Fungi commonly produce spores during sexual and asexual reproduction. Spores are usually haploid and grow into mature haploid individuals through mitotic division of cells (Urediniospores and Teliospores among rusts are dikaryotic). Dikaryotic cells result from the fusion of two haploid gamete cells. Among sporogenic dikaryotic cells, karyogamy (the fusion of the two haploid nuclei) occurs to produce a diploid cell. Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.
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Spores can be classified in several ways:
Asci of Morchella elata, containing ascospores
In plants, microspores, and in some cases megaspores, are formed from all four products of meiosis.
In contrast, in many seed plants and heterosporous ferns, only a single product of meiosis will become a megaspore (macrospore), with the rest degenerating.
In fungi and fungus-like organisms (e.g. Pseudofungi), spores are often classified by the structure in which meiosis and spore production occurs. Since fungi are often classified according to their spore-producing structures, these spores are often characteristic of a particular taxon of the fungi.
Sporangiospores: spores produced by a sporangium in many fungi such as zygomycetes.
Zygospores: spores produced by a zygosporangium, characteristic of zygomycetes.
Ascospores: spores produced by an ascus, characteristic of ascomycetes.
Basidiospores: spores produced by a basidium, characteristic of basidiomycetes.
Aeciospores: spores produced by an aecium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts.
Urediniospores: spores produced by a uredinium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts.
Teliospores: spores produced by a telium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts.
Oospores: spores produced by an oogonium, characteristic of oomycetes.
Carpospores: spores produced by a carposporophyte, characteristic of red algae.
Tetraspores: spores produced by a tetrasporophyte, characteristic of red algae.
Chlamydospores: thick-walled resting spores of fungi produced to survive unfavorable conditions.
Parasitic fungal spores may be classified into internal spores, which germinate within the host, and external spores, also called environmental spores, released by the host to infest other hosts.[3]