Carbon markets can be either regulated (enforced through national or international regulations) or voluntary (voluntary efforts by individuals or institutions). Irrespective, the carbon offsets are always quantified and issued under recognized standard methodologies (e.g., Clean Development Mechanism or CDM, Verified Carbon Standard or VCS). These protocols ensure transparency in the issuance process, better quality offsets and traceability. In 2021, 21.5% of the global GHG emissions were cov...
