Introduction Traditional economic systems have long depended on centralized institutions (e.g., governments, corporations) for resource allocation and economic regulation. While this approach has driven explosive global economic and technological growth during the industrialization and modernization era, its inherent limitations have become increasingly evident with advancements in social productivity and technology. Key issues include resource waste, inequitable distribution, and overrelianc...

Introduction Traditional economic systems have long depended on centralized institutions (e.g., governments, corporations) for resource allocation and economic regulation. While this approach has driven explosive global economic and technological growth during the industrialization and modernization era, its inherent limitations have become increasingly evident with advancements in social productivity and technology. Key issues include resource waste, inequitable distribution, and overrelianc...