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DeepSeek Innovation and Endogenous Dilemmas: Navigating Crypto in the Fog
DeepSeek's success has proven to us that innovation remains the most effective path to break through seemingly insurmountable challenges.
Why AI is DeFi’s Next Milestone?
As DeFi expands in scale and complexity, AI-driven "Agentic Finance" is becoming a key direction to lower the barrier of entry for users. This article systematically analyzes the current development and core challenges of two types of intelligent agents: Co-pilot Agents Platforms like &milo, The Hive, and Meridian assist users with investment decisions, asset rebalancing, and more through natural language processing. However, they still face issues such as execution errors, data latency, and ...
New Game on the Field: Can Prediction Markets Shake the Deep Water of U.S. Sports Business?
1. Booming Market: Kalshi & Polymarket October 2025 trading volume on the two largest U.S. prediction-market venues jumped more than 90 % month-over-month, with sports contracts driving the spike. Polymarket is raising a new round that would value the firm at USD 12-15 B, while Kalshi was last priced at roughly USD 2 B. Both platforms now treat sports as their core growth engine. --- 2. First Mover: NHL Signs Official Data Deal The National Hockey League became the first “Big-Four” league to ...
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Succinct, a top ZK project that has raised $55 million in funding led by Paradigm in two rounds, boasts its flagship product SP1, currently the fastest zkVM.
This top ZK project's core offering is SP1, the fastest zkVM available today.
• Leading Performance: Offers up to 28 times faster proving speeds compared to other zkVMs, with costs reduced to a fraction.
• Rust Support for ZKP: Enables developers to write ZKPs in Rust (or any language supporting LLVM compilation), reusing existing codebases and boosting development efficiency by 100 times.
• Production-Ready Use Cases: Passed top-tier audits and adopted by major projects like Polygon and Celestia.
I. What is SP1?
SP1 is a universal Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) that allows developers to write regular code in Rust (or any language supporting LLVM compilation) to generate efficient zero-knowledge proofs for verifying the correct execution of programs.
A Brief Analysis of Succinct SP1: The Fastest zkVM
In simple terms, SP1 enables developers to rapidly build cryptographically secure verifiable computing applications using familiar programming languages, without needing to delve deeply into complex cryptographic theories.
SP1's core innovation lies in significantly lowering the development threshold for zero-knowledge proofs while maintaining top-tier performance and flexibility. It makes writing ZKPs as easy as writing regular software, allowing blockchain infrastructures (such as Rollups, cross-chain bridges, oracles, etc.) to achieve verifiability through maintainable code.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can prove the correctness of a computation without revealing any input data. This capability has countless applications in blockchain:
• Scaling: Through Rollups, ZKPs can compress numerous transactions into a single proof, significantly reducing the main chain's burden.
• Interoperability: ZKPs can verify states across different chains, facilitating cross-chain communication.
Succinct, a top ZK project that has raised $55 million in funding led by Paradigm in two rounds, boasts its flagship product SP1, currently the fastest zkVM.
This top ZK project's core offering is SP1, the fastest zkVM available today.
• Leading Performance: Offers up to 28 times faster proving speeds compared to other zkVMs, with costs reduced to a fraction.
• Rust Support for ZKP: Enables developers to write ZKPs in Rust (or any language supporting LLVM compilation), reusing existing codebases and boosting development efficiency by 100 times.
• Production-Ready Use Cases: Passed top-tier audits and adopted by major projects like Polygon and Celestia.
I. What is SP1?
SP1 is a universal Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) that allows developers to write regular code in Rust (or any language supporting LLVM compilation) to generate efficient zero-knowledge proofs for verifying the correct execution of programs.
A Brief Analysis of Succinct SP1: The Fastest zkVM
In simple terms, SP1 enables developers to rapidly build cryptographically secure verifiable computing applications using familiar programming languages, without needing to delve deeply into complex cryptographic theories.
SP1's core innovation lies in significantly lowering the development threshold for zero-knowledge proofs while maintaining top-tier performance and flexibility. It makes writing ZKPs as easy as writing regular software, allowing blockchain infrastructures (such as Rollups, cross-chain bridges, oracles, etc.) to achieve verifiability through maintainable code.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can prove the correctness of a computation without revealing any input data. This capability has countless applications in blockchain:
• Scaling: Through Rollups, ZKPs can compress numerous transactions into a single proof, significantly reducing the main chain's burden.
• Interoperability: ZKPs can verify states across different chains, facilitating cross-chain communication.
• Privacy: ZKPs ensure the privacy of transactions or states, protecting user data.
• Bridges and Oracles: ZKPs enable off-chain data or computations to be verified on-chain without trust.
However, the complexity of traditional ZKP development is notorious. It requires specialized cryptographic teams, years of development cycles, and high maintenance costs. SP1 has fundamentally changed this landscape.
II. Features of SP1
The Fastest and Most Powerful zkVM
SP1 is 4-28 times faster than other zkVMs on actual blockchain workloads (such as light client verification, Rollups, etc.), even rivaling manually optimized specialized circuits. Its latest version, SP1 Turbo (v4.0.0), can verify Ethereum mainnet blocks in just 40 seconds when running on GPU clusters, at a cost of just a few cents.
A Brief Analysis of Succinct SP1: The Fastest zkVM
Rust Support for ZKP
SP1 allows developers to write ZKP logic in Rust and directly reuse existing Rust ecosystem libraries (such as revm, reth, alloy, etc.).
Developers can take existing blockchain node code, make minor modifications, and generate ZKPs, eliminating the hassle of writing complex circuits from scratch.
Precompilation: The Secret Weapon for Performance
SP1 introduces a "precompilation" mechanism, highly optimizing common cryptographic operations (such as keccak, sha256, signature verification, etc.). These precompilations significantly reduce computational overhead, giving SP1 a significant boost in handling complex blockchain workloads. For example, SP1 runs the ZK Tendermint light client, reducing verification time from 2.2 hours to just 4.6 minutes.
100% Open Source and Secure Code
SP1 is 100% open source (MIT/Apache 2.0 licenses). Its modular architecture allows developers to customize precompilations and optimize performance for specific use cases. Unlike traditional closed-source zkVMs, SP1 embraces community contributions, attracting developers from teams like Polygon, Celestia, Sovereign Labs, etc., to collaboratively improve it.
Moreover, SP1 has undergone multiple audits by top ZK security companies and achieved an excellent score of "zero critical vulnerabilities" in public audit competitions.
High-Quality Partnerships
Polygon, Celestia, Avail, Taiko, and others have adopted Succinct's SP1 to build ZKPs, securing over $1 billion in on-chain assets (TVL). From Rollups to cross-chain bridges, oracles to privacy protocols, SP1 is becoming a standard in blockchain infrastructure.
III. Application Scenarios of SP1
SP1 has enabled numerous use cases in blockchain:
• Rollups: Building ZK Rollups with SP1 generates zero-knowledge proofs of state transitions, connecting to mainchains like Ethereum or Bitcoin, achieving high throughput and low costs. For example, OP Succinct uses SP1 to provide a production-grade proving engine for OP Stack.
• Cross-Chain Bridges: SP1 can verify Layer 1 consensus (such as Tendermint or Ethereum light clients), building secure and efficient cross-chain bridges. For instance, SP1 Blobstream verifies Celestia's data roots on Ethereum, while SP1 Vector relays Avail's Merkle roots to Ethereum.
• Interoperability: SP1 enables rapid determinism and interoperability between Rollups, supporting projects like Polygon's AggLayer.
• Oracles: SP1 supports large-scale off-chain computations (such as historical state queries, on-chain machine learning) and generates on-chain verifiable proofs, significantly reducing Gas costs.
• Privacy: SP1 can enable private transactions and states, protecting user data security.
• Aggregation: SP1 can aggregate similar ZKPs, further reducing on-chain verification costs, a direction being explored by projects like Nebra.
• Privacy: ZKPs ensure the privacy of transactions or states, protecting user data.
• Bridges and Oracles: ZKPs enable off-chain data or computations to be verified on-chain without trust.
However, the complexity of traditional ZKP development is notorious. It requires specialized cryptographic teams, years of development cycles, and high maintenance costs. SP1 has fundamentally changed this landscape.
II. Features of SP1
The Fastest and Most Powerful zkVM
SP1 is 4-28 times faster than other zkVMs on actual blockchain workloads (such as light client verification, Rollups, etc.), even rivaling manually optimized specialized circuits. Its latest version, SP1 Turbo (v4.0.0), can verify Ethereum mainnet blocks in just 40 seconds when running on GPU clusters, at a cost of just a few cents.
A Brief Analysis of Succinct SP1: The Fastest zkVM
Rust Support for ZKP
SP1 allows developers to write ZKP logic in Rust and directly reuse existing Rust ecosystem libraries (such as revm, reth, alloy, etc.).
Developers can take existing blockchain node code, make minor modifications, and generate ZKPs, eliminating the hassle of writing complex circuits from scratch.
Precompilation: The Secret Weapon for Performance
SP1 introduces a "precompilation" mechanism, highly optimizing common cryptographic operations (such as keccak, sha256, signature verification, etc.). These precompilations significantly reduce computational overhead, giving SP1 a significant boost in handling complex blockchain workloads. For example, SP1 runs the ZK Tendermint light client, reducing verification time from 2.2 hours to just 4.6 minutes.
100% Open Source and Secure Code
SP1 is 100% open source (MIT/Apache 2.0 licenses). Its modular architecture allows developers to customize precompilations and optimize performance for specific use cases. Unlike traditional closed-source zkVMs, SP1 embraces community contributions, attracting developers from teams like Polygon, Celestia, Sovereign Labs, etc., to collaboratively improve it.
Moreover, SP1 has undergone multiple audits by top ZK security companies and achieved an excellent score of "zero critical vulnerabilities" in public audit competitions.
High-Quality Partnerships
Polygon, Celestia, Avail, Taiko, and others have adopted Succinct's SP1 to build ZKPs, securing over $1 billion in on-chain assets (TVL). From Rollups to cross-chain bridges, oracles to privacy protocols, SP1 is becoming a standard in blockchain infrastructure.
III. Application Scenarios of SP1
SP1 has enabled numerous use cases in blockchain:
• Rollups: Building ZK Rollups with SP1 generates zero-knowledge proofs of state transitions, connecting to mainchains like Ethereum or Bitcoin, achieving high throughput and low costs. For example, OP Succinct uses SP1 to provide a production-grade proving engine for OP Stack.
• Cross-Chain Bridges: SP1 can verify Layer 1 consensus (such as Tendermint or Ethereum light clients), building secure and efficient cross-chain bridges. For instance, SP1 Blobstream verifies Celestia's data roots on Ethereum, while SP1 Vector relays Avail's Merkle roots to Ethereum.
• Interoperability: SP1 enables rapid determinism and interoperability between Rollups, supporting projects like Polygon's AggLayer.
• Oracles: SP1 supports large-scale off-chain computations (such as historical state queries, on-chain machine learning) and generates on-chain verifiable proofs, significantly reducing Gas costs.
• Privacy: SP1 can enable private transactions and states, protecting user data security.
• Aggregation: SP1 can aggregate similar ZKPs, further reducing on-chain verification costs, a direction being explored by projects like Nebra.
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