Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 15
💥 The Biggest Losses in Crypto History Several major events have caused massive financial damage, shaken investor confidence, and reshaped the crypto landscape. Here are some of the most notable ones: 🔥 1. Mt. Gox Hack (2014) Loss: ~850,000 BTC (worth billions of dollars today) What happened? At the time, Mt. Gox was the largest Bitcoin exchange. It was hacked and eventually went bankrupt. Impact: A huge blow to trust in Bitcoin. Prices plummeted. 🔥 2. Terra / LUNA Collapse (2022) Loss: Be...
Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 1
BTC vs ETH Inflation Bitcoin (BTC) Maximum supply: 21 million BTC Current supply increase: Bitcoin block rewards (new BTC issuance) halve approximately every 4 years (“halving”) Annual supply increase as of 2025: Around 1.7% Inflation trend: Decreasing over time because block rewards diminish. By around 2140, all BTC will be mined, and inflation will approach 0% Ethereum (ETH) Maximum supply: Unlimited (theoretically no upper limit) Supply increase: With Ethereum 2.0 and EIP-1559, a “burn mec...
Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 11
90% of “Flash Loan” attacks are not hacks in the technical sense, but rather actions carried out within the rules of the smart contract system itself. --- 📌 What does this mean? A flash loan allows users to borrow funds without collateral as long as the loan is borrowed and repaid within the same transaction block. The system prevents funds from being withdrawn before the transaction is completed. However, malicious actors can exploit this mechanism by manipulating price feeds or market dyna...
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Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 15
💥 The Biggest Losses in Crypto History Several major events have caused massive financial damage, shaken investor confidence, and reshaped the crypto landscape. Here are some of the most notable ones: 🔥 1. Mt. Gox Hack (2014) Loss: ~850,000 BTC (worth billions of dollars today) What happened? At the time, Mt. Gox was the largest Bitcoin exchange. It was hacked and eventually went bankrupt. Impact: A huge blow to trust in Bitcoin. Prices plummeted. 🔥 2. Terra / LUNA Collapse (2022) Loss: Be...
Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 1
BTC vs ETH Inflation Bitcoin (BTC) Maximum supply: 21 million BTC Current supply increase: Bitcoin block rewards (new BTC issuance) halve approximately every 4 years (“halving”) Annual supply increase as of 2025: Around 1.7% Inflation trend: Decreasing over time because block rewards diminish. By around 2140, all BTC will be mined, and inflation will approach 0% Ethereum (ETH) Maximum supply: Unlimited (theoretically no upper limit) Supply increase: With Ethereum 2.0 and EIP-1559, a “burn mec...
Information you need or don't need about web 3 - 11
90% of “Flash Loan” attacks are not hacks in the technical sense, but rather actions carried out within the rules of the smart contract system itself. --- 📌 What does this mean? A flash loan allows users to borrow funds without collateral as long as the loan is borrowed and repaid within the same transaction block. The system prevents funds from being withdrawn before the transaction is completed. However, malicious actors can exploit this mechanism by manipulating price feeds or market dyna...
📚 Blockchain Layers: What Are Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3?
Blockchain technology is built on a layered architecture that forms the foundation of decentralized applications (dApps). This structure can be examined through three main levels: Layer 1 (L1), Layer 2 (L2), and the more recent Layer 3 (L3).
In this article, we break down what each layer does, why it exists, and how they work together.
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🔹 Layer 1 (L1): The Base Layer
Layer 1 is the main blockchain network. It is responsible for consensus, security, and data integrity.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Has its own native token and protocol rules
Transactions are executed directly on this layer
Well-known examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche
L1 represents the fundamental infrastructure of a blockchain.
---
🔹 Layer 2 (L2): The Scaling Layer
Layer 2 solutions are built on top of L1 and aim to provide faster, cheaper transactions.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Inherits security from its Layer 1
Reduces the load on L1, improving scalability
Popular approaches: Rollups (zkRollups, Optimistic Rollups), State Channels, Plasma
📦 Examples: Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, StarkNet
⚙ L2 enables blockchains to support more users and applications without overwhelming the base layer.
---
🔹 Layer 3 (L3): The Application Layer
Layer 3 builds on top of Layer 2 and focuses on specific use cases. These are often specialized sub-chains or app-specific chains (AppChains) designed for gaming, social networks, or enterprise solutions.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Benefits from L2 speed and low transaction costs
Fits into a modular architecture: L1 security, L2 efficiency, L3 customization
Each L3 typically serves a single dApp or ecosystem
Examples:
zkSync Hyperchains (multiple L3s on a single L2)
AppChains built on StarkNet
Lens Protocol (social layer)
L3s play a crucial role in enabling mass adoption in Web3.
---
Conclusion
Layer 3 is not just a technical upgrade—it’s a necessary step toward the full realization of the Web3 vision.
In the future, games, social platforms, and financial applications are expected to run on L3 chains.
As modular blockchain architecture continues to evolve, understanding these layers means understanding the future of the internet.
📚 Blockchain Layers: What Are Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3?
Blockchain technology is built on a layered architecture that forms the foundation of decentralized applications (dApps). This structure can be examined through three main levels: Layer 1 (L1), Layer 2 (L2), and the more recent Layer 3 (L3).
In this article, we break down what each layer does, why it exists, and how they work together.
---
🔹 Layer 1 (L1): The Base Layer
Layer 1 is the main blockchain network. It is responsible for consensus, security, and data integrity.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Has its own native token and protocol rules
Transactions are executed directly on this layer
Well-known examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche
L1 represents the fundamental infrastructure of a blockchain.
---
🔹 Layer 2 (L2): The Scaling Layer
Layer 2 solutions are built on top of L1 and aim to provide faster, cheaper transactions.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Inherits security from its Layer 1
Reduces the load on L1, improving scalability
Popular approaches: Rollups (zkRollups, Optimistic Rollups), State Channels, Plasma
📦 Examples: Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, StarkNet
⚙ L2 enables blockchains to support more users and applications without overwhelming the base layer.
---
🔹 Layer 3 (L3): The Application Layer
Layer 3 builds on top of Layer 2 and focuses on specific use cases. These are often specialized sub-chains or app-specific chains (AppChains) designed for gaming, social networks, or enterprise solutions.
📌 Key Characteristics:
Benefits from L2 speed and low transaction costs
Fits into a modular architecture: L1 security, L2 efficiency, L3 customization
Each L3 typically serves a single dApp or ecosystem
Examples:
zkSync Hyperchains (multiple L3s on a single L2)
AppChains built on StarkNet
Lens Protocol (social layer)
L3s play a crucial role in enabling mass adoption in Web3.
---
Conclusion
Layer 3 is not just a technical upgrade—it’s a necessary step toward the full realization of the Web3 vision.
In the future, games, social platforms, and financial applications are expected to run on L3 chains.
As modular blockchain architecture continues to evolve, understanding these layers means understanding the future of the internet.
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Info about web 3 2 min read at @paragraph