How Should We Handle Precision Issues in JavaScript?🧠 Background: JavaScript Precision LimitationJavaScript's native Number type is a 64-bit floating point number (IEEE 754). This limits its integer precision to 2^53 - 1, or about 9e15. Beyond that, numbers get rounded and lose accuracy.console.log(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER); // 9007199254740991 console.log(9007199254740991 + 1); // 9007199254740992 ✅ console.log(9007199254740991 + 2); // 9007199254740992 ❌ precision loss 💰 Why This Is a...

How Should We Handle Precision Issues in JavaScript?🧠 Background: JavaScript Precision LimitationJavaScript's native Number type is a 64-bit floating point number (IEEE 754). This limits its integer precision to 2^53 - 1, or about 9e15. Beyond that, numbers get rounded and lose accuracy.console.log(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER); // 9007199254740991 console.log(9007199254740991 + 1); // 9007199254740992 ✅ console.log(9007199254740991 + 2); // 9007199254740992 ❌ precision loss 💰 Why This Is a...

🧠 What Makes a Block?Transactions (txs)TimestampParent hashMerkle rootGas summaryBlock proposer identityFinal chain state hash (stateRoot)It’s a snapshot of the chain’s state, post-transaction.🔗 The Chain MechanismBlocks reference previous blocks by hash → This prevents tampering, and ensures ordering. Once multiple confirmations occur, the block becomes final.🧱 Why Bundle?Batching = network efficiencyConsensus scope = one unit per roundIncentives = blocks are rewarded (gas + block rewards...

🧠 What Makes a Block?Transactions (txs)TimestampParent hashMerkle rootGas summaryBlock proposer identityFinal chain state hash (stateRoot)It’s a snapshot of the chain’s state, post-transaction.🔗 The Chain MechanismBlocks reference previous blocks by hash → This prevents tampering, and ensures ordering. Once multiple confirmations occur, the block becomes final.🧱 Why Bundle?Batching = network efficiencyConsensus scope = one unit per roundIncentives = blocks are rewarded (gas + block rewards...

When stepping into Web3, one of the first forks in the road is this: Do you trade on a centralized exchange (CEX)? Or go fully on-chain with a decentralized exchange (DEX)? Let’s break it down.🏦 Centralized Exchanges (CEX)CEXs like Binance, Coinbase, or OKX offer ease of use and high liquidity—but you give up control. ProsSmooth UXFast executionCustomer supportFiat on/off rampsConsYou don’t hold your keysVulnerable to hacks and regulationsCensorship risk 💥 Meme moment: Me: I just want some ...

When stepping into Web3, one of the first forks in the road is this: Do you trade on a centralized exchange (CEX)? Or go fully on-chain with a decentralized exchange (DEX)? Let’s break it down.🏦 Centralized Exchanges (CEX)CEXs like Binance, Coinbase, or OKX offer ease of use and high liquidity—but you give up control. ProsSmooth UXFast executionCustomer supportFiat on/off rampsConsYou don’t hold your keysVulnerable to hacks and regulationsCensorship risk 💥 Meme moment: Me: I just want some ...

In Web2, identity was something you rented. You logged in with Google, Facebook, or Apple. You borrowed your presence online. In Web3, identity is something you own.And the wallet is the vessel.🔍 Beyond the “Wallet” MetaphorCalling it a “wallet” undersells what it really is. A Web3 wallet is:Your private key vaultYour authentication systemYour asset managerYour on-chain identityThink of it more like a keyring for everything that matters on-chain.🧠 Custody, Code, and ComplexityLet’s unpack t...

In Web2, identity was something you rented. You logged in with Google, Facebook, or Apple. You borrowed your presence online. In Web3, identity is something you own.And the wallet is the vessel.🔍 Beyond the “Wallet” MetaphorCalling it a “wallet” undersells what it really is. A Web3 wallet is:Your private key vaultYour authentication systemYour asset managerYour on-chain identityThink of it more like a keyring for everything that matters on-chain.🧠 Custody, Code, and ComplexityLet’s unpack t...

No blocks without transactions.No interactions without signatures.In a permissionless system, transactions are the core primitive that encode behavior, intent, and ownership.🧠 What’s a Transaction in Web3?It’s more than just “sending crypto”. A transaction:Proposes a state changeIs cryptographically signedGets broadcast to the networkWaits for block inclusionLives forever on-chainIt’s your way of saying: “I authorize this.”🧩 Transaction Anatomy (Ethereum)🛠️ Types of TransactionsTransfers –...

No blocks without transactions.No interactions without signatures.In a permissionless system, transactions are the core primitive that encode behavior, intent, and ownership.🧠 What’s a Transaction in Web3?It’s more than just “sending crypto”. A transaction:Proposes a state changeIs cryptographically signedGets broadcast to the networkWaits for block inclusionLives forever on-chainIt’s your way of saying: “I authorize this.”🧩 Transaction Anatomy (Ethereum)🛠️ Types of TransactionsTransfers –...

Web3 isn’t free—on purpose. Every transaction is a request for compute. And compute requires energy. That’s where Gas comes in.🧠 What Is Gas?Gas quantifies how much effort it takes the blockchain to process your transaction.Think of Gas as fuel for Ethereum’s virtual machine (EVM).It’s the fundamental cost unit that turns smart contract logic into state change.⚙️ Components of a Gas PaymentGas LimitThe max units of work you allowEach operation (storage write, function call) consumes unitsGas...

Web3 isn’t free—on purpose. Every transaction is a request for compute. And compute requires energy. That’s where Gas comes in.🧠 What Is Gas?Gas quantifies how much effort it takes the blockchain to process your transaction.Think of Gas as fuel for Ethereum’s virtual machine (EVM).It’s the fundamental cost unit that turns smart contract logic into state change.⚙️ Components of a Gas PaymentGas LimitThe max units of work you allowEach operation (storage write, function call) consumes unitsGas...

A blockchain address isn’t just where you send crypto.It’s the atomic unit of identity, value, and verifiability in the decentralized web.🔗 From Keys to Address: The Cryptographic ChainEverything starts with your seed phrase. Seed → Private Key → Public Key → Address Each step relies on strong cryptography (e.g. secp256k1 for Ethereum).The final result is your 42-character on-chain ID.🧠 Two Address Types: EOA vs. Smart ContractExternally Owned Account (EOA):Controlled via private keyCan sen...

A blockchain address isn’t just where you send crypto.It’s the atomic unit of identity, value, and verifiability in the decentralized web.🔗 From Keys to Address: The Cryptographic ChainEverything starts with your seed phrase. Seed → Private Key → Public Key → Address Each step relies on strong cryptography (e.g. secp256k1 for Ethereum).The final result is your 42-character on-chain ID.🧠 Two Address Types: EOA vs. Smart ContractExternally Owned Account (EOA):Controlled via private keyCan sen...

Web3 is transparent by design.And Etherscan is your most powerful tool for interacting with this transparency.Every tx, every contract, every address—fully open, forever verifiable.🧭 Core Use Cases🧾 Track your tx success💎 Monitor smart contract activity🐋 Analyze whales and holders🎯 Trace exploit flows🛠️ Interact with contracts manually🧱 Wallet Address PageShows:ETH and token balancesNFT holdingsTransaction history (outbound/inbound)Internal transactions (contract-triggered)Contract int...

Web3 is transparent by design.And Etherscan is your most powerful tool for interacting with this transparency.Every tx, every contract, every address—fully open, forever verifiable.🧭 Core Use Cases🧾 Track your tx success💎 Monitor smart contract activity🐋 Analyze whales and holders🎯 Trace exploit flows🛠️ Interact with contracts manually🧱 Wallet Address PageShows:ETH and token balancesNFT holdingsTransaction history (outbound/inbound)Internal transactions (contract-triggered)Contract int...

In Web3, custody means control. And control begins with a string of words: your seed phrase. Structure:The seed phrase (BIP39) is the root of your private keysThe private key enables signing, proving, and recoveringWallets like MetaMask, Phantom, and Rabby generate keys from seedsCommon user errors include reusing keys, storing screenshots, and phishing attacksFuture of key custody: MPC, social recovery, AA wallets, passkeysQuote:“He who holds the keys, holds the coins.”**Closing:**Understand...

In Web3, custody means control. And control begins with a string of words: your seed phrase. Structure:The seed phrase (BIP39) is the root of your private keysThe private key enables signing, proving, and recoveringWallets like MetaMask, Phantom, and Rabby generate keys from seedsCommon user errors include reusing keys, storing screenshots, and phishing attacksFuture of key custody: MPC, social recovery, AA wallets, passkeysQuote:“He who holds the keys, holds the coins.”**Closing:**Understand...

An NFT is not a picture. It’s a smart contract entry recording who owns what. NFTs unlock a world where identity, assets, and access are all on-chain.🧠 Technical BreakdownMost NFTs follow:ERC-721: 1 unique token per IDERC-1155: hybrid (can be semi-fungible)SBT (Soulbound): non-transferable credentialsEach NFT = (contract address + tokenId) pair. That’s what makes it unique.📁 Metadata: The Hidden LayerNFTs typically link to metadata JSON:{ "name": "Skull #2023", "image": "ipfs://bafy...", "a...

An NFT is not a picture. It’s a smart contract entry recording who owns what. NFTs unlock a world where identity, assets, and access are all on-chain.🧠 Technical BreakdownMost NFTs follow:ERC-721: 1 unique token per IDERC-1155: hybrid (can be semi-fungible)SBT (Soulbound): non-transferable credentialsEach NFT = (contract address + tokenId) pair. That’s what makes it unique.📁 Metadata: The Hidden LayerNFTs typically link to metadata JSON:{ "name": "Skull #2023", "image": "ipfs://bafy...", "a...

What if the rules of an app weren’t hidden in a server— but fully public, immutable, and enforced on-chain? That’s what smart contracts are.🧱 The Nature of Smart ContractsThey’re programs, not documentsThey live on-chain, at an addressThey only run when calledThey manage assets, logic, and rolesThey can’t lie—and they can’t be bribedSmart contracts shift trust from people to math.⚙️ Internal AnatomyCopmponent of SM🚀 Deployment and UseContracts are compiled & deployed (e.g. via Remix, Hardha...

What if the rules of an app weren’t hidden in a server— but fully public, immutable, and enforced on-chain? That’s what smart contracts are.🧱 The Nature of Smart ContractsThey’re programs, not documentsThey live on-chain, at an addressThey only run when calledThey manage assets, logic, and rolesThey can’t lie—and they can’t be bribedSmart contracts shift trust from people to math.⚙️ Internal AnatomyCopmponent of SM🚀 Deployment and UseContracts are compiled & deployed (e.g. via Remix, Hardha...

When developing dApps on Ethereum or other EVM-compatible chains, two JavaScript libraries often come into the conversation: Web3.js and Ethers.js. While both libraries serve similar purposes—interacting with Ethereum nodes via JSON-RPC—they differ significantly in design philosophy, developer experience, and feature set. This article outlines the core differences to help you make informed decisions during development or ace that next Web3 interview.Design PhilosophyEthers.jsModular and light...

When developing dApps on Ethereum or other EVM-compatible chains, two JavaScript libraries often come into the conversation: Web3.js and Ethers.js. While both libraries serve similar purposes—interacting with Ethereum nodes via JSON-RPC—they differ significantly in design philosophy, developer experience, and feature set. This article outlines the core differences to help you make informed decisions during development or ace that next Web3 interview.Design PhilosophyEthers.jsModular and light...