gm!

It’s hard to succinctly summarize 2023. A year that began with such negative media attention on crypto is ending with renewed enthusiasm for web3. The year is also ending with buzz and debate over the use of points in crypto apps, and Li has some instructive thoughts on the topic below.

Crypto startups spent the year building, independent of external noise. And we spent it working to support them. After Li’s piece, you’ll find our most-read posts of the year and some of our favorite reads from peers in the industry.

—Dan Roberts, Editor in Chief

Li Jin

Seemingly overnight, points have entered the crypto zeitgeist as a new tool that app builders are leveraging to enhance user retention and engagement.

Across the landscape, founders are adding offchain points programs to their applications, from Rainbow wallet giving users points for using Ethereum, to Friend.tech building its engagement loop around points, to NFT marketplace Blur’s new L2 Blast incentivizing users with Blast Points for bridging funds (over $800 million TVL since November). In some instances, these points allude to a future fungible token with real economic value; in other instances, users have made that leap of faith themselves. This trend comes amidst a broader search for product-market fit in crypto and ways to engage users in the middle of a bear market.

But outside of crypto, points programs have been a longtime fixture of consumer applications, from games to brand programs like Sephora Beauty Insider or Starbucks Rewards. At a high level, points programs let users earn points for completing various activities and redeem or use them in various ways, with the intention of motivating users to engage.

Ten years ago, I worked on a web2 mobile shopping app, Shopkick, that had 3 million MAUs and partnerships with national retailers like Macy’s and Best Buy. The app rewarded users for actions like walking into physical retail stores, engaging with products in-store, and browsing in-app. We built a program where users earned in-app points for these activities, which were redeemable for gift cards at various merchants.

Some of my learnings from that experience can help guide web3 projects as they develop points programs:

Any sort of extrinsic motivation warps user behavior Points programs change the types of users who decide to use your app Maintaining ambiguity in points value gives you flexibility

Let’s drill into each.

1. Under a points program, user behavior morphs to respond to incentives.

People respond to incentives, and inorganic activity arose as a result of our points system. Behaviors sprouted up like walking in and out of the store immediately just to collect points—things people would never do without extrinsic incentives. We dealt with this by capping the number of points users could earn from certain activities and by building a fraud detection effort.

Even among users who have organic interest in your product, the presence of points will distort their activity. Think of waiting for something to go on sale at a retailer that is known to frequently discount items; these stores have trained their customers never to buy at full price. Similarly, points can train users to hunt for earnings opportunities where they wouldn’t have otherwise done so. Short-term boosts in user activity can actually come at the expense of business health in the long run. These long-term adverse impacts can take years to appear and are tricky to unwind. An example is JCPenney’s failed “Everyday low prices” strategy after years of steep discounts and coupons.

Due to the distortionary impact of incentives, Shopkick also had to manage how we monetized and tracked metrics as a startup. Since our revenue came from retailers and brands who were interested in driving engagement, understanding the value of user actions was critical. Incentives altered what a store walk-in or a product engagement was worth, so it was important to close the loop and track the end KPI of interest: conversion and revenue uplift from our user base. Founders building a points program should be careful to define KPIs that encompass their North Star goal, not simply the actions being incentivized.2. Having points changes the types of users who use your app.

Points don’t just change users’ behavior on the margin—they actually alter the composition of your user base. Many builders intend for points to boost retention and engagement, but more fundamentally, a points system will change who decides to use your app in the first place. While we designed Shopkick with shopping enthusiasts in mind, the presence of points attracted bargain hunters and extreme couponing types—akin to real-life “airdrop farmers.” This mirrors research from the psychology world about how financial incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation.

This kind of shift in the user base is fine if the persona you’re attracting through extrinsic incentives has a reason to stick around (continued incentives and/or underlying PMF) or if they’re still net additive for your particular business model—think credit card points or airline miles maximizers. In our case, we had a sustainable business model that could fund the continued existence of the points program. But any app that’s funding rewards unsustainably from their balance sheet should do so with caution and be cognizant that when subsidization ends, users who are simply responding to incentives will churn, especially since they were never the target user of the core product.3. Maintaining ambiguity in points value gives you flexibility.

If you’re going to tie points to some real economic value, a best practice is to keep the precise value ambiguous. This gives you discretion to change the value of points to manage costs and test incentives, while also preserving the fun for users. For example, the restaurant loyalty and rewards network Blackbird gives users $FLY tokens (which are offchain) but keeps the specific value vague, writing in the app: “It will be redeemable for incredible stuff, like free cocktails and premium access.”

Elucidating that a certain action = X dollars can diminish user motivation if the amount is too small. In Shopkick’s case, users earned points that could be converted to various gift card values, but the conversions varied across rewards. When users walked into a store or did other actions to earn points, they weren’t thinking about the dollar value of their action, which was nominal, but rather in terms of points, which felt more meaningful.

Points have a point

I’m hopeful that in the crypto world, implementing points onchain can unlock interesting experiences for builders and users. While the points program I worked on at Shopkick was limited to the confines of our app, using blockchains to track points can enable an ecosystem of applications to build around them. That can give rise to fascinating new user experiences. In the shopping context, it’s easy to imagine other brands and retailers wanting to see who the most loyal shoppers were at other stores and target their offers accordingly, which has precedent in the airline world with status match programs. For users, the added value of interoperable points across multiple apps could also make it more compelling to accrue them, reducing the onus on each individual app builder to bootstrap their own utility.

While I’ve outlined some key cautions to take with points programs, it’s important to note that I’ve also seen real benefits from them. At Shopkick, we deployed points in targeted ways to motivate users to move through the funnel and change their behaviors in the real world. For a nominal amount of money, we drove dramatic impacts on long-term retention and referrals. The devil is in the details, and implementing an effective points program requires continued experimentation and iteration, modeling of economic impacts, and rigorous tracking of KPIs.

If you’re working in this area or interested in chatting more about points programs, please reach out: li@variant.fund.

1. Li Jin & Jesse Walden: Progressive Ownership: A Model for Application Tokens

The application layer doesn’t yet have a proven model for using tokens to grow networks. So, Li and Jesse created a new framework for token distribution that builds on progressive decentralization while hopefully avoiding many of its drawbacks.

2. Mason Nystrom: DePIN and DeREN: Toward a Better Classification of Decentralized Infrastructure Networks

There’s not one type of decentralized infrastructure network, Mason wrote in July, but two: physical infrastructure networks and resource networks. Read this piece to understand where wireless, storage, compute, and other networks fit on this spectrum.

3. Alana Levin: App-Specific Rollups: A Trade-Off Between Connectivity and Control

Ethereum app teams face multiple decisions when determining whether to launch their own rollups. Alana looked at where gaming, social, marketplace, and other apps sit on the continuum between connectivity and control.

4. Li Jin: Web3 Social Networks: The Case For and Against Financialized Approaches

When thinking about how to build crypto-powered social networks, Li sees two main paths: asset-first or ideology-first. In this piece, she explained and explored both.

5. Jesse Walden: The Interplay Between AI Abundance + Crypto Scarcity

Robbie Barrat produced one of the first-ever onchain AI-generated artworks. Jesse wrote about its significance to web3 and the broader excitement around generative art NFTs.

1. Eugene Wei: How to Blow Up a Timeline

Li tweeted: “Great dissection of why Twitter feels meaningfully different now -- down to the mechanics of its algo changes (from a follower graph that proxied interest, to a more TikTok-like feed that emphasizes virality).”

2. Jacob Phillips at Perennial Protocol: A deep-dive on fees in DeFi derivatives

Geoff tweeted: “Good read on DeFi derivatives from the @perenniallabs team. Traders and LPs take note!”

3. Trace at Figment Capital: Revisiting the Application Layer

Alana says: “One of the best pieces I read all year.”

4. Dcbuilder.eth at Worldcoin: The Future of Digital Identity

Jesse tweeted: “Great map of the digital identity space and enabling technologies.”

5. Morgan Housel at Collab Fund: Everything Is Cyclical

Mason says: “Sometimes crypto seems uniquely cyclical. But if you look deeply enough, everything is cyclical.”

6. Paul Frambot at Morpho: The Two Paths Ahead For DeFi: Decentralized Brokers vs. Protocols

Derek says: “Great framework for a trend toward lower-level modular DeFi protocols.”

7. Joel John and Saurabh at Decentralised.co, On Airdrops

Jack says: “One of my favorite reads this year. Explains why airdrop farming is the way it is and what the future of airdrops may look like.”

Disclaimer: This post is for general information purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell any investment and should not be used in the evaluation of the merits of making any investment decision. It should not be relied upon for accounting, legal or tax advice or investment recommendations. You should consult your own advisers as to legal, business, tax, and other related matters concerning any investment. Certain information contained in here has been obtained from third-party sources, including from portfolio companies of funds managed by Variant. While taken from sources believed to be reliable, Variant has not independently verified such information. Variant makes no representations about the enduring accuracy of the information or its appropriateness for a given situation. This post reflects the current opinions of the authors and is not made on behalf of Variant or its Clients and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Variant, its General Partners, its affiliates, advisors or individuals associated with Variant. The opinions reflected herein are subject to change without being updated.

gm!

It’s hard to succinctly summarize 2023. A year that began with such negative media attention on crypto is ending with renewed enthusiasm for web3. The year is also ending with buzz and debate over the use of points in crypto apps, and Li has some instructive thoughts on the topic below.

Crypto startups spent the year building, independent of external noise. And we spent it working to support them. After Li’s piece, you’ll find our most-read posts of the year and some of our favorite reads from peers in the industry.

—Dan Roberts, Editor in Chief

Li Jin

Seemingly overnight, points have entered the crypto zeitgeist as a new tool that app builders are leveraging to enhance user retention and engagement.

Across the landscape, founders are adding offchain points programs to their applications, from Rainbow wallet giving users points for using Ethereum, to Friend.tech building its engagement loop around points, to NFT marketplace Blur’s new L2 Blast incentivizing users with Blast Points for bridging funds (over $800 million TVL since November). In some instances, these points allude to a future fungible token with real economic value; in other instances, users have made that leap of faith themselves. This trend comes amidst a broader search for product-market fit in crypto and ways to engage users in the middle of a bear market.

But outside of crypto, points programs have been a longtime fixture of consumer applications, from games to brand programs like Sephora Beauty Insider or Starbucks Rewards. At a high level, points programs let users earn points for completing various activities and redeem or use them in various ways, with the intention of motivating users to engage.

Ten years ago, I worked on a web2 mobile shopping app, Shopkick, that had 3 million MAUs and partnerships with national retailers like Macy’s and Best Buy. The app rewarded users for actions like walking into physical retail stores, engaging with products in-store, and browsing in-app. We built a program where users earned in-app points for these activities, which were redeemable for gift cards at various merchants.

Some of my learnings from that experience can help guide web3 projects as they develop points programs:

Any sort of extrinsic motivation warps user behavior Points programs change the types of users who decide to use your app Maintaining ambiguity in points value gives you flexibility

Let’s drill into each.

1. Under a points program, user behavior morphs to respond to incentives.

People respond to incentives, and inorganic activity arose as a result of our points system. Behaviors sprouted up like walking in and out of the store immediately just to collect points—things people would never do without extrinsic incentives. We dealt with this by capping the number of points users could earn from certain activities and by building a fraud detection effort.

Even among users who have organic interest in your product, the presence of points will distort their activity. Think of waiting for something to go on sale at a retailer that is known to frequently discount items; these stores have trained their customers never to buy at full price. Similarly, points can train users to hunt for earnings opportunities where they wouldn’t have otherwise done so. Short-term boosts in user activity can actually come at the expense of business health in the long run. These long-term adverse impacts can take years to appear and are tricky to unwind. An example is JCPenney’s failed “Everyday low prices” strategy after years of steep discounts and coupons.

Due to the distortionary impact of incentives, Shopkick also had to manage how we monetized and tracked metrics as a startup. Since our revenue came from retailers and brands who were interested in driving engagement, understanding the value of user actions was critical. Incentives altered what a store walk-in or a product engagement was worth, so it was important to close the loop and track the end KPI of interest: conversion and revenue uplift from our user base. Founders building a points program should be careful to define KPIs that encompass their North Star goal, not simply the actions being incentivized.2. Having points changes the types of users who use your app.

Points don’t just change users’ behavior on the margin—they actually alter the composition of your user base. Many builders intend for points to boost retention and engagement, but more fundamentally, a points system will change who decides to use your app in the first place. While we designed Shopkick with shopping enthusiasts in mind, the presence of points attracted bargain hunters and extreme couponing types—akin to real-life “airdrop farmers.” This mirrors research from the psychology world about how financial incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation.

This kind of shift in the user base is fine if the persona you’re attracting through extrinsic incentives has a reason to stick around (continued incentives and/or underlying PMF) or if they’re still net additive for your particular business model—think credit card points or airline miles maximizers. In our case, we had a sustainable business model that could fund the continued existence of the points program. But any app that’s funding rewards unsustainably from their balance sheet should do so with caution and be cognizant that when subsidization ends, users who are simply responding to incentives will churn, especially since they were never the target user of the core product.3. Maintaining ambiguity in points value gives you flexibility.

If you’re going to tie points to some real economic value, a best practice is to keep the precise value ambiguous. This gives you discretion to change the value of points to manage costs and test incentives, while also preserving the fun for users. For example, the restaurant loyalty and rewards network Blackbird gives users $FLY tokens (which are offchain) but keeps the specific value vague, writing in the app: “It will be redeemable for incredible stuff, like free cocktails and premium access.”

Elucidating that a certain action = X dollars can diminish user motivation if the amount is too small. In Shopkick’s case, users earned points that could be converted to various gift card values, but the conversions varied across rewards. When users walked into a store or did other actions to earn points, they weren’t thinking about the dollar value of their action, which was nominal, but rather in terms of points, which felt more meaningful.

Points have a point

I’m hopeful that in the crypto world, implementing points onchain can unlock interesting experiences for builders and users. While the points program I worked on at Shopkick was limited to the confines of our app, using blockchains to track points can enable an ecosystem of applications to build around them. That can give rise to fascinating new user experiences. In the shopping context, it’s easy to imagine other brands and retailers wanting to see who the most loyal shoppers were at other stores and target their offers accordingly, which has precedent in the airline world with status match programs. For users, the added value of interoperable points across multiple apps could also make it more compelling to accrue them, reducing the onus on each individual app builder to bootstrap their own utility.

While I’ve outlined some key cautions to take with points programs, it’s important to note that I’ve also seen real benefits from them. At Shopkick, we deployed points in targeted ways to motivate users to move through the funnel and change their behaviors in the real world. For a nominal amount of money, we drove dramatic impacts on long-term retention and referrals. The devil is in the details, and implementing an effective points program requires continued experimentation and iteration, modeling of economic impacts, and rigorous tracking of KPIs.

If you’re working in this area or interested in chatting more about points programs, please reach out: li@variant.fund.

1. Li Jin & Jesse Walden: Progressive Ownership: A Model for Application Tokens

The application layer doesn’t yet have a proven model for using tokens to grow networks. So, Li and Jesse created a new framework for token distribution that builds on progressive decentralization while hopefully avoiding many of its drawbacks.

2. Mason Nystrom: DePIN and DeREN: Toward a Better Classification of Decentralized Infrastructure Networks

There’s not one type of decentralized infrastructure network, Mason wrote in July, but two: physical infrastructure networks and resource networks. Read this piece to understand where wireless, storage, compute, and other networks fit on this spectrum.

3. Alana Levin: App-Specific Rollups: A Trade-Off Between Connectivity and Control

Ethereum app teams face multiple decisions when determining whether to launch their own rollups. Alana looked at where gaming, social, marketplace, and other apps sit on the continuum between connectivity and control.

4. Li Jin: Web3 Social Networks: The Case For and Against Financialized Approaches

When thinking about how to build crypto-powered social networks, Li sees two main paths: asset-first or ideology-first. In this piece, she explained and explored both.

5. Jesse Walden: The Interplay Between AI Abundance + Crypto Scarcity

Robbie Barrat produced one of the first-ever onchain AI-generated artworks. Jesse wrote about its significance to web3 and the broader excitement around generative art NFTs.

1. Eugene Wei: How to Blow Up a Timeline

Li tweeted: “Great dissection of why Twitter feels meaningfully different now -- down to the mechanics of its algo changes (from a follower graph that proxied interest, to a more TikTok-like feed that emphasizes virality).”

2. Jacob Phillips at Perennial Protocol: A deep-dive on fees in DeFi derivatives

Geoff tweeted: “Good read on DeFi derivatives from the @perenniallabs team. Traders and LPs take note!”

3. Trace at Figment Capital: Revisiting the Application Layer

Alana says: “One of the best pieces I read all year.”

4. Dcbuilder.eth at Worldcoin: The Future of Digital Identity

Jesse tweeted: “Great map of the digital identity space and enabling technologies.”

5. Morgan Housel at Collab Fund: Everything Is Cyclical

Mason says: “Sometimes crypto seems uniquely cyclical. But if you look deeply enough, everything is cyclical.”

6. Paul Frambot at Morpho: The Two Paths Ahead For DeFi: Decentralized Brokers vs. Protocols

Derek says: “Great framework for a trend toward lower-level modular DeFi protocols.”

7. Joel John and Saurabh at Decentralised.co, On Airdrops

Jack says: “One of my favorite reads this year. Explains why airdrop farming is the way it is and what the future of airdrops may look like.”

Disclaimer: This post is for general information purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell any investment and should not be used in the evaluation of the merits of making any investment decision. It should not be relied upon for accounting, legal or tax advice or investment recommendations. You should consult your own advisers as to legal, business, tax, and other related matters concerning any investment. Certain information contained in here has been obtained from third-party sources, including from portfolio companies of funds managed by Variant. While taken from sources believed to be reliable, Variant has not independently verified such information. Variant makes no representations about the enduring accuracy of the information or its appropriateness for a given situation. This post reflects the current opinions of the authors and is not made on behalf of Variant or its Clients and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Variant, its General Partners, its affiliates, advisors or individuals associated with Variant. The opinions reflected herein are subject to change without being updated.