Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is inextricably associated in our minds with a dog, as Newton is with an apple, and Przhevalsky is with a horse. The expression "Pavlov's dog" has long been a symbol of a meek and defenseless victim of cruel experiments. But is this really the case? Pavlov conducted experiments on an operated but recovered dog. Before him, physiologists simply made incisions on the body of an immobilized animal and watched how the right organ worked. Ivan Petrovich believed that this method is not only cruel, but also not suitable for studying the natural course of life processes: trauma and pain distort them. After the experiments were completed, the dogs lived with the scientist for a long time, receiving a well-deserved ration. From the study of the digestive system, for which the scientist was the first in Russia to receive the Nobel Prize, Pavlov switched to the study of the psyche and the work of the cerebral cortex. In this area, he managed to create one of the most profound theories, which largely determined the further directions