the last three years.

• Year-over-year (YOY) is a method of evaluating two or more measured events to compare the results at one period with those of a comparable period on an annualized basis.

• YOY comparisons are a popular and effective way to evaluate the financial performance of a company.

• Investors seeking to gauge a company’s financial performance use YOY reporting.

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YOY comparisons are a popular and effective way to evaluate the financial performance of a company and the performance of investments. Any measurable event that repeats annually can be compared on a YOY basis. Common YOY comparisons include annual, quarterly, and monthly performance.

YOY measurements facilitate the cross comparison of sets of data. For a company’s first-quarter revenue using YOY data, a financial analyst or an investor can compare years of first-quarter revenue data and quickly ascertain whether a company’s revenue is increasing or decreasing.

For example, in the first quarter of 2021, the Coca-Cola corporation reported a 5% increase in net revenues over the first quarter of the previous year. By comparing the same months in different years, it is possible to draw accurate comparisons despite the seasonal nature of consumer behavior.3 This YOY comparison is also valuable for investment portfolios. Investors like to examine YOY performance to see how performance changes across time.

YOY comparisons are popular when analyzing a company’s performance because they help mitigate seasonality, a factor that can influence most businesses. Sales, profits, and other financial metrics change during different periods of the year because most lines of business have a peak season and a low demand season.

For example, retailers have a peak demand season during the holiday shopping season, which falls in the fourth quarter of the year. To properly quantify a company’s performance, it makes sense to compare revenue and profits YOY.

It’s important to compare the fourth-quarter performance in one year to the fourth-quarter performance in other years. If an investor looks at a retailer’s results in the fourth quarter versus the prior third quarter, it might appear that a company is undergoing unprecedented growth when it is seasonality that is influencing the difference in the results. Similarly, in a comparison of the fourth quarter with the following first quarter, there might appear a dramatic decline, when this could also be a result of seasonality.

YOY also differs from the term sequential, which measures one quarter or month to the previous one and allows investors to see linear growth. For instance, the number of cell phones a tech company sold in the fourth quarter compared with the third quarter or the number of seats an airline filled in January compared with December. 

In a 2019 NASDAQ report, Kellogg Company released mixed results for the fourth quarter of 2018, revealing that its YOY earnings continued to decline, even when sales increased following corporate acquisitions. Kellogg predicted that adjusted earnings would drop by a further 5% to 7% in 2019 as it continued to invest in alternate channels and pack formats.4

The company also revealed plans to reorganize its North America and Asia-Pacific segments, removing several divisions from the former and reorganizing the latter into Kellogg Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Despite decreasing YOY earnings, the company’s solid presence and responsiveness to consumer consumption trends meant that Kellogg’s overall outlook remained favorable.4

YOY is used to make comparisons between one time period and another that is one year earlier. This allows for an annualized comparison, say between third-quarter earnings this year vs. third-quarter earnings the year before. It is commonly used to compare a company’s growth in profits or revenue, and it can also be used to describe yearly changes in an economy’s money supply, gross domestic product (GDP), and other economic measurements.

YOY calculations are straightforward and usually expressed in percentage terms. This would involve taking the current year’s value and dividing it by the prior year’s value and subtracting one: (this year) ÷ (last year) - 1.

YOY looks at a 12-month change. Year to date (YTD) looks at a change relative to the beginning of the year (usually Jan. 1).

You can compute month-over-month or quarter-over-quarter (Q/Q) in much the same way as YOY. Indeed, you can choose any time frame you desire.

Year-over-year (YOY)—sometimes referred to as year-on-year—is a frequently used financial comparison for looking at two or more measurable events on an annualized basis.12

Observing YOY performance allows for gauging if a company’sfinancial performanceis improving, static, or worsening. For example, you may read in financial reports that a particular business reported itsrevenuesincreased for the third quarter, on a YOY basis, for the last three years.

• Year-over-year (YOY) is a method of evaluating two or more measured events to compare the results at one period with those of a comparable period on an annualized basis.

• YOY comparisons are a popular and effective way to evaluate the financial performance of a company.

• Investors seeking to gauge a company’s financial performance use YOY reporting.

0 seconds of 1 minute, 12 secondsVolume 75%

1:12

YOY comparisons are a popular and effective way to evaluate the financial performance of a company and the performance of investments. Any measurable event that repeats annually can be compared on a YOY basis. Common YOY comparisons include annual, quarterly, and monthly performance.

YOY measurements facilitate the cross comparison of sets of data. For a company’s first-quarter revenue using YOY data, a financial analyst or an investor can compare years of first-quarter revenue data and quickly ascertain whether a company’s revenue is increasing or decreasing.

For example, in the first quarter of 2021, the Coca-Cola corporation reported a 5% increase in net revenues over the first quarter of the previous year. By comparing the same months in different years, it is possible to draw accurate comparisons despite the seasonal nature of consumer behavior.3 This YOY comparison is also valuable for investment portfolios. Investors like to examine YOY performance to see how performance changes across time.

YOY comparisons are popular when analyzing a company’s performance because they help mitigate seasonality, a factor that can influence most businesses. Sales, profits, and other financial metrics change during different periods of the year because most lines of business have a peak season and a low demand season.

For example, retailers have a peak demand season during the holiday shopping season, which falls in the fourth quarter of the year. To properly quantify a company’s performance, it makes sense to compare revenue and profits YOY.

It’s important to compare the fourth-quarter performance in one year to the fourth-quarter performance in other years. If an investor looks at a retailer’s results in the fourth quarter versus the prior third quarter, it might appear that a company is undergoing unprecedented growth when it is seasonality that is influencing the difference in the results. Similarly, in a comparison of the fourth quarter with the following first quarter, there might appear a dramatic decline, when this could also be a result of seasonality.

YOY also differs from the term sequential, which measures one quarter or month to the previous one and allows investors to see linear growth. For instance, the number of cell phones a tech company sold in the fourth quarter compared with the third quarter or the number of seats an airline filled in January compared with December. 

In a 2019 NASDAQ report, Kellogg Company released mixed results for the fourth quarter of 2018, revealing that its YOY earnings continued to decline, even when sales increased following corporate acquisitions. Kellogg predicted that adjusted earnings would drop by a further 5% to 7% in 2019 as it continued to invest in alternate channels and pack formats.4

The company also revealed plans to reorganize its North America and Asia-Pacific segments, removing several divisions from the former and reorganizing the latter into Kellogg Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Despite decreasing YOY earnings, the company’s solid presence and responsiveness to consumer consumption trends meant that Kellogg’s overall outlook remained favorable.4

YOY is used to make comparisons between one time period and another that is one year earlier. This allows for an annualized comparison, say between third-quarter earnings this year vs. third-quarter earnings the year before. It is commonly used to compare a company’s growth in profits or revenue, and it can also be used to describe yearly changes in an economy’s money supply, gross domestic product (GDP), and other economic measurements.

YOY calculations are straightforward and usually expressed in percentage terms. This would involve taking the current year’s value and dividing it by the prior year’s value and subtracting one: (this year) ÷ (last year) - 1.

YOY looks at a 12-month change. Year to date (YTD) looks at a change relative to the beginning of the year (usually Jan. 1).

You can compute month-over-month or quarter-over-quarter (Q/Q) in much the same way as YOY. Indeed, you can choose any time frame you desire.