As the Ethereum Shanghai upgrade draws near, there's been a growing interest in the LSD (Liquid Staking Derivatives) sector. EigenLayer, which recently released a white paper, has been the center of attention. 『 Restaking 』 is the core concept of EigenLayer. When I first learned about EigenLayer, Restaking was the biggest issue I had trouble understanding. However, after conducting research, I've gained some preliminary understanding. In this article, I hope to help readers who shar...

As the Ethereum Shanghai upgrade draws near, there's been a growing interest in the LSD (Liquid Staking Derivatives) sector. EigenLayer, which recently released a white paper, has been the center of attention. 『 Restaking 』 is the core concept of EigenLayer. When I first learned about EigenLayer, Restaking was the biggest issue I had trouble understanding. However, after conducting research, I've gained some preliminary understanding. In this article, I hope to help readers who shar...

TLDRZerion 是利用鏈下判斷該帳戶是否有 Genesis NFT。若確認有擁有 Genesis NFT，Zerion的 Signer 去簽署一筆 fee = 0 的簽章並放在交易中。當交易送到合約的時候會去判斷簽章是否為 Zerion Signer 所簽。若為 Zerion Signer 所簽就不收費。Trace Flow在呼叫 Zerion swap token 的時候會去呼叫 Zerion Router 的execute() external function。因為我們想要知道 protocol fee 在什麼時候被收取，所以我們直接跳到最後 return execute(input, output, swapDescription) 這個 internal function 去看發生什麼事。在 execute() internal function 中，我們往下走在 #196 行會發現這一行程式碼 Base.transfer() 。這行程式碼就是把 fee 傳送到 Zerion MultiSig 中。fee 的數量就是 protocolFeeAmount 所記錄的數...

TLDRZerion 是利用鏈下判斷該帳戶是否有 Genesis NFT。若確認有擁有 Genesis NFT，Zerion的 Signer 去簽署一筆 fee = 0 的簽章並放在交易中。當交易送到合約的時候會去判斷簽章是否為 Zerion Signer 所簽。若為 Zerion Signer 所簽就不收費。Trace Flow在呼叫 Zerion swap token 的時候會去呼叫 Zerion Router 的execute() external function。因為我們想要知道 protocol fee 在什麼時候被收取，所以我們直接跳到最後 return execute(input, output, swapDescription) 這個 internal function 去看發生什麼事。在 execute() internal function 中，我們往下走在 #196 行會發現這一行程式碼 Base.transfer() 。這行程式碼就是把 fee 傳送到 Zerion MultiSig 中。fee 的數量就是 protocolFeeAmount 所記錄的數...

Yearn announced Yearn Allowlist on May 6, 2022, in order to improve product security. As a result, I conducted some research to see how Allowlists might improve product security.ScenariosMan-in-the-middle attacks are usually avoided by using this method. For example, to retrieve txdata, load it into a transaction, and send it out, the user will frequently utilize the paraswap API. The user's assets may be lost if the returned txdata is maliciously manipulated by an intermediary hacker. Y...

Yearn announced Yearn Allowlist on May 6, 2022, in order to improve product security. As a result, I conducted some research to see how Allowlists might improve product security.ScenariosMan-in-the-middle attacks are usually avoided by using this method. For example, to retrieve txdata, load it into a transaction, and send it out, the user will frequently utilize the paraswap API. The user's assets may be lost if the returned txdata is maliciously manipulated by an intermediary hacker. Y...

Curve Finance is a highly representative innovation in the DeFi field, whether it's in the AMM algorithm for Stablecoin Swap or the veToken economic model design, which is widely imitated by others. At the end of last year, Curve Finance proposed their stablecoin white paper, which made people curious about what new features they would offer to the DeFi ecosystem this time. During the research process, there were some insights and understanding that I hope can help everyone better unders...

Curve Finance is a highly representative innovation in the DeFi field, whether it's in the AMM algorithm for Stablecoin Swap or the veToken economic model design, which is widely imitated by others. At the end of last year, Curve Finance proposed their stablecoin white paper, which made people curious about what new features they would offer to the DeFi ecosystem this time. During the research process, there were some insights and understanding that I hope can help everyone better unders...

IntroductionTornadoCash is the most renowned anonymous transaction service in the world of cryptocurrency. TornadoCash utilizes Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology to conceal the source of funds. The mechanism behind TornadoCash was criticized by the United States government for facilitating illegal financial activities, leading to its enforced delisting by the U.S. Treasury Department in August 2022. Privacy protection and money laundering activities often seem closely intertwined in many ...

IntroductionTornadoCash is the most renowned anonymous transaction service in the world of cryptocurrency. TornadoCash utilizes Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology to conceal the source of funds. The mechanism behind TornadoCash was criticized by the United States government for facilitating illegal financial activities, leading to its enforced delisting by the U.S. Treasury Department in August 2022. Privacy protection and money laundering activities often seem closely intertwined in many ...

How ERC721Psi Work最近剛好看到有人介紹 ERC721 相關的變形。其中 ERC721Psi 又是其中針對 降低 gas cost 最有效率的一個，於是興起了研究的想法。這邊跟大家介紹一下 ERC721Psi 主要改進了什麼和用什麼方式改進Introduce ERC721ERC721 是目前主流的 NFT 的格式之一（另外還有 ERC1155)。大家對於 NFT 的需求增高，隨之而來的就是成本的降低。各種 ERC721 的變形也就孕育而生。介紹一下 ERC721 的一些概念，這些概念有助於理解上ERC721Psi 是如何減少 gas cost。在 ERC721 中每一個 token 對應一個 NFT，每一個 token 都有自己的 tokenId 和 owner 。在 ERC721 合約中會有一個 _owners 的 map 來記錄 tokenId 對應的 owner 。當你在傳送 token 給其他人的時候，就會去修改 _owners 該 token 的 owner。當你同時 mint 多個 NFTs 的時候，你需要對這些 NFTs 在 _owners 對應的位...

How ERC721Psi Work最近剛好看到有人介紹 ERC721 相關的變形。其中 ERC721Psi 又是其中針對 降低 gas cost 最有效率的一個，於是興起了研究的想法。這邊跟大家介紹一下 ERC721Psi 主要改進了什麼和用什麼方式改進Introduce ERC721ERC721 是目前主流的 NFT 的格式之一（另外還有 ERC1155)。大家對於 NFT 的需求增高，隨之而來的就是成本的降低。各種 ERC721 的變形也就孕育而生。介紹一下 ERC721 的一些概念，這些概念有助於理解上ERC721Psi 是如何減少 gas cost。在 ERC721 中每一個 token 對應一個 NFT，每一個 token 都有自己的 tokenId 和 owner 。在 ERC721 合約中會有一個 _owners 的 map 來記錄 tokenId 對應的 owner 。當你在傳送 token 給其他人的時候，就會去修改 _owners 該 token 的 owner。當你同時 mint 多個 NFTs 的時候，你需要對這些 NFTs 在 _owners 對應的位...

TornadoCash is a well-known project for anonymous transactions. When a hacking incident occurs, hackers often transfer their funds to TornadoCash to ensure that their money can be moved without being traced. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency and scale of hacking attacks, which has caught the attention of regulatory authorities in the United States. As a result, a series of regulatory measures have been implemented, such as website shutdowns, arrests of deve...

TornadoCash is a well-known project for anonymous transactions. When a hacking incident occurs, hackers often transfer their funds to TornadoCash to ensure that their money can be moved without being traced. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency and scale of hacking attacks, which has caught the attention of regulatory authorities in the United States. As a result, a series of regulatory measures have been implemented, such as website shutdowns, arrests of deve...