Games are the best way to realize mass adoption and user transitioning onto Web3 and game platforms can help accelerate this process.

Most web3 Games we see today are selling to the crypto audience, where they are using chains as user acquisitions. These games are evaluating cross-chain, and multi-chain to increase the audience size because otherwise games and metaverses will miss out on a huge opportunity by focusing on one chain or even essentially by focusing on crypto audiences only. We want games to be able to extend and reach the mass market.

Currently, Account Abstraction (AA) is one of the most frequently discussed concepts in the blockchain ecosystem, as it is widely believed to be the mainstream solution for mass adoption, especially for games and gamers, Account abstraction represents a new paradigm that enables the programmability of blockchain accounts. Account Abstraction allows organizations to create tailored web3 experiences that streamline onboarding, enhance security, and promote retention, a combination known as the “holy trinity of usability.” With AA, we have the ability to adapt accounts to business logic needs, rather than forcing business logic to adapt to accounts.

Account abstraction is a concept where the details of an account, such as its balance and transaction history, are abstracted away from the underlying blockchain infrastructure. This allows developers to create more complex applications on top of the blockchain, such as games, without having to worry about the underlying technical details.

For games specifically, account abstraction can be used to create a seamless gaming experience where users can easily transfer in-game assets and currency without having to deal with the technical complexities of the blockchain. It also allows game developers to create more complex in-game economies that are fully interoperable with other blockchain-based applications.

Account abstraction can also enable new types of game mechanics, such as pay-to-win or play-to-earn models, where players can earn cryptocurrency or other digital assets by playing the game or achieving certain in-game goals.

Account abstraction can provide several value propositions for games, including:

1. Seamless user experience: Account abstraction can simplify the user experience by abstracting away the underlying blockchain infrastructure, making it easier for players to interact with the game without needing to know the technical details of the blockchain.

2. Secure asset storage: By using blockchain-based account abstraction, game developers can provide players with a secure way to store and transfer their in-game assets. This can help prevent fraud and theft, as well as provide players with greater control over their assets.

3. Interoperability: By using account abstraction, game developers can create in-game economies that are fully interoperable with other blockchain-based applications. This can provide players with greater flexibility in terms of how they use and trade their in-game assets.

4. Novel game mechanics: Account abstraction can enable new types of game mechanics, such as play-to-earn or pay-to-win models, where players can earn cryptocurrency or other digital assets by playing the game or achieving certain in-game goals.

5. Transparency: By using account abstraction, game developers can provide players with greater transparency over how in-game assets are generated and distributed. This can help build trust between players and the game developer, as well as increase transparency around the overall game economy.

There is a bunch of proof of concept models made by Starknet and ZKsync to modify ERC-4337 and solve some big challenges associated with scalability and cost through rollups but still have not completely solved the challenges.

The stateful AA model ERC-4337 has several significant drawbacks that have hindered Ethereum’s scalability while increasing gas fees and reducing flexibility and efficiency. These issues primarily arise from state bloat and execution bloat.

State bloat can lead to centralization, as only powerful machines can handle the complex execution of numerous transactions. It also poses a threat to privacy, as all users can see the entire state. Additionally, state bloat is not sustainable in the long term, as the state continually grows and becomes increasingly unwieldy.

Currently, in stateful account abstraction, the smart contract defines validity conditions that would have access to the chain’s state. This raises concerns since a condition that is true at one instance may not remain true at another instance, potentially resulting in a valid transaction at one moment becoming invalid later.

For instance, imagine executing a transaction at block 1000000, where a user operation is submitted to the mempool and considered valid at the time. However, when the bundler attempts to include it in the next block, it may be deemed invalid since the block number has increased. Such a scenario would necessitate the receiving node to expend resources validating an off-chain transaction, without being able to blacklist the sender due to its validity at the time of sending. While ERC-4337 has prohibited certain Opcode functions to mitigate this risk, this cannot be considered a viable long-term solution. Xtreamly’s Stateless model, on the contrary, offers a more viable alternative, as it eliminates the risk of changing validity conditions, which is monotonic in the state.

Moreover, according to Ethereum: ”ERC-4337 wallets face higher gas costs (~42000 gas for a basic ERC-4337 operation, compared to 21000 gas for a basic regular transaction) for a few reasons:

• Need to pay lots of individual storage read/write costs, which in the case of EOAs get bundled into a single 21000 gas payment:

• Editing the storage slot that contains pubkey+nonce (~5000)

• UserOperation calldata costs (~4500, reducible to ~2500 with compression)

• ECRECOVER (~3000)

• Warming the wallet itself (~2600)

• Warming the recipient account (~2600)

• Transferring ETH to the recipient account (~9000)

• Editing storage to pay fees (~5000)

• Access the storage slot containing the proxy (~2100) and then the proxy itself (~2600)

• On top of the above storage read/write costs, the contract needs to do “business logic” (unpacking the UserOperation, hashing it, shuffling variables, etc) that EOA transactions have handled “for free” by the Ethereum protocol

• Need to expend gas to pay for logs (EOAs don’t issue logs)

• One-time contract creation costs (~32000 base, plus 200 gas per code byte in the proxy, plus 20000 to set the proxy address)”

• Stateful AA fails to scale and can’t scale Ethereum. Stateful account abstraction bloats the state. The block producers execute all transactions in a block, this lead to block size bloat because the nodes need a full state to validate blocks.

• This leads to an Extra gas overhead: ~42k for a basic UserOperation compared to ~21k for a basic transaction.

• Slower performance and validation as a result of basic user operation overhead for nodes.

We believe Account Abstraction Needs:

1. Signature Abstraction

2. Gas Abstraction

3. Network Abstraction

4. Authentification Abstraction

In A More Efficient Way. Therefore Xtreamly aims to build a new account abstraction model to solve those challenges in a more efficient way.

for instance, In a traditional blockchain architecture, every node on the network stores a copy of the entire blockchain, including all the state information associated with each account. This can lead to scalability issues as the size of the blockchain grows over time. Fundamentally our proposed Stateless Account abstraction model for Ethereum reduces the amount of data that needs to be stored on the blockchain and allows

1. Gas Abstraction Without Mempools

2. Universal Authentification

3. Signature Abstraction

4. Replay Protection

5. High Security + Guarantee Of Anonymity

and at Infrastructure-Level

1. Ethereum Scaling

2. Faster And Lower Cost Operations

3. Unlimited Pluggability Across Smart Contracts

Our Stateless account abstraction tailored for Ethereum can be particularly useful for games, which often require a large number of transactions and can generate significant amounts of state data. By using stateless account abstraction, game developers can reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored on the blockchain, making it easier to scale the game and improve overall performance.

Games are the best way to realize mass adoption and user transitioning onto Web3 and game platforms can help accelerate this process.

Most web3 Games we see today are selling to the crypto audience, where they are using chains as user acquisitions. These games are evaluating cross-chain, and multi-chain to increase the audience size because otherwise games and metaverses will miss out on a huge opportunity by focusing on one chain or even essentially by focusing on crypto audiences only. We want games to be able to extend and reach the mass market.

Currently, Account Abstraction (AA) is one of the most frequently discussed concepts in the blockchain ecosystem, as it is widely believed to be the mainstream solution for mass adoption, especially for games and gamers, Account abstraction represents a new paradigm that enables the programmability of blockchain accounts. Account Abstraction allows organizations to create tailored web3 experiences that streamline onboarding, enhance security, and promote retention, a combination known as the “holy trinity of usability.” With AA, we have the ability to adapt accounts to business logic needs, rather than forcing business logic to adapt to accounts.

Account abstraction is a concept where the details of an account, such as its balance and transaction history, are abstracted away from the underlying blockchain infrastructure. This allows developers to create more complex applications on top of the blockchain, such as games, without having to worry about the underlying technical details.

For games specifically, account abstraction can be used to create a seamless gaming experience where users can easily transfer in-game assets and currency without having to deal with the technical complexities of the blockchain. It also allows game developers to create more complex in-game economies that are fully interoperable with other blockchain-based applications.

Account abstraction can also enable new types of game mechanics, such as pay-to-win or play-to-earn models, where players can earn cryptocurrency or other digital assets by playing the game or achieving certain in-game goals.

Account abstraction can provide several value propositions for games, including:

1. Seamless user experience: Account abstraction can simplify the user experience by abstracting away the underlying blockchain infrastructure, making it easier for players to interact with the game without needing to know the technical details of the blockchain.

2. Secure asset storage: By using blockchain-based account abstraction, game developers can provide players with a secure way to store and transfer their in-game assets. This can help prevent fraud and theft, as well as provide players with greater control over their assets.

3. Interoperability: By using account abstraction, game developers can create in-game economies that are fully interoperable with other blockchain-based applications. This can provide players with greater flexibility in terms of how they use and trade their in-game assets.

4. Novel game mechanics: Account abstraction can enable new types of game mechanics, such as play-to-earn or pay-to-win models, where players can earn cryptocurrency or other digital assets by playing the game or achieving certain in-game goals.

5. Transparency: By using account abstraction, game developers can provide players with greater transparency over how in-game assets are generated and distributed. This can help build trust between players and the game developer, as well as increase transparency around the overall game economy.

There is a bunch of proof of concept models made by Starknet and ZKsync to modify ERC-4337 and solve some big challenges associated with scalability and cost through rollups but still have not completely solved the challenges.

The stateful AA model ERC-4337 has several significant drawbacks that have hindered Ethereum’s scalability while increasing gas fees and reducing flexibility and efficiency. These issues primarily arise from state bloat and execution bloat.

State bloat can lead to centralization, as only powerful machines can handle the complex execution of numerous transactions. It also poses a threat to privacy, as all users can see the entire state. Additionally, state bloat is not sustainable in the long term, as the state continually grows and becomes increasingly unwieldy.

Currently, in stateful account abstraction, the smart contract defines validity conditions that would have access to the chain’s state. This raises concerns since a condition that is true at one instance may not remain true at another instance, potentially resulting in a valid transaction at one moment becoming invalid later.

For instance, imagine executing a transaction at block 1000000, where a user operation is submitted to the mempool and considered valid at the time. However, when the bundler attempts to include it in the next block, it may be deemed invalid since the block number has increased. Such a scenario would necessitate the receiving node to expend resources validating an off-chain transaction, without being able to blacklist the sender due to its validity at the time of sending. While ERC-4337 has prohibited certain Opcode functions to mitigate this risk, this cannot be considered a viable long-term solution. Xtreamly’s Stateless model, on the contrary, offers a more viable alternative, as it eliminates the risk of changing validity conditions, which is monotonic in the state.

Moreover, according to Ethereum: ”ERC-4337 wallets face higher gas costs (~42000 gas for a basic ERC-4337 operation, compared to 21000 gas for a basic regular transaction) for a few reasons:

• Need to pay lots of individual storage read/write costs, which in the case of EOAs get bundled into a single 21000 gas payment:

• Editing the storage slot that contains pubkey+nonce (~5000)

• UserOperation calldata costs (~4500, reducible to ~2500 with compression)

• ECRECOVER (~3000)

• Warming the wallet itself (~2600)

• Warming the recipient account (~2600)

• Transferring ETH to the recipient account (~9000)

• Editing storage to pay fees (~5000)

• Access the storage slot containing the proxy (~2100) and then the proxy itself (~2600)

• On top of the above storage read/write costs, the contract needs to do “business logic” (unpacking the UserOperation, hashing it, shuffling variables, etc) that EOA transactions have handled “for free” by the Ethereum protocol

• Need to expend gas to pay for logs (EOAs don’t issue logs)

• One-time contract creation costs (~32000 base, plus 200 gas per code byte in the proxy, plus 20000 to set the proxy address)”

• Stateful AA fails to scale and can’t scale Ethereum. Stateful account abstraction bloats the state. The block producers execute all transactions in a block, this lead to block size bloat because the nodes need a full state to validate blocks.

• This leads to an Extra gas overhead: ~42k for a basic UserOperation compared to ~21k for a basic transaction.

• Slower performance and validation as a result of basic user operation overhead for nodes.

We believe Account Abstraction Needs:

1. Signature Abstraction

2. Gas Abstraction

3. Network Abstraction

4. Authentification Abstraction

In A More Efficient Way. Therefore Xtreamly aims to build a new account abstraction model to solve those challenges in a more efficient way.

for instance, In a traditional blockchain architecture, every node on the network stores a copy of the entire blockchain, including all the state information associated with each account. This can lead to scalability issues as the size of the blockchain grows over time. Fundamentally our proposed Stateless Account abstraction model for Ethereum reduces the amount of data that needs to be stored on the blockchain and allows

1. Gas Abstraction Without Mempools

2. Universal Authentification

3. Signature Abstraction

4. Replay Protection

5. High Security + Guarantee Of Anonymity

and at Infrastructure-Level

1. Ethereum Scaling

2. Faster And Lower Cost Operations

3. Unlimited Pluggability Across Smart Contracts

Our Stateless account abstraction tailored for Ethereum can be particularly useful for games, which often require a large number of transactions and can generate significant amounts of state data. By using stateless account abstraction, game developers can reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored on the blockchain, making it easier to scale the game and improve overall performance.