Modern Egypt: In the 19th century, Egypt was ruled by a series of Ottoman viceroys, who introduced a number of reforms that modernized the country. However, the country's economic dependence on Europe and political instability led to the emergence of a nationalist movement that eventually led to the country's independence in 1922. Since then, Egypt has undergone a series of political and economic changes, including the establishment of a republic in 1953 and the nationalization of i...