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The following article is reprinted from the Coinbase Ventures media column“Around the Block”, and shared by web3china in English and Chinese.
以下文章转载于Coinbase Ventures 媒体专栏“Around the Block“ ，由 web3china 以中英文分享。
原文标题：《Scaling Ethereum & crypto for a billion users》
原文链接🔗：
https://blog.coinbase.com/scaling-ethereum-crypto-for-a-billion-users-715ce15afc0b
web3china官方推特：
👋Welcome to web3
Around the Block from Coinbase Ventures sheds light on key trends in crypto. Written by Justin Mart & Connor Dempsey.
Coinbase Ventures的《Around the Block》揭示了加密货币的主要趋势。作者：Justin Mart & Connor Dempsey。
As of late 2021, Ethereum has grown to support thousands of applications from decentralized finance, NFTs, gaming and more. The entire network settles trillions of dollars in transactions annually, with over $170 billion locked on the platform.
到 2021 年底，以太坊已经发展到可以支持数千个应用程序，其中包括DeFi、NFT、游戏等领域。整个网络每年已结算数万亿美元的交易，已经超过 1700 亿美元被锁定在平台上。
But as the saying goes, more money, more problems. Ethereum’s decentralized design ends up limiting the amount of transactions it can process to just 15 per second. Since Ethereum’s popularity far exceeds 15 transactions per second, the result is long waits and fees as high as $200 per transaction. Ultimately, this prices out many users and limits the types of applications Ethereum can handle today.
但俗话说，有钱人烦恼多。以太坊的去中心化设计，以及每秒钟只有15笔交易最终限制了它能处理的交易量。同时由于以太坊的受欢迎程度远远使得系统超过了每秒15笔交易频率，这导致了漫长的等待和每笔交易高达200美元的费用。最终，这使许多用户失去了机会，并限制了以太坊目前可以处理的应用类型。
If smart-contract based blockchains are to ever grow to support finance and Web 3 applications for billions of users, scaling solutions are needed. Thankfully, the cavalry is beginning to arrive, with many proposed solutions coming online recently.
如果基于智能合约开发的区块链要发展到支持数十亿用户的金融和Web 3应用发展，就需要有扩展的解决方案。值得庆幸的是，救火骑兵队正在开始到来，最近有许多拟议的解决方案上线了。
In this edition of Around The Block, we explore the crypto world’s collective quest to scale.*
在这一期的《Around The Block》中，将探讨加密货币世界对扩展的集体诉求。
The goal is to increase the number of transactions that openly accessible smart contract platforms can handle, while retaining sufficient decentralization. Remember, it would be trivial to scale smart contract platforms through a centralized solution managed by a single entity (Visa can handle 45,000 transactions per second), but then we’d be right back to where we started: a world owned by a handful of powerful centralized actors.
我们的最终目的是增加可公开访问的智能合约平台所能处理的交易数量，同时保留足够的去中心化。请记住，通过一个由单一实体管理的中心化解决方案来扩展智能合约平台这还远远不够（Visa可以每秒处理45,000笔交易），但那样我们就会回到我们开始的地方：一个由少数强大的中心化参与者拥有的世界。
The approaches being taken to fix this problem come twofold: (1) build brand new networks competitive to Ethereum that can handle more activity, or (2) build complementary networks that can handle Ethereum’s excess capacity.
解决这个问题的方法有两个：(1) 建立与以太坊竞争的全新网络，可以处理更多的活动； (2) 建立可以处理以太坊过剩容量的互补网络。
Broadly, they break out across a few categories:
大体上，它们分为几个类别。
Layer 1 blockchains (competitive to Ethereum)
1层区块链（与以太坊竞争）
Sidechains (somewhat complementary to Ethereum)
侧链（与以太坊有一定的互补性）
Layer 2 networks (complementary to Ethereum)
二层网络（对以太坊的补充）
While each differs in architecture and approach, the goal is the same: let users actually use the networks (eg, interact with DeFi, NFTs, etc) without paying exorbitant fees or experiencing long wait times.
虽然每一种都有不同的架构和方法，但目标是相同的：让用户实际使用网络（例如，与DeFi、NFT等互动），而无需支付高昂的费用或经历漫长的等待时间。（便宜且实惠）
Ethereum is considered a layer 1 blockchain — an independent network that secures user funds and executes transactions all in one place. Want to swap 100 USDC for DAI using a DeFi application like Uniswap? Ethereum is where it all happens.
以太坊被认为是一层区块链—— 一个独立的网络，在一个地方保障用户资金和执行交易。想使用像Uniswap这样的DeFi应用程序将100美元换成DAI吗？以太坊就是让这一切发生的地方。
Competing layer 1s do everything Ethereum does, but in a brand new network, soup to nuts. They’re differentiated by new system designs that enable higher throughput, leading to lower transaction fees, but usually at the cost of increased centralization.
与之竞争的一层网络做了以太坊的一切，但在一个全新的网络中，从头到尾。它们的区别在于新的系统设计，能够实现更高的吞吐量，从而降低交易费用，但通常是以增加中心化为代价实现的。
New layer 1s have come online in droves over the last 10 months, with the aggregate value on these networks rocketing from $0 to ~$75B over the same time period. This field is currently led by Solana, Avalanche, Terra, and Binance Smart Chain, each with growing ecosystems that have reached over $10 billion in value.
在过去的10个月里，新的一层网络已经纷纷上线，这些网络的总价值在同一时期内从0美元飙升至约750亿美元。这个领域目前由Solana、Avalanche、Terra和Binance Smart Chain领导，每个生态系统都在不断增长，其价值已经达到100亿美元以上。
All layer 1s are in competition to attract both developers and users. Doing so without any of Ethereum’s tooling and infrastructure that make it easy to build and use applications, is difficult. To bridge this gap, many layer 1s employ a tactic called EVM compatibility.
所有一层网络都在竞争，以吸引开发者和用户。如果没有类似以太坊的工具和基础设施，使其易于构建和使用应用程序，生态发展将会是很困难的。为了弥补这一差距，许多一层网络采用了一种称为EVM兼容性的策略。
EVM stands for the Ethereum Virtual Machine, and it’s essentially the brain that performs computation to make transactions happen. By making their networks compatible with the EVM, Ethereum developers can easily deploy their existing Ethereum applications to a new layer 1 by essentially copying and pasting their code. Users can also easily access EVM compatible layer 1s with their existing wallets, making it simple for them to migrate.
EVM是以太坊虚拟机的缩写，它本质上是以太坊执行计算并实现交易的大脑。通过使一层网络与以太坊的EVM兼容，以太坊开发者可以通过复制和粘贴他们的代码，轻松将他们现有的以太坊应用程序部署到新的一层网络。用户也可以用他们现有的钱包轻松访问EVM兼容的一层网络，使他们的迁移变得简单。
Take Binance Smart Chain (BSC) as an example. By launching an EVM compatible network and tweaking the consensus design to enable higher throughput and cheaper transactions, BSC saw usage explode last summer across dozens of DeFi applications all resembling popular Ethereum apps like Uniswap and Curve. Avalanche, Fantom, Tron, and Celo have also taken the same approach.
以Binance智能链（BSC）为例。通过推出EVM兼容网络和调整共识设计以实现更高的吞吐量和更便宜的交易，BSC去年夏天在几十个DeFi应用中发生了使用量的爆炸性增长，这些应用都类似于Uniswap和Curve等在以太坊上流行的应用。Avalanche、Fantom、Tron和Celo也采取了同样的方法。
Conversely, Terra and Solana do not currently support EVM compatibility.
相反，Terra和Solana目前不支持EVM兼容性。
In a slightly different layer 1 bucket are blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos and Polkadot. Rather than build new stand-alone blockchains, these projects built standards that let developers create application specific blockchains capable of talking to each other. This can allow, for example, tokens from a gaming blockchain to be used within applications built on a separate blockchain for social networking.
在有像Cosmos和Polkadot这样的稍微不同的一层网络中。它们是没有建立新的独立的区块链，而是建立了新的标准，让开发者创建能够相互连接的特定应用区块链。例如，将使来自游戏的代币用于偏向于社交网络的独立区块链网络。
There is currently over $100B+ sitting on chains built using Cosmos’ standard that can eventually interoperate. Meanwhile, Polkadot recently reached a milestone that will similarly unite its ecosystem of blockchains.
目前，使用 Cosmos 标准构建的，在生态内可以互操作的链上资产超过了 100B 美元。与此同时，Polkadot 最近也达到了一个里程碑，同样将统一其区块链生态系统。
In short, there’s now a diverse landscape of direct Ethereum competitors, with more on the way.
简而言之，现在以太坊的直接竞争对手呈现出多样化的格局，而且未来还会有更多。
The distinction between sidechains and new layer 1s is admittedly a fuzzy one. Sidechains are very similar to EVM-compatible layer 1s, except that they’ve been purpose built to handle Ethereum’s excess capacity, rather than compete with Ethereum as a whole. These ecosystems are closely aligned with the Ethereum community and host Ethereum apps in a complementary fashion.
侧链和新的一层网络之间的区别有一个一个模糊的边界。侧链与兼容以太坊EVM的一层网络非常相似，只是它们是为了处理以太坊的额外的交易量而建立的，而不是与整个以太坊竞争。这些生态系统与以太坊社区紧密结合，以互补的方式承载以太坊生态。
Axie Infinity’s Ronin sidechain is a prime example. Axie Infinity is an NFT game originally built on Ethereum. Since Ethereum fees made playing the game prohibitively expensive, the Ronin sidechain was built to allow users to move their NFTs and tokens from Ethereum to a low fee environment. This made the game affordable to more users, and preceded an explosion in the game’s popularity.
Axie Infinity的Ronin侧链就是一个典型的例子。Axie Infinity是一个最初建立在Ethereum上的NFT游戏。由于以太坊的gas费让玩游戏的人望而却步，Ronin侧链的建立是为了让用户将他们的NFT和代币从以太坊转移到一个低gas费的环境。使得更多的用户能够负担得起这个游戏，并且在游戏的流行之前就已经爆发了。
As of this writing, users have moved over $7.5B from Ethereum to Ronin to play Axie Infinity.
截至原作者写稿时（11月23日），用户已经从以太坊转移了超过75亿美元到Robin来玩Axie Infinity。目前为243亿美元。
Where sidechains like Ronin are application specific, others are suited for more general purpose applications. Right now, Polygon’s proof-of-stake (POS) sidechain is the industry leader with nearly $5B in value deployed over 100 DeFi and gaming applications including familiar names like Aave and Sushiswap, as well as a Uniswap clone called Quickswap.
像Ronin这样的侧链是应用于专属应用，而其他侧链则适合于更多的应用场景。目前，Polygon的POS机制侧链是行业领导者，其价值近50亿美元，部署了100多个DeFi和游戏应用，包括Aave和Sushiswap等熟悉的名字，以及名为Quickswap和Uniswap相似的应用。
Again, Polygon POS really doesn’t look that different from an EVM compatible layer-1. However, it’s been built as part of a framework to scale Ethereum rather than compete with it. The Polygon team sees a future where Ethereum remains the dominant blockchain for high value transactions and value storage, while everyday transactions move to Polygon’s lower-cost blockchains. (Polygon POS also maintains a special relationship with Ethereum through a process known as checkpointing).
同样，Polygon的POS机制看起来真的与EVM兼容的一层网络没有什么不同。然而，它是作为扩展以太坊框架的一部分而建立的，而不是与它竞争。Polygon团队认为，在未来，以太坊仍然是高价值交易和价值存储的主导，而日常交易则转移到Polygon的低成本区块链上。(Polygon POS也通过一个被称为验证点的过程与以太坊保持特殊关系）。
With transaction fees of less than a penny, Polygon’s vision of the future looks plausible. And with the help of incentive programs, users have flocked to Polygon POS with daily transactions surpassing Ethereum (though spam transactions inflate this number).
由于交易费用花费可以忽略不计，Polygon对未来的设想看起来很有道理。在激励计划的帮助下，用户纷纷涌向Polygon的POS，每天的交易量超过了以太坊（尽管有些垃圾交易使这个数字膨胀）。
Layer 1s and sidechains both have a distinct challenge: securing their blockchains. To do so, they must pay a new cohort of miners or proof of stake validators to verify and secure transactions, usually in the form of inflation from a base token (e.g. Polygon’s $MATIC, Avalanche’s $AVAX).
一层网络和侧链都有一个明显的挑战：如何确保其区块链的安全。为了做到这一点，他们必须支付新一批矿工或Pos 验证人，以验证和确保交易正常，通常是以产出基础代币（如Polygon的$MATIC，Avalanche的$AVAX）的激励形式。
However, this brings notable downsides:
然而，这带来了显着的缺点：
Having a base token naturally makes your ecosystem more competitive rather than complementary to Ethereum
拥有基础代币自然会使您的生态系统更具竞争力，而不是与以太坊互补
Validating and securing transactions is a complex and challenging task that your network is responsible for indefinitely
验证和保护交易是一项复杂且具有挑战性的任务，您的网络将始终为其负责
Wouldn’t it be nice if we could create scalable ecosystems that borrowed from Ethereum’s security? Enter layer 2 networks, and “rollups” in particular. In a nutshell, layer 2s are independent ecosystems that sit on top of Ethereum in such a way that relies on Ethereum for security.
如果我们能够创建可扩展的生态系统，借用以太坊的安全性，那不是很好吗？（没错）进入二层网络，尤其是用 "rollups"技术实现。简而言之，二层网络是独立的生态系统，它位于以太坊之上，以这种方式依赖以太坊的安全。
Critically, this means that layer 2s do not need to have a native token — so not only are they more complementary to Ethereum, they are essentially part of Ethereum. The Ethereum roadmap even pays homage to this idea by signaling that Ethereum 2.0 will be “rollup centric.”
关键是，这意味着第2层不需要有原生代币——所以它们不仅是对以太坊的补充，本质上是以太坊的一部分。以太坊路线图甚至向这个想法致敬，表示以太坊2.0将 "以rollup 为中心"。
Layer 2s are commonly called rollups because they “rollup” or bundle transactions together and execute them in a new environment, before sending the updated transaction data back to Ethereum. Rather than have the Ethereum network process 1,000 Uniswap transactions individually (expensive!), the computation is offloaded on a layer 2 rollup before submitting the results back to Ethereum (cheap!).
二层网络通常被称为Rollup，因为它们将交易 "卷起来 "或“捆绑”在一起，并在新的环境中执行，然后再将更新的交易数据送回以太坊。与其让以太坊网络单独处理1,000个Uniswap交易（昂贵！），不如在将结果提交给以太坊之前将计算堆叠在Rollup上处理**（便宜！）**。
However, when results are posted back to Ethereum, how does Ethereum know that the data is correct and valid? And how can Ethereum prevent anyone from posting incorrect information? These are critical questions that differentiate the two types of rollups: Optimistic rollups, and Zero Knowledge rollups (ZK rollups).
然而，当结果被发送回以太坊时，以太坊如何知道这些数据是正确和有效的？以及以太坊如何防止任何人发布不正确的信息？这些都是区分两类Roollup的关键问题。Optimistic rollups，和 ZK rollups 。
When submitting results back to Ethereum, optimistic rollups “optimistically” assume that they’re valid. In other words, they let the operators of the rollup post any data they want (including potentially incorrect / fraudulent data), and just assume it’s correct — an optimistic outlook no doubt! But there are ways to fight fraud. As a check and balance, there is a window of time after any withdrawal where anyone watching can call out fraud (remember blockchains are transparent, anyone can watch what’s happening). In the event that one of these watchers can mathematically prove that fraud occurred (by submitting a fraud proof), the rollup reverts any fraudulent transactions and penalizes the bad actor and rewards the watcher (a clever incentive system!).
当提交结果回以太坊时，optimistic rollups **"乐观地 "**假设它们是有效的。换句话说，他们rollup他们想要的任何数据（包括潜在的不正确/欺诈性数据），并只是假设它是正确的 - 一个乐观的前景毫无疑问！这是对的。同时，有一些方法可以打击欺诈。作为一种检查和平衡的方法，在任何提款后有一个时间窗口，任何观察者都可以检查出欺诈行为（记住区块链是透明的，任何人都可以在链上观察正在发生的事情）。如果这些观察者之一能够从数学上证明发生了欺诈行为（通过提交欺诈证明），链上rollup任何欺诈性交易，并惩罚不良行为者，奖励观察者（一个聪明的激励系统！）。
（译者注：如果欺诈者也是观察者呢？）
The drawback is a brief delay when you move funds between the rollup and Ethereum, waiting to see if any watchers catch any fraud. In some cases this can be up to a week, but we expect these delays to come down over time.
缺点是当你在rollup和以太坊之间移动资金时，会有短暂的延迟需要等待看是否有观察者发现任何欺诈。在某些情况下，这可能长达一个星期，但我们预计这些延迟会随着时间的推移而减少。
The key point is that optimistic rollups are intrinsically tied to Ethereum and ready to help Ethereum scale today. Accordingly, we’ve seen strong nascent growth with many leading DeFi projects moving to the leading optimistic rollups — Arbitrum and Optimistic Ethereum.
关键的一点是，optimistic rollup与以太坊有着内在的联系，并准备好帮助以太坊在今天进行扩展。因此，我们已经看到了强劲的新生增长，许多领先的DeFi项目都转移到了领先的optimistic rollup——Arbitrum和的Optimistic Ethereum 。
Arbitrum (by Off-chain Labs) and Optimistic Ethereum (by Optimism) are the two main projects implementing optimistic rollups today. Notably, both are still in their early stages, with both companies maintaining levels of centralized control but with plans to decentralize over time.
Arbitrum（由Off-chain Labs负责）和Optimistic Ethereum（由Optimism负责）是目前采用optimistic rollups技术的两个主要项目。值得注意的是，这两个项目仍处于早期阶段，两家公司都保持着中心化运营，但计划随着时间的推移将逐步去中心化。
It’s estimated that once mature, optimistic rollups can offer anywhere from a 10–100x improvement in scalability. Even in their early days, DeFi applications on Arbitrum and Optimism have already accrued billions in network value.
据估计，一旦成熟， optimistic rollups可以提供以太坊10-100倍的可扩展性的改进。即使在早期，Arbitrum和Optimism上的DeFi应用已经积累了数十亿的网络价值。
Optimism is earlier in its adoption curve with over $300M in TVL deployed across 7 DeFi applications, most notably Uniswap, Synthetix, and 1inch.
Optimism在其采用曲线的早期，已在7个DeFi应用中部署了超过3亿美元的TVL，最引人注目的是Uniswap、Synthetix和1inch。
Arbitrum is further along, with around $2.5B in TVL across 60+ applications including familiar DeFi protocols like Curve, Sushiswap, and Balancer.
Arbitrum更进一步，在60多个应用中拥有大约25亿美元的TVL，包括熟悉的DeFi协议，如Curve、Sushiswap和Balancer。
Arbitrum has also been selected as Reddit’s scaling solution of choice for their long awaited efforts to tokenize community points for the social media platform’s 500 million monthly active users.
Arbitrum也被选为Reddit的扩展解决方案，用于他们期待已久的为社交媒体平台的5亿月度活跃用户代币化社区积分的工作。
Where optimistic rollups assume the transactions are valid and leave room for others to prove fraud, ZK rollups do the work of actually proving to the Ethereum network that transactions are valid.
optimistic rollups假设交易是有效的，并为其他人证明欺诈留下了空间，而ZK rollups做的工作是向以太坊网络实际证明交易是有效的。
Along with the results of the bundled transactions, they submit what’s called a validity proof to an Ethereum smart contract. As the name suggests, validity proofs let the Ethereum network verify that the transactions are valid, making it impossible for the relayer to cheat the system. This eliminates the need for a fraud proof window, so moving funds between Ethereum and ZK-rollups is effectively instant.
与捆绑交易的结果一起，他们向以太坊智能合约提交所谓的有效性证明。顾名思义，有效性证明让以太坊网络验证此交易是否有效，使中继节点不可能欺骗系统。这消除了对欺诈证明窗口等待期的需求，因此在以太坊和ZK-rollups之间移动资金实际上是即时的。
While instant settlement and no withdrawal times sound great, ZK rollups are not without tradeoffs. First, generating validity proofs is computationally intensive, so you need high powered machines to make them work. Second, the complexity surrounding validity proofs makes it more difficult to support EVM compatibility, limiting the types of smart contracts that can be deployed to ZK-rollups. As such, optimistic rollups have been first to market and are more capable of addressing Ethereum’s scaling woes today, but ZK-rollups may become a better technical solution in the long run.
虽然即时结算和没有提款时间听起来很好，但ZK rollups并不是没有代价的。首先，生成有效性证明是计算密集型的工作，所以你需要高功率的机器来使其工作。其次，围绕有效性证明的复杂性使得支持EVM兼容性更加困难，限制了可以部署到ZK-rollups的智能合约类型。因此，optimistic rollups已经率先进入市场，并且更有能力解决以太坊今天的扩展困境，但从长远来看，ZK rollups可能成为一个更好的技术解决方案。
The ZK rollup landscape runs deep, with multiple teams and implementations in the works and in production. Some prominent players include Starkware, Matter Labs, Hermez, and Aztec. Today, ZK-rollups mainly support relatively simple applications such as payments or exchanges (owing to limitations on what types of applications ZK-rollups can support today). For example, derivatives exchange dYdX employs a ZK rollup solution from Starkware (StarkEx) to support nearly 5 million weekly transactions and $1B+ in TVL.
ZK rollup的发展前景非常广阔，有多个团队和实施方案在进行中。一些突出的参与者包括Starkware、Matter Labs、Hermez和Aztec等。今天，ZK-rollups主要支持相对简单的应用，如支付或交换（受限于ZK-rollups今天能支持的应用类型）。例如，衍生品交易所dYdX采用了Starkware（StarkEx）的ZK rollup解决方案，支持每周近500万笔交易和10多亿美元的TVL。
The real prize however, is ZK rollup solutions that are fully EVM compatible and thus capable of supporting popular general applications (like the full suite of DeFi apps) without the withdrawal delays of optimistic rollups. The main players in this realm are MatterLab’s zkSync 2.0, Starkware’s Starknet, Polygon Hermez’s zkEVM, and Polygon Miden, which are all currently working towards mainnet launch. (Aztec, meanwhile, is focused on applying zk proofs to privacy).
然而，真正的获胜者是与EVM完全兼容的ZK rollup解决方案，它能够支持流行的一般应用（如DeFi的全套应用），而没有optimistic rollups的退出资金等待期。这一领域的主要参与者包括MatterLab的zkSync 2.0、Starkware的Starknet、Polygon Hermez的zkEVM和Polygon Miden，它们目前都在努力实现主网启动。(与此同时，Aztec专注于将zk证明机制应用于隐私）。
Many in the industry (Vitalik included) are looking at ZK rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 as the long term solution to scaling Ethereum, mainly stemming from their ability to fundamentally handle hundreds of thousands of transactions per second without compromising on security or decentralization.The upcoming rollouts of fully EVM compatible ZK rollups will be one of the key things to watch as the quest to scale Ethereum progresses.
许多业内人士（包括 Vitalik）正在将 ZK rollup与以太坊 2.0 结合作为扩展以太坊的长期解决方案，主要是因为它们能够从根本上每秒处理数十万笔交易，而不会影响安全性或去中心化。即将推出的完全兼容 以太坊EVM 的 ZK rollup将是随着扩展以太坊的努力取得进展而需要关注的关键事项之一。
In the long run, these scaling solutions are necessary if smart contract platforms are to scale to billions of users. In the near term, these solutions, however, may present significant challenges for users and crypto operators alike. Navigating from Ethereum to these networks requires using cross-chain bridges, which is complex for users and carries latent risk. For example, several cross-chain bridges have already been the target of $100+ million dollar exploits.
从长远来看，如果智能合约平台要扩展到数十亿用户，这些扩展解决方案是必要的。然而，在短期内，这些解决方案可能会给用户和加密货币运营者带来重大挑战。从以太坊跨链到这些网络需要使用跨链桥，这对用户来说很复杂，而且有潜在的风险。例如，几个跨链桥已经成为价值1亿多美元的漏洞的目标。
More importantly, the multi-chain world fragments composability and liquidity. Consider that Sushiswap is currently implemented on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Avalanche, Polygon, and Arbitrum. Where Sushiswap’s liquidity was once concentrated on one network (Ethereum), it’s now spread across five different networks.
更重要的是，多链世界分割了可组合性和流动性。考虑到Sushiswap目前在以太坊、Binance智能链、Avalanche、Polygon和Arbitrum上实施。Sushiswap的流动性曾经集中在一个网络上（以太坊），现在却分散在五个不同的网络上。
Ethereum applications have long benefited from composability — i.e. Sushiswap on Ethereum is plug-and-play with other Ethereum apps like Aave or Compound. As applications spread out to new networks, an application implemented on one layer 1/sidechain/layer 2 is no longer composable with apps implemented on another, limiting usability and creating challenges for users and developers.
长期以来，以太坊应用程序一直受益于可组合性，例如以太坊上的Sushiswap与其他以太坊应用程序如Aave或Compound的“plug-and-play”。随着应用程序扩展到新的网络，Layer1/侧链/Layer2上的这三者之间的应用组合在一起（比如layer2应用与layer2应用的组组合，侧链应用和侧链应用的组合），限制了可用性，给用户和开发人员带来了挑战。
Will new layer 1s like Avalanche or Solana continue to grow to compete with Ethereum? Will blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos or Polkadot proliferate? Will sidechains continue to run in harmony with Ethereum, taking on its excess capacity? Or will rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 win out? No one can say for sure.
像Avalanche或Solana这样的新Layer1会不会继续发展，与以太坊竞争？像Cosmos或Polkadot这样的区块链生态系统会不会激增？侧链是否会继续与以太坊和谐运行，承担其多余的能力？还是与以太坊2.0结合的rollups 会胜出？没有人可以肯定地说。
While the future is uncertain, everyone can take solace in the knowledge that there are so many smart teams dedicated to tackling the most challenging problems that open, permissionless networks face. Just as broadband ultimately helped the internet support a host of revolutionary applications like YouTube and Uber, we believe that we’ll eventually look at the winning scaling solutions in the same light.
虽然未来是不确定的，但每个人都可以感到安慰，因为有这么多聪明的团队致力于解决开放、无权限网络，所面临的最具挑战性的问题。正如宽带最终帮助互联网支持了YouTube和Uber等一系列革命性的应用一样，我们相信，我们最终会以同样的眼光来看待获胜的扩展解决方案。
This post focuses on scaling smart-contract based blockchains. Bitcoin scaling is best saved for a future post.
这篇文章主要讨论基于智能合约的区块链的扩展。比特币的扩展最好留到以后的文章中。
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The following article is reprinted from the Coinbase Ventures media column“Around the Block”, and shared by web3china in English and Chinese.
以下文章转载于Coinbase Ventures 媒体专栏“Around the Block“ ，由 web3china 以中英文分享。
原文标题：《Scaling Ethereum & crypto for a billion users》
原文链接🔗：
https://blog.coinbase.com/scaling-ethereum-crypto-for-a-billion-users-715ce15afc0b
web3china官方推特：
👋Welcome to web3
Around the Block from Coinbase Ventures sheds light on key trends in crypto. Written by Justin Mart & Connor Dempsey.
Coinbase Ventures的《Around the Block》揭示了加密货币的主要趋势。作者：Justin Mart & Connor Dempsey。
As of late 2021, Ethereum has grown to support thousands of applications from decentralized finance, NFTs, gaming and more. The entire network settles trillions of dollars in transactions annually, with over $170 billion locked on the platform.
到 2021 年底，以太坊已经发展到可以支持数千个应用程序，其中包括DeFi、NFT、游戏等领域。整个网络每年已结算数万亿美元的交易，已经超过 1700 亿美元被锁定在平台上。
But as the saying goes, more money, more problems. Ethereum’s decentralized design ends up limiting the amount of transactions it can process to just 15 per second. Since Ethereum’s popularity far exceeds 15 transactions per second, the result is long waits and fees as high as $200 per transaction. Ultimately, this prices out many users and limits the types of applications Ethereum can handle today.
但俗话说，有钱人烦恼多。以太坊的去中心化设计，以及每秒钟只有15笔交易最终限制了它能处理的交易量。同时由于以太坊的受欢迎程度远远使得系统超过了每秒15笔交易频率，这导致了漫长的等待和每笔交易高达200美元的费用。最终，这使许多用户失去了机会，并限制了以太坊目前可以处理的应用类型。
If smart-contract based blockchains are to ever grow to support finance and Web 3 applications for billions of users, scaling solutions are needed. Thankfully, the cavalry is beginning to arrive, with many proposed solutions coming online recently.
如果基于智能合约开发的区块链要发展到支持数十亿用户的金融和Web 3应用发展，就需要有扩展的解决方案。值得庆幸的是，救火骑兵队正在开始到来，最近有许多拟议的解决方案上线了。
In this edition of Around The Block, we explore the crypto world’s collective quest to scale.*
在这一期的《Around The Block》中，将探讨加密货币世界对扩展的集体诉求。
The goal is to increase the number of transactions that openly accessible smart contract platforms can handle, while retaining sufficient decentralization. Remember, it would be trivial to scale smart contract platforms through a centralized solution managed by a single entity (Visa can handle 45,000 transactions per second), but then we’d be right back to where we started: a world owned by a handful of powerful centralized actors.
我们的最终目的是增加可公开访问的智能合约平台所能处理的交易数量，同时保留足够的去中心化。请记住，通过一个由单一实体管理的中心化解决方案来扩展智能合约平台这还远远不够（Visa可以每秒处理45,000笔交易），但那样我们就会回到我们开始的地方：一个由少数强大的中心化参与者拥有的世界。
The approaches being taken to fix this problem come twofold: (1) build brand new networks competitive to Ethereum that can handle more activity, or (2) build complementary networks that can handle Ethereum’s excess capacity.
解决这个问题的方法有两个：(1) 建立与以太坊竞争的全新网络，可以处理更多的活动； (2) 建立可以处理以太坊过剩容量的互补网络。
Broadly, they break out across a few categories:
大体上，它们分为几个类别。
Layer 1 blockchains (competitive to Ethereum)
1层区块链（与以太坊竞争）
Sidechains (somewhat complementary to Ethereum)
侧链（与以太坊有一定的互补性）
Layer 2 networks (complementary to Ethereum)
二层网络（对以太坊的补充）
While each differs in architecture and approach, the goal is the same: let users actually use the networks (eg, interact with DeFi, NFTs, etc) without paying exorbitant fees or experiencing long wait times.
虽然每一种都有不同的架构和方法，但目标是相同的：让用户实际使用网络（例如，与DeFi、NFT等互动），而无需支付高昂的费用或经历漫长的等待时间。（便宜且实惠）
Ethereum is considered a layer 1 blockchain — an independent network that secures user funds and executes transactions all in one place. Want to swap 100 USDC for DAI using a DeFi application like Uniswap? Ethereum is where it all happens.
以太坊被认为是一层区块链—— 一个独立的网络，在一个地方保障用户资金和执行交易。想使用像Uniswap这样的DeFi应用程序将100美元换成DAI吗？以太坊就是让这一切发生的地方。
Competing layer 1s do everything Ethereum does, but in a brand new network, soup to nuts. They’re differentiated by new system designs that enable higher throughput, leading to lower transaction fees, but usually at the cost of increased centralization.
与之竞争的一层网络做了以太坊的一切，但在一个全新的网络中，从头到尾。它们的区别在于新的系统设计，能够实现更高的吞吐量，从而降低交易费用，但通常是以增加中心化为代价实现的。
New layer 1s have come online in droves over the last 10 months, with the aggregate value on these networks rocketing from $0 to ~$75B over the same time period. This field is currently led by Solana, Avalanche, Terra, and Binance Smart Chain, each with growing ecosystems that have reached over $10 billion in value.
在过去的10个月里，新的一层网络已经纷纷上线，这些网络的总价值在同一时期内从0美元飙升至约750亿美元。这个领域目前由Solana、Avalanche、Terra和Binance Smart Chain领导，每个生态系统都在不断增长，其价值已经达到100亿美元以上。
All layer 1s are in competition to attract both developers and users. Doing so without any of Ethereum’s tooling and infrastructure that make it easy to build and use applications, is difficult. To bridge this gap, many layer 1s employ a tactic called EVM compatibility.
所有一层网络都在竞争，以吸引开发者和用户。如果没有类似以太坊的工具和基础设施，使其易于构建和使用应用程序，生态发展将会是很困难的。为了弥补这一差距，许多一层网络采用了一种称为EVM兼容性的策略。
EVM stands for the Ethereum Virtual Machine, and it’s essentially the brain that performs computation to make transactions happen. By making their networks compatible with the EVM, Ethereum developers can easily deploy their existing Ethereum applications to a new layer 1 by essentially copying and pasting their code. Users can also easily access EVM compatible layer 1s with their existing wallets, making it simple for them to migrate.
EVM是以太坊虚拟机的缩写，它本质上是以太坊执行计算并实现交易的大脑。通过使一层网络与以太坊的EVM兼容，以太坊开发者可以通过复制和粘贴他们的代码，轻松将他们现有的以太坊应用程序部署到新的一层网络。用户也可以用他们现有的钱包轻松访问EVM兼容的一层网络，使他们的迁移变得简单。
Take Binance Smart Chain (BSC) as an example. By launching an EVM compatible network and tweaking the consensus design to enable higher throughput and cheaper transactions, BSC saw usage explode last summer across dozens of DeFi applications all resembling popular Ethereum apps like Uniswap and Curve. Avalanche, Fantom, Tron, and Celo have also taken the same approach.
以Binance智能链（BSC）为例。通过推出EVM兼容网络和调整共识设计以实现更高的吞吐量和更便宜的交易，BSC去年夏天在几十个DeFi应用中发生了使用量的爆炸性增长，这些应用都类似于Uniswap和Curve等在以太坊上流行的应用。Avalanche、Fantom、Tron和Celo也采取了同样的方法。
Conversely, Terra and Solana do not currently support EVM compatibility.
相反，Terra和Solana目前不支持EVM兼容性。
In a slightly different layer 1 bucket are blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos and Polkadot. Rather than build new stand-alone blockchains, these projects built standards that let developers create application specific blockchains capable of talking to each other. This can allow, for example, tokens from a gaming blockchain to be used within applications built on a separate blockchain for social networking.
在有像Cosmos和Polkadot这样的稍微不同的一层网络中。它们是没有建立新的独立的区块链，而是建立了新的标准，让开发者创建能够相互连接的特定应用区块链。例如，将使来自游戏的代币用于偏向于社交网络的独立区块链网络。
There is currently over $100B+ sitting on chains built using Cosmos’ standard that can eventually interoperate. Meanwhile, Polkadot recently reached a milestone that will similarly unite its ecosystem of blockchains.
目前，使用 Cosmos 标准构建的，在生态内可以互操作的链上资产超过了 100B 美元。与此同时，Polkadot 最近也达到了一个里程碑，同样将统一其区块链生态系统。
In short, there’s now a diverse landscape of direct Ethereum competitors, with more on the way.
简而言之，现在以太坊的直接竞争对手呈现出多样化的格局，而且未来还会有更多。
The distinction between sidechains and new layer 1s is admittedly a fuzzy one. Sidechains are very similar to EVM-compatible layer 1s, except that they’ve been purpose built to handle Ethereum’s excess capacity, rather than compete with Ethereum as a whole. These ecosystems are closely aligned with the Ethereum community and host Ethereum apps in a complementary fashion.
侧链和新的一层网络之间的区别有一个一个模糊的边界。侧链与兼容以太坊EVM的一层网络非常相似，只是它们是为了处理以太坊的额外的交易量而建立的，而不是与整个以太坊竞争。这些生态系统与以太坊社区紧密结合，以互补的方式承载以太坊生态。
Axie Infinity’s Ronin sidechain is a prime example. Axie Infinity is an NFT game originally built on Ethereum. Since Ethereum fees made playing the game prohibitively expensive, the Ronin sidechain was built to allow users to move their NFTs and tokens from Ethereum to a low fee environment. This made the game affordable to more users, and preceded an explosion in the game’s popularity.
Axie Infinity的Ronin侧链就是一个典型的例子。Axie Infinity是一个最初建立在Ethereum上的NFT游戏。由于以太坊的gas费让玩游戏的人望而却步，Ronin侧链的建立是为了让用户将他们的NFT和代币从以太坊转移到一个低gas费的环境。使得更多的用户能够负担得起这个游戏，并且在游戏的流行之前就已经爆发了。
As of this writing, users have moved over $7.5B from Ethereum to Ronin to play Axie Infinity.
截至原作者写稿时（11月23日），用户已经从以太坊转移了超过75亿美元到Robin来玩Axie Infinity。目前为243亿美元。
Where sidechains like Ronin are application specific, others are suited for more general purpose applications. Right now, Polygon’s proof-of-stake (POS) sidechain is the industry leader with nearly $5B in value deployed over 100 DeFi and gaming applications including familiar names like Aave and Sushiswap, as well as a Uniswap clone called Quickswap.
像Ronin这样的侧链是应用于专属应用，而其他侧链则适合于更多的应用场景。目前，Polygon的POS机制侧链是行业领导者，其价值近50亿美元，部署了100多个DeFi和游戏应用，包括Aave和Sushiswap等熟悉的名字，以及名为Quickswap和Uniswap相似的应用。
Again, Polygon POS really doesn’t look that different from an EVM compatible layer-1. However, it’s been built as part of a framework to scale Ethereum rather than compete with it. The Polygon team sees a future where Ethereum remains the dominant blockchain for high value transactions and value storage, while everyday transactions move to Polygon’s lower-cost blockchains. (Polygon POS also maintains a special relationship with Ethereum through a process known as checkpointing).
同样，Polygon的POS机制看起来真的与EVM兼容的一层网络没有什么不同。然而，它是作为扩展以太坊框架的一部分而建立的，而不是与它竞争。Polygon团队认为，在未来，以太坊仍然是高价值交易和价值存储的主导，而日常交易则转移到Polygon的低成本区块链上。(Polygon POS也通过一个被称为验证点的过程与以太坊保持特殊关系）。
With transaction fees of less than a penny, Polygon’s vision of the future looks plausible. And with the help of incentive programs, users have flocked to Polygon POS with daily transactions surpassing Ethereum (though spam transactions inflate this number).
由于交易费用花费可以忽略不计，Polygon对未来的设想看起来很有道理。在激励计划的帮助下，用户纷纷涌向Polygon的POS，每天的交易量超过了以太坊（尽管有些垃圾交易使这个数字膨胀）。
Layer 1s and sidechains both have a distinct challenge: securing their blockchains. To do so, they must pay a new cohort of miners or proof of stake validators to verify and secure transactions, usually in the form of inflation from a base token (e.g. Polygon’s $MATIC, Avalanche’s $AVAX).
一层网络和侧链都有一个明显的挑战：如何确保其区块链的安全。为了做到这一点，他们必须支付新一批矿工或Pos 验证人，以验证和确保交易正常，通常是以产出基础代币（如Polygon的$MATIC，Avalanche的$AVAX）的激励形式。
However, this brings notable downsides:
然而，这带来了显着的缺点：
Having a base token naturally makes your ecosystem more competitive rather than complementary to Ethereum
拥有基础代币自然会使您的生态系统更具竞争力，而不是与以太坊互补
Validating and securing transactions is a complex and challenging task that your network is responsible for indefinitely
验证和保护交易是一项复杂且具有挑战性的任务，您的网络将始终为其负责
Wouldn’t it be nice if we could create scalable ecosystems that borrowed from Ethereum’s security? Enter layer 2 networks, and “rollups” in particular. In a nutshell, layer 2s are independent ecosystems that sit on top of Ethereum in such a way that relies on Ethereum for security.
如果我们能够创建可扩展的生态系统，借用以太坊的安全性，那不是很好吗？（没错）进入二层网络，尤其是用 "rollups"技术实现。简而言之，二层网络是独立的生态系统，它位于以太坊之上，以这种方式依赖以太坊的安全。
Critically, this means that layer 2s do not need to have a native token — so not only are they more complementary to Ethereum, they are essentially part of Ethereum. The Ethereum roadmap even pays homage to this idea by signaling that Ethereum 2.0 will be “rollup centric.”
关键是，这意味着第2层不需要有原生代币——所以它们不仅是对以太坊的补充，本质上是以太坊的一部分。以太坊路线图甚至向这个想法致敬，表示以太坊2.0将 "以rollup 为中心"。
Layer 2s are commonly called rollups because they “rollup” or bundle transactions together and execute them in a new environment, before sending the updated transaction data back to Ethereum. Rather than have the Ethereum network process 1,000 Uniswap transactions individually (expensive!), the computation is offloaded on a layer 2 rollup before submitting the results back to Ethereum (cheap!).
二层网络通常被称为Rollup，因为它们将交易 "卷起来 "或“捆绑”在一起，并在新的环境中执行，然后再将更新的交易数据送回以太坊。与其让以太坊网络单独处理1,000个Uniswap交易（昂贵！），不如在将结果提交给以太坊之前将计算堆叠在Rollup上处理**（便宜！）**。
However, when results are posted back to Ethereum, how does Ethereum know that the data is correct and valid? And how can Ethereum prevent anyone from posting incorrect information? These are critical questions that differentiate the two types of rollups: Optimistic rollups, and Zero Knowledge rollups (ZK rollups).
然而，当结果被发送回以太坊时，以太坊如何知道这些数据是正确和有效的？以及以太坊如何防止任何人发布不正确的信息？这些都是区分两类Roollup的关键问题。Optimistic rollups，和 ZK rollups 。
When submitting results back to Ethereum, optimistic rollups “optimistically” assume that they’re valid. In other words, they let the operators of the rollup post any data they want (including potentially incorrect / fraudulent data), and just assume it’s correct — an optimistic outlook no doubt! But there are ways to fight fraud. As a check and balance, there is a window of time after any withdrawal where anyone watching can call out fraud (remember blockchains are transparent, anyone can watch what’s happening). In the event that one of these watchers can mathematically prove that fraud occurred (by submitting a fraud proof), the rollup reverts any fraudulent transactions and penalizes the bad actor and rewards the watcher (a clever incentive system!).
当提交结果回以太坊时，optimistic rollups **"乐观地 "**假设它们是有效的。换句话说，他们rollup他们想要的任何数据（包括潜在的不正确/欺诈性数据），并只是假设它是正确的 - 一个乐观的前景毫无疑问！这是对的。同时，有一些方法可以打击欺诈。作为一种检查和平衡的方法，在任何提款后有一个时间窗口，任何观察者都可以检查出欺诈行为（记住区块链是透明的，任何人都可以在链上观察正在发生的事情）。如果这些观察者之一能够从数学上证明发生了欺诈行为（通过提交欺诈证明），链上rollup任何欺诈性交易，并惩罚不良行为者，奖励观察者（一个聪明的激励系统！）。
（译者注：如果欺诈者也是观察者呢？）
The drawback is a brief delay when you move funds between the rollup and Ethereum, waiting to see if any watchers catch any fraud. In some cases this can be up to a week, but we expect these delays to come down over time.
缺点是当你在rollup和以太坊之间移动资金时，会有短暂的延迟需要等待看是否有观察者发现任何欺诈。在某些情况下，这可能长达一个星期，但我们预计这些延迟会随着时间的推移而减少。
The key point is that optimistic rollups are intrinsically tied to Ethereum and ready to help Ethereum scale today. Accordingly, we’ve seen strong nascent growth with many leading DeFi projects moving to the leading optimistic rollups — Arbitrum and Optimistic Ethereum.
关键的一点是，optimistic rollup与以太坊有着内在的联系，并准备好帮助以太坊在今天进行扩展。因此，我们已经看到了强劲的新生增长，许多领先的DeFi项目都转移到了领先的optimistic rollup——Arbitrum和的Optimistic Ethereum 。
Arbitrum (by Off-chain Labs) and Optimistic Ethereum (by Optimism) are the two main projects implementing optimistic rollups today. Notably, both are still in their early stages, with both companies maintaining levels of centralized control but with plans to decentralize over time.
Arbitrum（由Off-chain Labs负责）和Optimistic Ethereum（由Optimism负责）是目前采用optimistic rollups技术的两个主要项目。值得注意的是，这两个项目仍处于早期阶段，两家公司都保持着中心化运营，但计划随着时间的推移将逐步去中心化。
It’s estimated that once mature, optimistic rollups can offer anywhere from a 10–100x improvement in scalability. Even in their early days, DeFi applications on Arbitrum and Optimism have already accrued billions in network value.
据估计，一旦成熟， optimistic rollups可以提供以太坊10-100倍的可扩展性的改进。即使在早期，Arbitrum和Optimism上的DeFi应用已经积累了数十亿的网络价值。
Optimism is earlier in its adoption curve with over $300M in TVL deployed across 7 DeFi applications, most notably Uniswap, Synthetix, and 1inch.
Optimism在其采用曲线的早期，已在7个DeFi应用中部署了超过3亿美元的TVL，最引人注目的是Uniswap、Synthetix和1inch。
Arbitrum is further along, with around $2.5B in TVL across 60+ applications including familiar DeFi protocols like Curve, Sushiswap, and Balancer.
Arbitrum更进一步，在60多个应用中拥有大约25亿美元的TVL，包括熟悉的DeFi协议，如Curve、Sushiswap和Balancer。
Arbitrum has also been selected as Reddit’s scaling solution of choice for their long awaited efforts to tokenize community points for the social media platform’s 500 million monthly active users.
Arbitrum也被选为Reddit的扩展解决方案，用于他们期待已久的为社交媒体平台的5亿月度活跃用户代币化社区积分的工作。
Where optimistic rollups assume the transactions are valid and leave room for others to prove fraud, ZK rollups do the work of actually proving to the Ethereum network that transactions are valid.
optimistic rollups假设交易是有效的，并为其他人证明欺诈留下了空间，而ZK rollups做的工作是向以太坊网络实际证明交易是有效的。
Along with the results of the bundled transactions, they submit what’s called a validity proof to an Ethereum smart contract. As the name suggests, validity proofs let the Ethereum network verify that the transactions are valid, making it impossible for the relayer to cheat the system. This eliminates the need for a fraud proof window, so moving funds between Ethereum and ZK-rollups is effectively instant.
与捆绑交易的结果一起，他们向以太坊智能合约提交所谓的有效性证明。顾名思义，有效性证明让以太坊网络验证此交易是否有效，使中继节点不可能欺骗系统。这消除了对欺诈证明窗口等待期的需求，因此在以太坊和ZK-rollups之间移动资金实际上是即时的。
While instant settlement and no withdrawal times sound great, ZK rollups are not without tradeoffs. First, generating validity proofs is computationally intensive, so you need high powered machines to make them work. Second, the complexity surrounding validity proofs makes it more difficult to support EVM compatibility, limiting the types of smart contracts that can be deployed to ZK-rollups. As such, optimistic rollups have been first to market and are more capable of addressing Ethereum’s scaling woes today, but ZK-rollups may become a better technical solution in the long run.
虽然即时结算和没有提款时间听起来很好，但ZK rollups并不是没有代价的。首先，生成有效性证明是计算密集型的工作，所以你需要高功率的机器来使其工作。其次，围绕有效性证明的复杂性使得支持EVM兼容性更加困难，限制了可以部署到ZK-rollups的智能合约类型。因此，optimistic rollups已经率先进入市场，并且更有能力解决以太坊今天的扩展困境，但从长远来看，ZK rollups可能成为一个更好的技术解决方案。
The ZK rollup landscape runs deep, with multiple teams and implementations in the works and in production. Some prominent players include Starkware, Matter Labs, Hermez, and Aztec. Today, ZK-rollups mainly support relatively simple applications such as payments or exchanges (owing to limitations on what types of applications ZK-rollups can support today). For example, derivatives exchange dYdX employs a ZK rollup solution from Starkware (StarkEx) to support nearly 5 million weekly transactions and $1B+ in TVL.
ZK rollup的发展前景非常广阔，有多个团队和实施方案在进行中。一些突出的参与者包括Starkware、Matter Labs、Hermez和Aztec等。今天，ZK-rollups主要支持相对简单的应用，如支付或交换（受限于ZK-rollups今天能支持的应用类型）。例如，衍生品交易所dYdX采用了Starkware（StarkEx）的ZK rollup解决方案，支持每周近500万笔交易和10多亿美元的TVL。
The real prize however, is ZK rollup solutions that are fully EVM compatible and thus capable of supporting popular general applications (like the full suite of DeFi apps) without the withdrawal delays of optimistic rollups. The main players in this realm are MatterLab’s zkSync 2.0, Starkware’s Starknet, Polygon Hermez’s zkEVM, and Polygon Miden, which are all currently working towards mainnet launch. (Aztec, meanwhile, is focused on applying zk proofs to privacy).
然而，真正的获胜者是与EVM完全兼容的ZK rollup解决方案，它能够支持流行的一般应用（如DeFi的全套应用），而没有optimistic rollups的退出资金等待期。这一领域的主要参与者包括MatterLab的zkSync 2.0、Starkware的Starknet、Polygon Hermez的zkEVM和Polygon Miden，它们目前都在努力实现主网启动。(与此同时，Aztec专注于将zk证明机制应用于隐私）。
Many in the industry (Vitalik included) are looking at ZK rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 as the long term solution to scaling Ethereum, mainly stemming from their ability to fundamentally handle hundreds of thousands of transactions per second without compromising on security or decentralization.The upcoming rollouts of fully EVM compatible ZK rollups will be one of the key things to watch as the quest to scale Ethereum progresses.
许多业内人士（包括 Vitalik）正在将 ZK rollup与以太坊 2.0 结合作为扩展以太坊的长期解决方案，主要是因为它们能够从根本上每秒处理数十万笔交易，而不会影响安全性或去中心化。即将推出的完全兼容 以太坊EVM 的 ZK rollup将是随着扩展以太坊的努力取得进展而需要关注的关键事项之一。
In the long run, these scaling solutions are necessary if smart contract platforms are to scale to billions of users. In the near term, these solutions, however, may present significant challenges for users and crypto operators alike. Navigating from Ethereum to these networks requires using cross-chain bridges, which is complex for users and carries latent risk. For example, several cross-chain bridges have already been the target of $100+ million dollar exploits.
从长远来看，如果智能合约平台要扩展到数十亿用户，这些扩展解决方案是必要的。然而，在短期内，这些解决方案可能会给用户和加密货币运营者带来重大挑战。从以太坊跨链到这些网络需要使用跨链桥，这对用户来说很复杂，而且有潜在的风险。例如，几个跨链桥已经成为价值1亿多美元的漏洞的目标。
More importantly, the multi-chain world fragments composability and liquidity. Consider that Sushiswap is currently implemented on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Avalanche, Polygon, and Arbitrum. Where Sushiswap’s liquidity was once concentrated on one network (Ethereum), it’s now spread across five different networks.
更重要的是，多链世界分割了可组合性和流动性。考虑到Sushiswap目前在以太坊、Binance智能链、Avalanche、Polygon和Arbitrum上实施。Sushiswap的流动性曾经集中在一个网络上（以太坊），现在却分散在五个不同的网络上。
Ethereum applications have long benefited from composability — i.e. Sushiswap on Ethereum is plug-and-play with other Ethereum apps like Aave or Compound. As applications spread out to new networks, an application implemented on one layer 1/sidechain/layer 2 is no longer composable with apps implemented on another, limiting usability and creating challenges for users and developers.
长期以来，以太坊应用程序一直受益于可组合性，例如以太坊上的Sushiswap与其他以太坊应用程序如Aave或Compound的“plug-and-play”。随着应用程序扩展到新的网络，Layer1/侧链/Layer2上的这三者之间的应用组合在一起（比如layer2应用与layer2应用的组组合，侧链应用和侧链应用的组合），限制了可用性，给用户和开发人员带来了挑战。
Will new layer 1s like Avalanche or Solana continue to grow to compete with Ethereum? Will blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos or Polkadot proliferate? Will sidechains continue to run in harmony with Ethereum, taking on its excess capacity? Or will rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 win out? No one can say for sure.
像Avalanche或Solana这样的新Layer1会不会继续发展，与以太坊竞争？像Cosmos或Polkadot这样的区块链生态系统会不会激增？侧链是否会继续与以太坊和谐运行，承担其多余的能力？还是与以太坊2.0结合的rollups 会胜出？没有人可以肯定地说。
While the future is uncertain, everyone can take solace in the knowledge that there are so many smart teams dedicated to tackling the most challenging problems that open, permissionless networks face. Just as broadband ultimately helped the internet support a host of revolutionary applications like YouTube and Uber, we believe that we’ll eventually look at the winning scaling solutions in the same light.
虽然未来是不确定的，但每个人都可以感到安慰，因为有这么多聪明的团队致力于解决开放、无权限网络，所面临的最具挑战性的问题。正如宽带最终帮助互联网支持了YouTube和Uber等一系列革命性的应用一样，我们相信，我们最终会以同样的眼光来看待获胜的扩展解决方案。
This post focuses on scaling smart-contract based blockchains. Bitcoin scaling is best saved for a future post.
这篇文章主要讨论基于智能合约的区块链的扩展。比特币的扩展最好留到以后的文章中。
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