ERC-4337 introduces an Account Abstraction concept that eliminates the need for changes to the consensus-layer protocol. Instead of adding new protocol features or altering the lower-layer transaction type, this proposal introduces a virtual pre-transaction object called "UserOperation" at a higher layer. Users send UserOperation objects to a separate mempool. A special class of agents called "bundlers" collects these objects into a transaction and forwards them to a designated contract using...