After the "double reduction" policy was implemented, the market for primary and secondary school education shrank significantly, and vocational training for employment groups became a new hot spot.

In line with the "14th Five-Year Plan", the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education and other departments jointly released the "14th Five-Year Plan", which is the first five-year special plan for national vocational skills training.

The demand for vocational training is increasing day by day, and vocational training usually takes skill certificates and certificates of completion as proof of training, and the scale of certificate management is expanding.

In addition to the growth in the number of certificates in the field of vocational training, the number of college graduates (academic certificates) is also at record high, and according to the National Bureau of Statistics, the number of college graduates nationwide will reach 10.76 million in 2022, becoming the highest in history.

For individuals, in the case of job application and appraisal, etc., the authenticity and legality of the education or graduation certificate (degree certificate) need to be verified to avoid fake education.

For enterprises, in the case of project bidding and qualification acquisition, etc., it is also necessary to identify business licenses, certificates of competence and various qualification certificates, etc., to eliminate fake qualifications.

Whether it is the education system or the business world, in order to reach a consensus and generate further cooperation, the historical information and qualification certificates loaded by certificates become an important element to fill the trust gully between the two sides.

With the frequent emergence of academic forgery and certificate falsification, certificate management has also received unprecedented attention.

Take the management of academic certificates, before 2001, the information of degree certificates in China was stored independently by schools.

Since 2001, China started to implement network management of academic certificate information and unified electronic registration system, and now it has basically realized the network management of college students from enrollment to graduation.

Students are registered as new students at the time of enrollment and are registered for the academic year every year to determine the validity of their academic records.

After completing their studies during school, students can obtain the registration status of electronic graduation certificate. After that, through the uploading of certificate data by colleges and universities, graduates can use the academic network to inquire about the registration information of their graduated academic degree certificates.

At present, the certification of domestic and foreign academic certificates is mainly undertaken by a few institutions such as Xuexin.com and the foreign academic degree certification system, and since 2018, the Academic Degree Center of the Ministry of Education has also started to provide academic degree certification services.

In order to facilitate employers to check the validity of the certificates, students can also embed the "Academic Credit QR Code" into their job application resumes.

However, based on the combination of PKI and CA, under the existing centralized data management mode, there is not only the risk of data tampering and single-point failure, but also the problems of complicated and inefficient authentication process and high cost loss can not be avoided.

The traditional authentication method generally relies on the endorsement of the authority, and as the electronic certificate is centrally stored in the third-party management platform, once there is data forgery, academic judgment accidents, etc., the spearhead will not only point to the platform, but also damage the credibility of the authority, resulting in a situation of "all losses".

For this reason, in the Notice on Strengthening Informationization of Education Management in the New Era issued by the Ministry of Education in March 2021, it is mentioned that blockchain technology should be explored to promote the application of blockchain technology in the fields of education certification, job search and employment, and to improve the credibility of digital certification.

This fully reflects the important role of blockchain in the digital authentication and certificate management system.

In April 2020, Zhejiang Taekwondo Association used blockchain deposit technology to manage the grade certificate segment certificate; in July 2020, Jing'an Vocational Education Group issued an education blockchain award certificate.

Before the domestic promotion of blockchain application to certificate management business, foreign universities and enterprises have already started to experiment, such as MIT issuing degree certificates on the chain in 2018, IBM's launch of a blockchain certificate management platform in 2019, and Saudi medical institutions have also implemented blockchain-based digital certificate solutions.

In a certificate management system, in addition to the platform, three roles are usually involved: issuing (certification) authority, certificate holder, and certificate verifying party, which corresponds to universities/training institutions, graduates/job seekers, and employers in the management of academic certificates.

For traditional certificate management platforms, digital certificates convert existing paper certificates into electronic data, which are uploaded by the issuing authority to third-party certificate registration platforms for validity verification with the help of digital signatures.

From the business level, the blockchain certificate management platform needs to respond to two issues: firstly, how to manage user identity and secondly, how to manage certificate content, including certificate registration, certificate browsing and matching of person and certificate.

Still take academic certificates as an example.

In the blockchain system, the university as the certification authority is responsible for importing data from the original data system and checking the certificate results.

After importing the data, the certification authority signs the certificate and stores it in the blockchain to confirm the authenticity and validity of the certificate.

Each certificate will be given a unique digital identity as an "ID card" for circulation on the chain.

For employers, instead of manually verifying or inquiring the authenticity of the certificate from the issuing authority, they can directly initiate a certificate verification request and verify it through the blockchain certificate management platform (directly browse it after obtaining authorization, or return the result after verification by authorized nodes).

Any operation on the learning certificate management platform, such as adding a certificate, requires the caller (certifying officer) to be authorized by a registered certification authority.

Therefore, for students, in addition to academic certificates, other skill level certificates can be submitted to the certification authority, reviewed by the certifier and added to the blockchain ledger, together as a record of certificates during the school year.

However, the existing blockchain certificate management system is still inadequate, and sensitive information such as user identity is still stored and managed by a third-party proxy platform, whose trustworthiness cannot be guaranteed.

This means that the personal privacy of users may be violated while the certificate management business is carried out.

In the future, on the basis of privacy data protection, the multiple demands of authorities, universities, training institutions and enterprises can be coordinated to enrich the functions of the certificate management platform, such as establishing credit ratings based on malicious certification for and incorporating records of academic falsification into personal credit.

And all this is inseparable from the trusted data environment provided by blockchain.

After the "double reduction" policy was implemented, the market for primary and secondary school education shrank significantly, and vocational training for employment groups became a new hot spot.

In line with the "14th Five-Year Plan", the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education and other departments jointly released the "14th Five-Year Plan", which is the first five-year special plan for national vocational skills training.

The demand for vocational training is increasing day by day, and vocational training usually takes skill certificates and certificates of completion as proof of training, and the scale of certificate management is expanding.

In addition to the growth in the number of certificates in the field of vocational training, the number of college graduates (academic certificates) is also at record high, and according to the National Bureau of Statistics, the number of college graduates nationwide will reach 10.76 million in 2022, becoming the highest in history.

For individuals, in the case of job application and appraisal, etc., the authenticity and legality of the education or graduation certificate (degree certificate) need to be verified to avoid fake education.

For enterprises, in the case of project bidding and qualification acquisition, etc., it is also necessary to identify business licenses, certificates of competence and various qualification certificates, etc., to eliminate fake qualifications.

Whether it is the education system or the business world, in order to reach a consensus and generate further cooperation, the historical information and qualification certificates loaded by certificates become an important element to fill the trust gully between the two sides.

With the frequent emergence of academic forgery and certificate falsification, certificate management has also received unprecedented attention.

Take the management of academic certificates, before 2001, the information of degree certificates in China was stored independently by schools.

Since 2001, China started to implement network management of academic certificate information and unified electronic registration system, and now it has basically realized the network management of college students from enrollment to graduation.

Students are registered as new students at the time of enrollment and are registered for the academic year every year to determine the validity of their academic records.

After completing their studies during school, students can obtain the registration status of electronic graduation certificate. After that, through the uploading of certificate data by colleges and universities, graduates can use the academic network to inquire about the registration information of their graduated academic degree certificates.

At present, the certification of domestic and foreign academic certificates is mainly undertaken by a few institutions such as Xuexin.com and the foreign academic degree certification system, and since 2018, the Academic Degree Center of the Ministry of Education has also started to provide academic degree certification services.

In order to facilitate employers to check the validity of the certificates, students can also embed the "Academic Credit QR Code" into their job application resumes.

However, based on the combination of PKI and CA, under the existing centralized data management mode, there is not only the risk of data tampering and single-point failure, but also the problems of complicated and inefficient authentication process and high cost loss can not be avoided.

The traditional authentication method generally relies on the endorsement of the authority, and as the electronic certificate is centrally stored in the third-party management platform, once there is data forgery, academic judgment accidents, etc., the spearhead will not only point to the platform, but also damage the credibility of the authority, resulting in a situation of "all losses".

For this reason, in the Notice on Strengthening Informationization of Education Management in the New Era issued by the Ministry of Education in March 2021, it is mentioned that blockchain technology should be explored to promote the application of blockchain technology in the fields of education certification, job search and employment, and to improve the credibility of digital certification.

This fully reflects the important role of blockchain in the digital authentication and certificate management system.

In April 2020, Zhejiang Taekwondo Association used blockchain deposit technology to manage the grade certificate segment certificate; in July 2020, Jing'an Vocational Education Group issued an education blockchain award certificate.

Before the domestic promotion of blockchain application to certificate management business, foreign universities and enterprises have already started to experiment, such as MIT issuing degree certificates on the chain in 2018, IBM's launch of a blockchain certificate management platform in 2019, and Saudi medical institutions have also implemented blockchain-based digital certificate solutions.

In a certificate management system, in addition to the platform, three roles are usually involved: issuing (certification) authority, certificate holder, and certificate verifying party, which corresponds to universities/training institutions, graduates/job seekers, and employers in the management of academic certificates.

For traditional certificate management platforms, digital certificates convert existing paper certificates into electronic data, which are uploaded by the issuing authority to third-party certificate registration platforms for validity verification with the help of digital signatures.

From the business level, the blockchain certificate management platform needs to respond to two issues: firstly, how to manage user identity and secondly, how to manage certificate content, including certificate registration, certificate browsing and matching of person and certificate.

Still take academic certificates as an example.

In the blockchain system, the university as the certification authority is responsible for importing data from the original data system and checking the certificate results.

After importing the data, the certification authority signs the certificate and stores it in the blockchain to confirm the authenticity and validity of the certificate.

Each certificate will be given a unique digital identity as an "ID card" for circulation on the chain.

For employers, instead of manually verifying or inquiring the authenticity of the certificate from the issuing authority, they can directly initiate a certificate verification request and verify it through the blockchain certificate management platform (directly browse it after obtaining authorization, or return the result after verification by authorized nodes).

Any operation on the learning certificate management platform, such as adding a certificate, requires the caller (certifying officer) to be authorized by a registered certification authority.

Therefore, for students, in addition to academic certificates, other skill level certificates can be submitted to the certification authority, reviewed by the certifier and added to the blockchain ledger, together as a record of certificates during the school year.

However, the existing blockchain certificate management system is still inadequate, and sensitive information such as user identity is still stored and managed by a third-party proxy platform, whose trustworthiness cannot be guaranteed.

This means that the personal privacy of users may be violated while the certificate management business is carried out.

In the future, on the basis of privacy data protection, the multiple demands of authorities, universities, training institutions and enterprises can be coordinated to enrich the functions of the certificate management platform, such as establishing credit ratings based on malicious certification for and incorporating records of academic falsification into personal credit.

And all this is inseparable from the trusted data environment provided by blockchain.