@HyperOracle, Prev @ForesightVen, @Google, @UnionPay Recent research is at HyperOracleBlog.eth's Mirror
msfewzk, zkVM, zkEVM and their Future
TL; DRZero-knowledge proof, which can guarantee computational integrity, correctness and privacy, has a lot of use cases in blockchain scaling and privacy.zk-SNARK and zk-STARK have their own advantages, and the combination of these two has more potential.zkVM empowers applications with zero-knowledge proofs, and zkVM can be categorized by instruction sets in mainstream, EVM, or newly-built ones.EVM compatibility includes EVM compatibility, equivalence, and specification-level compatibility.z...
msfew(Almost) Everything about Rollup
This post focuses on the Layer2 Rollup universe of Ethereum (only including Secured Rollup), and will explore the good and bad of the current Rollups from the core concepts and mechanism design in an easy-to-understand way, and think about the potential routes and advantages and disadvantages of each of their future solutions in terms of decentralization, further scaling, composability, and additional features such as privacy. A Secured Rollup is a Rollup model like Arbitrum or Optimism, wher...
msfew「Unified to Divided」Modular Blockchain and Data Availability Layer
0. Rollup’s BottleneckIf you read the previous post on Rollup I wrote, then you probably noticed that there was an intentional bug in the endgame comparison between Optimistic and zk Rollup. The conclusion was that Optimistic Rollup would outperform zk Rollup in the long run because there is no proving overhead. But in fact, Optimistic and zk Rollup actually take turns to take the lead in performance over time:Different types of Secured Rollups have different bottlenecks at different stages, ...
msfewzk, zkVM, zkEVM and their Future
TL; DRZero-knowledge proof, which can guarantee computational integrity, correctness and privacy, has a lot of use cases in blockchain scaling and privacy.zk-SNARK and zk-STARK have their own advantages, and the combination of these two has more potential.zkVM empowers applications with zero-knowledge proofs, and zkVM can be categorized by instruction sets in mainstream, EVM, or newly-built ones.EVM compatibility includes EVM compatibility, equivalence, and specification-level compatibility.z...
msfew(Almost) Everything about Rollup
This post focuses on the Layer2 Rollup universe of Ethereum (only including Secured Rollup), and will explore the good and bad of the current Rollups from the core concepts and mechanism design in an easy-to-understand way, and think about the potential routes and advantages and disadvantages of each of their future solutions in terms of decentralization, further scaling, composability, and additional features such as privacy. A Secured Rollup is a Rollup model like Arbitrum or Optimism, wher...
msfew「Unified to Divided」Modular Blockchain and Data Availability Layer
0. Rollup’s BottleneckIf you read the previous post on Rollup I wrote, then you probably noticed that there was an intentional bug in the endgame comparison between Optimistic and zk Rollup. The conclusion was that Optimistic Rollup would outperform zk Rollup in the long run because there is no proving overhead. But in fact, Optimistic and zk Rollup actually take turns to take the lead in performance over time:Different types of Secured Rollups have different bottlenecks at different stages, ...
@HyperOracle, Prev @ForesightVen, @Google, @UnionPay Recent research is at HyperOracleBlog.eth's Mirror
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Proof of Work (PoW, “one CPU one vote”) is a sexy mechanism.
It implements many features and solves many problems, including:
Decentralized and permissionless system (Bitcoin)
High security when total computing power is large
Truly clean and private money (clean ETH)
Relatively fair launch (Bitcoin again)
The only downsides might be "potential monopolization" and "energy consumption".
But in my opinion (I took a class on waste and energy last year as a sophomore, and did research on Bitcoin and Waste), it is acceptable to support a decentralized global financial system with some energy.
Overall, PoW is a good mechanism. Although Ethereum has struggled over the years to convert from PoW to PoS, PoW is still dominant in Ethereum's overall system and network or application layers.
PoWs are everywhere, and they are all PoWs.
The address string (EOA address or contract address) is generated completely randomly, so in order to generate good looking address (like 0xdef1…) or more efficient address (like address with more 0s), numerous random computation need to be done, just like PoW.
Some tools for mining address:
Another kind of “address” is EVM function selector. Usually developers (especially MEV bot) mine for an efficient one with more 0s in it to save gas. There is also a database for function selectors (4byte.directory and samczsun’s eth sig).
Some tools for mining function selector:
function-selector-miner: function selector miner written in Rust.
A newer one of “address” requires PoW is the Uniswap v4 hooks. “The hook permissions are determined by the hook address so you have to grind one with the desired permissions”. It is very dirty and clever.
In an ideal world, the highest transaction quality means: anyone can send a transaction (no censorship); no spam; low fees.
However, we cannot achieve the perfect network. PoW is a simple and elegant approach to prevent spam by adding an extra layer of computing.
I use Goerli PoW Faucet a lot in my daily development and testing.
While the usual testnet faucet is to sign up with an account and receive a fixed amount of testnet ETH, the PoW testnet faucet allows you to receive more testnet ETH depending on the amount of power you consume. More flexible.
At the beginning of the popular NFT project mint, the gas cost usually shoots up to a very high level, because a lot of people are doing the same mint operations, making the overall usage of the network very high.
This NFT contract does something like "PoW" within the contract, which increases the gas usage and mint cost on the validator side. This prevents DDoS and allows more suitable people to get the NFT.
The single sequencer model of rollup always faces the problem reliability and spam. There are multiple cases where rollup sequencer is down: Arbitrum Token Launch, and Optimism Delay.
Arbitrum had a proposal to score connections by PoW to disincentivize massive sybil attacks by MEV searchers on the Arbitrum sequencer.
In the finance world, winning requires you to be first, be smarter, or cheat.
PoW only requires you to be first. Maybe it’s fairer.
Proof of Work (PoW, “one CPU one vote”) is a sexy mechanism.
It implements many features and solves many problems, including:
Decentralized and permissionless system (Bitcoin)
High security when total computing power is large
Truly clean and private money (clean ETH)
Relatively fair launch (Bitcoin again)
The only downsides might be "potential monopolization" and "energy consumption".
But in my opinion (I took a class on waste and energy last year as a sophomore, and did research on Bitcoin and Waste), it is acceptable to support a decentralized global financial system with some energy.
Overall, PoW is a good mechanism. Although Ethereum has struggled over the years to convert from PoW to PoS, PoW is still dominant in Ethereum's overall system and network or application layers.
PoWs are everywhere, and they are all PoWs.
The address string (EOA address or contract address) is generated completely randomly, so in order to generate good looking address (like 0xdef1…) or more efficient address (like address with more 0s), numerous random computation need to be done, just like PoW.
Some tools for mining address:
Another kind of “address” is EVM function selector. Usually developers (especially MEV bot) mine for an efficient one with more 0s in it to save gas. There is also a database for function selectors (4byte.directory and samczsun’s eth sig).
Some tools for mining function selector:
function-selector-miner: function selector miner written in Rust.
A newer one of “address” requires PoW is the Uniswap v4 hooks. “The hook permissions are determined by the hook address so you have to grind one with the desired permissions”. It is very dirty and clever.
In an ideal world, the highest transaction quality means: anyone can send a transaction (no censorship); no spam; low fees.
However, we cannot achieve the perfect network. PoW is a simple and elegant approach to prevent spam by adding an extra layer of computing.
I use Goerli PoW Faucet a lot in my daily development and testing.
While the usual testnet faucet is to sign up with an account and receive a fixed amount of testnet ETH, the PoW testnet faucet allows you to receive more testnet ETH depending on the amount of power you consume. More flexible.
At the beginning of the popular NFT project mint, the gas cost usually shoots up to a very high level, because a lot of people are doing the same mint operations, making the overall usage of the network very high.
This NFT contract does something like "PoW" within the contract, which increases the gas usage and mint cost on the validator side. This prevents DDoS and allows more suitable people to get the NFT.
The single sequencer model of rollup always faces the problem reliability and spam. There are multiple cases where rollup sequencer is down: Arbitrum Token Launch, and Optimism Delay.
Arbitrum had a proposal to score connections by PoW to disincentivize massive sybil attacks by MEV searchers on the Arbitrum sequencer.
In the finance world, winning requires you to be first, be smarter, or cheat.
PoW only requires you to be first. Maybe it’s fairer.
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