Welcome Neon students! Glad to have you here, hope you are ready to learn with us daily and expand your knowledge cause knowledge is power.

霓虹学生欢迎你！ 很高兴有你在这里，希望你准备好每天和我们一起学习并扩展你的知识，因为知识就是力量。

Here is a summary of all the little knowledge of NEON in Discord #daily-knowlege from January 17th this year to today, with a Chinese translation for your reference.

这里总结了NEON在Discord #daily-knowlege里从今年1月17号到今天的所有小知识 并附上中文翻译，供大家学习参考。

BLOCKCHAIN (Examples: Ethereum, Solana, Binance smart chain etc.)

Venice — 2022/01/17

• -A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among the nodes (computers) of a computer network.

• -It stores information in a digital format.

• -Collects information together in groups, known as blocks, that hold sets of information.

• -Blocks have certain storage capacities and, when filled, are closed and linked to the previously filled block, forming a chain of data known as the blockchain.

• -Decentralized blockchains are immutable, which means that the data entered is irreversible, transactions are permanently recorded and viewable to anyone.

  In addition to this, some blockchains are places where smart contracts live, but that topic we are leaving for tomorrow.

  区块链是在计算机网络的节点（计算机）之间共享的分布式数据库。 它以数字格式存储信息。 以组的形式收集信息，称为块，其中包含信息集。 区块具有一定的存储容量，当被填充时，它们会关闭并链接到先前填充的块，形成一条称为区块链的数据链。 去中心化区块链是不可变的，这意味着输入的数据是不可逆的，交易被永久记录并且任何人都可以查看。

  除此之外，一些区块链是智能合约存在的地方，但我们将把这个话题留到明天。

SMART CONTRACT @Neon Student Venice — 2022/01/18

• -Smart contracts are simply programs stored on a blockchain that run when pre-established conditions are met.

• -They are typically used to automate the execution of an agreement so that all participants can be immediately certain of the outcome, without any intermediary's involvement or time loss.

• -They automate a workflow, triggering the next action when certain conditions are met. Smart contracts are autonomous, secured, trustless, and once executed, they cannot be stopped or interrupted.

• -Neon EVM is for example also a smart contract running on the Solana blockchain.

  智能合约只是存储在区块链上的程序，在满足预先设定的条件时运行。 它们通常用于自动执行协议，以便所有参与者都可以立即 一定的结果，没有任何中介的参与或时间损失。 它们使工作流程自动化，在满足某些条件时触发下一个操作。 智能合约是自主的、安全的、无需信任的，并且一旦执行，它们就无法停止或中断。 例如，Neon EVM 也是在 Solana 区块链上运行的智能合约。

Venice — 2022/01/19 SOLANA @Neon Student

• -Solana is a blockchain platform designed to host decentralized, scalable applications.

• -Founded in 2017, Solana is an open-source project much faster in terms of the number of transactions it can process and has significantly lower transaction fees compared to rival blockchains like Ethereum.

• -The cryptocurrency that runs on the Solana blockchain—also named Solana (SOLUSD) and with the ticker symbol SOL—has soared almost 12,000% so far, with a market capitalization of over $66 billion, it is the fifth-largest cryptocurrency by this measure.

• -Solana is a Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain and also uses a new technology called Proof of History (PoH).

  Solana 是一个区块链平台，旨在托管分散的、可扩展的应用程序。 Solana 成立于 2017 年，是一个开源项目，其处理的交易数量要快得多，与以太坊等竞争对手的区块链相比，交易费用要低得多。 在 Solana 区块链上运行的加密货币——也称为 Solana (SOLUSD)，股票代码为 SOL——到目前为止已经飙升了近 12,000%，市值超过 660 亿美元，按此衡量，它是第五大加密货币 .Solana 是一个权益证明 (PoS) 区块链，还使用了一种称为历史证明 (PoH) 的新技术。

Venice — 2022/01/20 ETHEREUM @Neon Student

• -Ethereum is an open-source, decentralized blockchain that first implemented smart contract technology.

• -Founded by Vitalik Buterin while he was still a teenager and Crowfunded in 2013.

• -Ethereum is the largest and most well-established, open-ended decentralized blockchain in the world.

• -Ethereum enables the deployment of smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps) to be built and run without any downtime, fraud, control, or interference from a third party.

• -Even though Ethereum is known for being the safest and most decentralized blockchain, there are huge issues with its slow speed and high gas fees, which was the main reason for Neon EVM to be created. So Ethereum dApps and developers could start utilizing Solana's speed and low gas fees while still feeling at home.

  以太坊是一个开源、去中心化的区块链，首先实现了智能合约技术。 由 Vitalik Buterin 在他还是青少年时创立，并于 2013 年获得众筹。 以太坊是世界上最大、最完善、开放式的去中心化区块链。 以太坊使智能合约和去中心化应用程序（dApps）的部署能够在没有任何停机、欺诈、控制或第三方干扰的情况下构建和运行。 尽管以太坊以最安全和最去中心化的区块链而闻名，但它的速度慢和汽油费高存在巨大问题，这是创建 Neon EVM 的主要原因。 因此，以太坊 dApp 和开发人员可以开始使用 Solana 的速度和低 gas 费用，同时仍然感到宾至如归。

https://ethereum.org/en/ Venice — 2022/01/21 BLOCK @Neon Student

• -A block is a place in a blockchain where information is stored and encrypted.

• -Blocks are identified by long numbers that include encrypted transaction information from previous blocks and new transaction information.

• -Blocks and the information within them must be verified by a network before new blocks can be created.

• -There are many pieces of information included within a block, but it doesn't occupy a large amount of storage space.

• -Blocks generally include these elements, but it might vary between different types: Magic number, Block size, Block header, Transaction counter, Transaction list, Version, Previous block hash, Hash Merkle root, Time, Bits, Nonce.

  区块是区块链中存储和加密信息的地方。 区块由长数字标识，包括来自先前区块的加密交易信息和新交易信息。 在创建新块之前，必须通过网络验证块及其中的信息。 一个块内包含的信息多，但不占用大量存储空间。 块通常包括这些元素，但它可能因不同类型而异：幻数、块大小、块头、交易计数器、交易列表、版本、上一个块哈希、哈希默克尔根、时间、比特、随机数。

Venice — 2022/01/22 DEFI @Neon Student

-DeFi, shorthand for “decentralized finance,” is a term we use for a group of financial tools built on a blockchain. -The idea is to allow anyone with internet access to lend, borrow and store without going through middlemen (bank). -DeFi is one of the fastest-growing areas of the blockchain and decentralized webspace. -DeFi apps are financial products that run on a public blockchain while being permissionless (no third parties involved.) -Everything within DeFi is automated via smartcontracts. -Examples of DeFi projects: Aave, Maker, Compound etc.

-DeFi是“去中心化金融”的缩写，是我们用来指建立在区块链上的一组金融工具。 -这个想法是允许任何可以上网的人出借、借贷和储存，而不经过中间人（银行）。 -DeFi是区块链和去中心化网络空间中增长最快的领域之一。 -DeFi应用程序是运行在公共区块链上的金融产品，但不经许可（不涉及第三方）。 -DeFi中的一切都是通过智能合同实现自动化的。 -DeFi项目的例子：Aave，制造商，化合物等。

Venice — 2022/01/23 DAPPS @Neon Student

-Decentralized applications—also known as "dApps" or "dapps"—are digital applications that run on a blockchain network of computers instead of relying on a single computer. -Because dApps are decentralized, they are free from the control and interference of a single authority. -Benefits of dApps include the safeguarding of user privacy, the lack of censorship, and the flexibility of development. -Drawbacks include the potential inability to scale, challenges in developing a user interface, and difficulties in making code modifications. -Examples of dApps: Uniswap, Raydium, Star Atlas etc.

-分散的应用程序——也被称为“dapp”或“dapp”——是指在区块链计算机网络上运行的数字应用程序，而不是依赖于单台计算机。 -因为dApps是分散的，所以它们不受单一权威机构的控制和干扰。 -dApps的好处包括保护用户隐私、缺乏审查制度和开发的灵活性。 -缺点包括可能无法扩展规模，开发用户界面的挑战，以及进行代码修改的困难。 -dApps的例子：单交换，射线，星形图集等。

Venice — 2022/01/24 MINING @Neon Student

-By mining, you can earn cryptocurrency without having to put down money for it by leaving your pc (mining rig) complete series of complex mathematical computations. -Bitcoin miners receive Bitcoin as a reward for completing "blocks" of verified transactions, which are added to the blockchain. -Mining rewards are paid to the miner who discovers a solution to a complex hashing puzzle first. -The probability that a participant will be the one to discover the solution is related to the portion of the total mining power on the network. -You need either a GPU (graphics processing unit) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) in order to set up a mining rig. -Mining is a vital part of the Proof of Work consensus mechanism that we will cover tomorrow.

-通过挖掘，你可以赚取加密货币，而不必花钱离开你的pc（采矿平台）完整的一系列复杂的数学计算。 -比特币矿工获得完成验证交易“区块”作为奖励，这些交易被添加到区块链中。 -采矿奖励付给首先发现解决复杂的哈希谜题的矿工。 -一个参与者发现解决方案的概率与网络上总采矿能力的部分有关。 -你需要一个GPU（图形处理单元）或一个特定于应用程序的集成电路(ASIC)来建立一个采矿平台。 -采矿是我们明天将讨论的工作证明共识机制的重要组成部分。

Venice — 2022/01/25 PROOF OF WORK (PoW) @Neon Student

-Proof of work (PoW) is a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent anybody from cheating the system. -Proof of work is used widely in cryptocurrency mining, for validating transactions and mining new tokens. -Due to proof of work, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency transactions can be processed peer-to-peer in a secure manner without the need for a trusted third party. -Proof of work at scale requires huge amounts of energy, which only increases as more miners join the network. For this reason, it's slowly getting replaced by different consensus mechanisms like Proof of Stake (POS) that we will cover tomorrow. Example: Bitcoin

Fun fact: Proof of work was initially created as a proposed solution to the growing problem of spam email.

-工作证明(PoW)是一种分散的共识机制，它要求网络的成员花费努力解决一个任意的数学难题，以防止任何人欺骗系统。 -工作证明被广泛用于加密货币挖掘，用于验证交易和挖掘新的令牌。 -由于工作证明，比特币和其他加密货币交易可以以一种安全的方式进行点对点处理，而不需要一个受信任的第三方。 -大规模工作证明需要大量能源，随着越来越多的矿工加入网络，能源会增加。由于这个原因，它正在慢慢被不同的共识机制所取代，比如我们明天将涵盖的股权证明(POS)。 示例：比特币

有趣的事实：工作证明最初是作为一个解决日益严重的垃圾邮件的问题。

Venice — 2022/01/26 PROOF OF STAKE (POS) @Neon Student

-The Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism uses randomly selected validators to validate block transactions and requires specific amounts of cryptocurrency to be offered up as collateral, called staking. -With Proof-of-stake (POS), cryptocurrency owners validate block transactions based on the number of coins a validator stakes. -Proof-of-stake (POS) was created as an alternative to Proof-of-work (POW), the original consensus mechanism used to validate a blockchain and add new blocks. -Proof-of-stake (POS) is seen as less risky in terms of the potential for an attack on the network, as it structures compensation in a way that makes an attack less advantageous. -Advantage for users who want to earn as validators is that they don't need mining rigs, instead they can do validating in POS with a much cheaper node setup.

-股份证明(PoS)机制使用随机选择的验证器来验证块交易，并要求提供特定数量的加密货币作为抵押品，称为抵押品。 -通过股权证明(POS)，加密货币所有者可以根据验证者持有的硬币数量来验证块交易。 -股权证明(POS)是作为工作证明(POW)的替代方案，POW是用于验证区块链和添加新区块的原始共识机制。 -股权证明(POS)被认为是在对网络进行潜在的攻击方面风险较低的，因为它以一种使攻击不那么有利的方式结构补偿。 -对于那些想要获得验证器收入的用户来说，他们不需要采矿平台，相反，他们可以用更便宜的节点设置在POS中进行验证。

tVenice — 2022/01/27 PROOF OF HISTORY (PoH) @Neon Student

-Proof of History is a sequence of computation that can provide a way to cryptographically verify the passage of time between two events -It uses a cryptographically secure function written so that output cannot be predicted from the input, and must be completely executed to generate the output -Proof of history is consensus mechanism invented by Solana and this is the reason that allows almost instant finality of hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. -Other parts of Solana that allow mentioned speed are: Tower BFT, Turbine, Gulf Stream, Sealevel, Pipelining, Cloudbreak, and Replicators, but these are all too technical and it would take a while to describe them all, for all info about everything mentioned you can visit the link under paragraph.

https://medium.com/solana-labs/proof-of-history-a-clock-for-blockchain-cf47a61a9274

-历史证明是一个计算序列，可以提供一种方法来加密验证两个事件之间的时间流逝 -它使用一个加密的安全函数，这样就不能从输入中预测输出，并且必须完全执行才能生成输出 -历史证明是索拉纳发明的共识机制，这是允许每秒数十万笔交易的原因。 -索拉纳的其他部分允许提到速度的是：塔BFT，涡轮，墨西哥湾流，海平面，管道，云断，和复制器，但这些都太技术，需要一段时间来描述它们，所有提到的所有信息，你可以访问段落下的链接。

Venice — 2022/01/28VALIDATORS @Neon Student

-A blockchain validator is someone who is responsible for verifying transactions on a blockchain. -Once transactions are verified, they are added to the distributed ledger. -In proof of stake (PoS) systems validators are given rewards as long as they stake the network’s token and correctly participate in the network. -This mechanism helps secure the network by imposing the need to lock up value in the network in order to participate in the consensus decisions, lowering the chance of a 51% attack, which we will cover in one of our next chapters. -Validators for a public blockchain are maintained primarily by volunteers, who typically dedicate a computer to the process.

-区块链验证器是指负责验证区块链上的事务的人。 -一旦交易被验证，它们就会被添加到分布式分类账中。 -在股份证明(PoS)系统中，验证者只要押注了网络的令牌并正确地参与网络，就会获得奖励。 -这种机制通过强制需要在网络中锁定价值以参与共识决策来确保网络的安全，降低51%的攻击机会，我们将在我们的下一章中讨论。 -公共区块链的验证器主要由志愿者维护，他们通常将计算机用于该过程。

Venice — 2022/01/29 STAKING@Neon Student

-You may think of staking as a less resource-intensive alternative to mining. -It involves holding funds in a cryptocurrency wallet to support the security and operations of a blockchain network. -Simply put, staking is the act of locking cryptocurrencies to receive rewards. -In most cases, you’ll be able to stake your coins directly from your crypto wallet, like Solflare. -On the other hand, many exchanges offer staking services to their users, like Kraken. -You earn rewards in an utterly simple way – all you have to do is hold your coins on the exchange in case you are staking on one.

-你可能会认为打桩是一种较少的资源密集型的替代采矿方法。 -它涉及在加密货币钱包中持有资金，以支持区块链网络的安全和运营。 -简单地说，赌注是一种锁定加密货币以获得奖励的行为。 -在大多数情况下，你可以直接从你的加密钱包，像火炬。 -另一方面，许多交易所为其用户提供定位服务，如海怪。 -你以一种完全简单的方式获得奖励——你所要做的就是在交易所持有你的硬币，以防你押在一个硬币上。

Venice — 2022/01/30 STAKE POOLS @Neon Student

-A stake pool is a reliable server node (pc) that holds and maintains the combined stake of various stakeholders in a single place. -Stake pools use a reliable server node to validate how the pool interacts with the network and are responsible for transaction processing and block production. -A staking pool allows multiple stakeholders to combine their computational resources as a way to increase their chances of being rewarded. -In other words, they unite their staking power in the process of verifying and validating new blocks, so they have a higher probability of earning the block rewards.

This mechanism offers more staking power to the network to verify and validate new. -Examples of stake pools on Solana: Marinade, Lido, Socean, etc.

-股份池是一个可靠的服务器节点(pc)，它在一个地方持有并维护不同利益相关者的合并股份。 -股份池使用一个可靠的服务器节点来验证池如何与网络交互，并负责事务处理和块生产。 -一个存储池允许多个利益相关者组合他们的计算资源，以增加他们获得奖励的机会。 -换句话说，他们在验证和验证新区块的过程中统一了自己的锁定能力，所以他们有更高的可能性获得区块奖励。

该机制为网络提供了更多的存储能力来验证和验证新的。 -索拉纳上的股份池的例子：码头、丽都、Socean等。

Venice — 2022/01/31 NFT @Neon Student

-NFT stands for non-fungible token, which basically means that it's a one-of-a-kind digital asset that belongs to you and you only. -For example, a bitcoin is fungible — trade one for another bitcoin, and you’ll have exactly the same thing. A one-of-a-kind trading card, however, is non-fungible. -NFTs can really be anything digital (such as drawings, music, your brain downloaded and turned into an AI), but a lot of the current excitement is around using the tech to sell digital art. -Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are designed to be 1. cryptographically verifiable, 2. unique or scarce and 3. easily transferable.

Non-fungible token is created by an artist, creator, or license-holder through a process called minting.

-NFT代表不可替代的令牌，这基本上意味着它是一个独一无二的数字资产，只属于你自己。 -例如，一个比特币是可以替代的——用一个换另一个比特币，你会得到完全相同的东西。然而，一张独一无二的交易卡是不可替代的。 -nft可以是任何数字的东西（比如绘画、音乐、你的大脑下载并变成人工智能），但目前的兴奋是使用这项技术来销售数字艺术。 -不可替代标记(NFTs)设计为1。加密可验证，2。唯一或稀缺，3。易于转移。

不可替代的令牌是由艺术家、创造者或许可证持有人通过一个称为铸造的过程创建的。

Venice — 2022/02/01 TOKEN @Neon Student

-Crypto tokens are a type of cryptocurrency that represents an asset or specific use and reside on their own blockchain. -Tokens can be used for investment purposes, to store value, or to make purchases. -Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies used to facilitate transactions (making and receiving payments) along the blockchain. -Altcoins and crypto tokens are types of cryptocurrencies with different functions. -Created through an initial coin offering, crypto tokens are often used to raise funds for crowd sales. -Neon's native token isn't out yet and it will be named NEON once released.

-加密代币是一种加密货币，它代表一种资产或特定的用途，并驻留在它们自己的区块链上。 -代币可用于投资目的，存储价值，或进行购买。 -加密货币是区块链交易（进行和接收支付）的数字货币。 -在线代币和加密代币是具有不同功能的加密货币类型。 -加密代币通过首次代币发行创建，通常被用于为大众销售筹集资金。 -Neon的原生令牌还没有发布，一旦发布，它将被命名为NEON。

Venice — 2022/02/02 DECENTRALIZATION @Neon Student

-The principle of distributing power away from a central point. -Blockchains are traditionally decentralized because they require majority approval from all users to operate and make changes, rather than a central authority. -In a decentralized blockchain network, no one has to know or trust anyone else. -Each member in the network has a copy of the exact same data in the form of a distributed ledger. -If a member’s ledger is altered or corrupted in any way, it will be rejected by the majority of the members in the network, which makes it safe and fair. -Decentralization can reduce points of weakness in systems where there may be too much reliance on specific actors like a single point of failure for example. -One of Neon's main goals is decentralization in a way that the community will help us build a perfect project.

-将权力从一个中心点分配出去的原则。 -区块链传统上是去中心化的，因为它们需要获得所有用户的多数批准才能运营和进行更改，而不是一个中央权威机构。 -在一个去中心化的区块链网络中，没有人需要知道或信任其他人。 -网络中的每个成员都有一份完全相同的分布式账本数据副本。 -如果会员的账本以任何方式更改或损坏，它将被网络中的大多数成员拒绝，这使其安全和公平。 -去中心化可以减少系统中的弱点，因为这些系统可能过于依赖特定的参与者，比如单点故障。 -霓虹灯的主要目标之一是分散化，这样社区将帮助我们建立一个完美的项目。

Venice — 2022/02/03 HARD FORK @Neon Student

-A hard fork refers to a radical change to the protocol of a blockchain network that effectively results in two branches, one that follows the previous protocol and one that follows the new version. -In a hard fork, holders of tokens in the original blockchain will be granted tokens in the new fork as well, but miners must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. -A hard fork can occur in any blockchain, and not only Bitcoin (where hard forks have created Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin SV, among several others, for example). -A hard fork is when nodes of the newest version of a blockchain no longer accept the older version(s) of the blockchain. -Adding a new rule to the code essentially creates a fork in the blockchain: one path follows the new, upgraded blockchain, and the other path continues along the old path.

-硬分叉指的是对区块链网络协议的彻底改变，它有效地产生了两个分支，一个遵循之前的协议，另一个遵循新版本。 -在硬分叉中，原始区块链中的令牌持有者也将获得新分叉中的令牌，但矿工必须选择继续验证哪个区块链。 -硬叉可以出现在任何区块链，而不仅仅是比特币(硬叉创造了比特币现金和比特币SV，以及其他几个)。 -硬分叉是指区块链的最新版本的节点不再接受较旧版本的区块链。 -在代码中添加一个新规则本质上是在区块链中创建一个分叉：一条路径遵循新的、升级的区块链，另一条路径沿着旧路径继续。

Venice — 2022/02/04 SOFT FORK @Neon Student

-This kind of fork requires only a majority of the miners upgrading to enforce the new rules, as opposed to a hard fork that requires all nodes to upgrade and agree on the new version. -Soft fork tricks the old blockchain into accepting the new rules and, therefore, accepting both the updated blocks and the old blocks of transactions at the same time. -An example of a successfully implemented soft fork is the Segregated Witness (SegWit) Bitcoin protocol update of 2015. -Soft forks are considered the gentler option of the two but possess their own risks: -The most prominent of these risks is the fact that a soft fork can be used by bad actors to trick full-node users and miners into validating blocks that violate the rules of the blockchain.

-这种分叉只需要大多数矿工升级来执行新规则，而不是硬分叉需要所有节点升级并同意新版本。 -软分叉欺骗旧的区块链接受新的规则，因此，同时接受更新的块和旧的事务块。 -一个成功实现的软分叉的例子是2015年的隔离见证(SegWit)比特币协议更新。 -软叉被认为是两种较温和的选择，但也有自己的风险： -这些风险中最突出的事实是，坏人可以使用软分叉来欺骗全节点用户和矿工来验证违反区块链规则的块。

Venice — 2022/02/05 PUBLIC & PRIVATE KEY @Neon Student

-A public key allows you to receive cryptocurrency transactions. It’s a cryptographic code that’s paired to a private key. -While anyone can send transactions to the public key, you need the private key to “unlock” them and prove that you are the owner of the cryptocurrency received in the transaction. -The public key that can receive transactions is usually an address, which is simply a shortened form of your public key. Therefore, you can freely share your public key without worry.

-Private key can be: 256 character long binary code, 64 digit hexadecimal code, QR code and in most cases Mnemonic phrase. -Here is one crucial piece of advice to remember: NEVER SHARE YOUR PRIVATE KEY WITH ANYONE. -A private key gives you the ability to prove ownership or spend the funds associated with your public address. -You can have any number of public keys connected to a private key but not the other way around because of one-way “trapdoor” function.

-一个公钥允许您接收加密货币交易。它是一个与私钥配对的密码码。 -虽然任何人都可以将交易发送到公钥，但你需要私钥来“解锁”它们，并证明您是交易中收到的加密货币的所有者。 -可以接收事务的公钥通常是地址，只是公钥的缩写。因此，您可以毫无担心地自由地共享您的公钥。

-私钥可以是：256个字符长的二进制码，64位数字的十六进制码，二维码，在大多数情况下是助记符短语。 -这里有一个重要的建议要记住：永远不要与任何人分享你的私钥。 -私钥可以让你证明所有权或使用与你的公共地址相关的资金。 -你可以有任意数量的公钥连接到一个私钥，但不能完全相反，因为单向的“活板门”功能。

Venice — 2022/02/06 STABLECOIN (DIGITAL FIAT) @Neon Student

-Stablecoins are digital currencies that are backed by assets such as fiat currency, other cryptocurrencies or gold. -The stable assets make these coins less susceptible to fluctuations and keep their prices stable. -Certain stablecoins also use a computer algorithm to keep their value comparatively stable. -The advantage of stablecoins is that they are built to withstand volatility in a way that other cryptocurrencies aren't. Additionally, they can offer mobility and accessibility. -It would be wise to consider stablecoins as a form of digital cash. However, in spite of its stable nature, it is still a cryptocurrency. Therefore, it is still a newer entity that may have some undiscovered risks. -Examples: USDC, USDT, BUSD, etc.

-稳定币是由法定货币、其他加密货币或黄金等资产支持的数字货币。 -稳定的资产使这些硬币不太容易受到波动的影响，并保持其价格稳定。 -某些稳定剂也使用计算机算法来保持其价值相对稳定。 -稳定币的优势在于，它们能够以其他加密货币所没有的方式来承受波动。此外，它们还可以提供可移动性和可访问性。 -将稳定币作为一种数字现金的形式来考虑是明智的。然而，尽管它的性质很稳定，但它仍然是一种加密货币。因此，它仍然是一个较新的实体，可能存在一些未被发现的风险。 -例如：USDC，USDT，BUSD等。

Venice — 2022/02/07 MULTISIG @Neon Student

-Multisignature wallets are cryptocurrency wallets that require two or more private keys to sign and send a transaction. -The storage method requires multiple cryptographic signatures (a private key’s unique fingerprint) to access the wallet. -Imagine a bank vault that requires more than one key to open: That’s a little how multi-signature cryptocurrency wallets work (and why multi-signature wallets are typically called vaults). -You can choose how many keys are allowed to open the vault as well as the minimum number of keys needed to unlock it. (e.g. 2 out of 3 private keys needed.) -Some popular multisig service providers with key management services include Blockstream, Casa, and Unchained Capital. Other open-source, do-it-yourself multisig software includes Caravan, Electrum, Lily, Nunchuk, and Specter, among others.

-多签名钱包是一种加密货币钱包，需要两个或两个以上的私钥来签名和发送交易。 -存储方法需要多个密码签名（一个私钥的唯一指纹）才能访问钱包。 -想象一下，一个银行金库需要多个钥匙才能打开：这就是多签名加密货币钱包的工作原理（这也是为什么多签名钱包通常被称为金库）。 -您可以选择允许多少把钥匙打开保险库，以及解锁所需的最小钥匙数量。（例如，需要3个私钥中的2个。） -一些流行的具有关键管理服务的多站点服务提供商包括区块流、Casa和链资本。其他开源的，自己动手的多尺寸软件包括商队，电子，莉莉，努丘克，和幽灵，等等。

Venice — 2022/02/08 51% ATTACK @Neon Student

-A 51% attack, also known as a majority attack, occurs when a single person or group of people gains control of over 50% of a blockchain’s hashing power. -That is usually achieved by renting mining hash power from a third party. -Successful attackers gain the ability to block new transactions from being confirmed as well as change the ordering of new transactions. -It also allows the malicious agents to essentially rewrite parts of the blockchain and reverse their own transactions, leading to an issue known as double-spending. -This problem was traditionally an issue faced mostly by electronic payments where a network was incapable of proving that two or more people didn’t spend the same digital asset. -Additionally, a 51% attack is incapable of creating new assets, stealing assets from unrelated parties or altering the functionality of block rewards.

-51%的攻击，也被称为多数攻击，发生在一个人或一群人获得区块链的50%以上的控制权。 -这通常是通过从第三方租用采矿散权来实现的。 -成功的攻击者获得阻止新交易被确认以及更改新交易顺序的能力。 -它还允许恶意代理重写区块链的部分内容并逆转自己的交易，导致一个被称为双重消费的问题。 -这个问题传统上主要是电子支付所面临的问题，因为一个网络无法证明两个或两个更多的人没有使用相同的数字资产。 -此外，51%的攻击不能创建新的资产，从不相关的各方窃取资产或改变块奖励的功能。

Venice — 2022/02/09 PUBLIC LEDGER @Neon Student

-Physically, a public ledger can be viewed as a data management or storage system similar to a database system of bank records. (A blockchain is a form of a public ledger.) -A cryptocurrency public ledger is a record-keeping system. -The ledger maintains participants’ identities anonymously, their respective cryptocurrency balances, and a record of all the genuine transactions executed between network participants. -Scaling and security concerns are one challenge for cryptocurrency public ledgers and transactions. -As a data storage container, the public ledger forms the backbone of a cryptocurrency by storing information after verification. -While its use is being widely adopted, configuring the public ledger with the right parameters is important to maintain decentralized and anonymous features for hassle-free transactions in cryptocurrencies.

-在物理上，一个公共账本可以被视为一个类似于银行记录的数据库系统的数据管理或存储系统。（区块链是公共账本的一种形式。） -加密货币的公共账本是一种记录保存系统。 -分类帐将匿名维护参与者的身份、他们各自的加密货币余额，以及网络参与者之间执行的所有真实交易的记录。 -规模扩展和安全问题是加密货币公共分类账和交易面临的一个挑战。 -作为一个数据存储容器，公共账本通过在验证后存储信息，形成了加密货币的主干。 -虽然它的使用正在被广泛采用，但用正确的参数配置公共账本对于维护分散和匿名的加密货币交易功能非常重要。

Venice — 2022/02/10 ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM) @Neon Student

-The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the software platform that developers can use to create decentralized applications (DApps) on Ethereum.

This virtual machine is where all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. -There are endless potential use cases for this kind of software, and the technology isn’t restricted to a certain group of people or those with a lot of money or connections.

The main issue with standard EVM is high gas fees and slow transaction fees. What if you could run this on Solana and remove both of those problems at once while still keeping all the benefits?

Introducing - Neon EVM, an Ethereum virtual machine running on Solana.

-以太坊虚拟机是开发人员可以用来在以太坊上创建去中心化应用程序(DApps)的软件平台。

这个虚拟机是所有以太坊账户和智能合约所在的地方。 -这类软件有无数的潜在用例，而且这项技术并不局限于某一群人或那些有很多钱或有任何关系的人。

标准EVM的主要问题是高的汽油费和缓慢的交易费用。如果你可以在Solana上运行这个问题，同时保留所有的好处呢？

Venice — 2022/02/11 TESTNET @Neon Student

-The testnet is an alternative blockchain used for testing smart contracts -Testnet coins are separate and distinct from actual coins and are never supposed to have any value. -This allows application developers or testers to experiment, without having to use real tokens or worrying about breaking the main chain. -Testnet is an instance of a blockchain, powered by the same or a newer version of the underlying software. -All projects use testnet and devnet before launching their project on mainnet to be sure the product is 100% secure and ready to operare with real assets. -Neon is currently still running on testnet and devnet because it is not fully cleared of bugs and is ready to launch on mainnet. Once all necessary risks are removed it will transition to mainnet.

-测试网是用于测试智能合同的替代区块链 -测试网硬币是独立的，不同于实际的硬币，从来不应该有任何价值。 -这允许应用程序开发人员或测试人员进行实验，而不必使用真正的令牌或担心打破主链。 -Testnet是区块链的一个实例，由相同的或更新的版本的底层软件驱动。 -所有项目在主网上启动项目之前使用测试网和开发网，以确保产品100%安全，并准备操作实际资产。 -霓虹灯目前仍然运行在测试网和devnet上，因为它没有完全清除的错误，并准备在主网上启动。一旦所有必要的风险被消除，它将过渡到主网。

Sash — 2022/02/12 CONSENSUS @Neon Student

Consensus is not a term unique to cryptocurrencies, but it is an essential element to the proper functioning of any system.

Consensus is the accepted truth among the participants in the system (this does not mean that consensus is the absolute truth or that it is unquestionable).

In the world of cryptocurrencies, various algorithms, starting with "Proof of XXXXX" allow to reach a consensus on a blockchain.

The strength of a blockchain is therefore to reach a consensus systematically, efficiently and in a decentralized way: we talk about "consensus protocol" or "consensus mechanism".

共识并不是加密货币所特有的术语，但它是任何系统正常运行的一个基本要素。

共识是系统中参与者所接受的真理（这并不意味着共识是绝对的真理，或者它是毫无疑问的）。

在加密货币的世界中，从“XXXXX的证明”开始的各种算法允许在区块链上达成共识。

因此，区块链的优势在于以系统、有效和分散的方式达成共识：我们谈论“共识协议”或“共识机制”。

tSash — 2022/02/13 DAO @Neon Student

A DAO is a Decentralized Autonomous Organization

Its governance rules are fully automated and do not require any human intervention.

The DAO is based on a "trustless" principle, which eliminates the need to trust a third party: in a DAO, "code is law"

The operating rules of a DAO are written in a blockchain and are therefore both immutable and transparent.

DAO是一个分散的自治组织

它的治理规则是完全自动化的，不需要任何人工干预。

DAO是基于一个“不可信任”的原则，该原则消除了信任第三方的需要：在DAO中，“法典就是法律”

DAO的操作规则是用区块链编写的，因此它是不可变的和透明的。

Venice — 2022/02/14 MAINNET @Neon Student

-Mainnet is the term used to describe when a blockchain protocol is fully developed and deployed. -Cryptocurrency transactions are being broadcasted, verified, and recorded on a distributed ledger technology (blockchain). -In other words, a testnet only exists as a working prototype for a blockchain project, while a mainnet is a completely developed blockchain platform for users to send and receive cryptocurrency transactions -Usually, before the mainnet of a blockchain project is launched, the team will set up an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), an Initial Exchange Offering (IEO), or any other means that can help the project raise funds and grow their community. -Typically, the collected funds are then used to develop the prototypes of the blockchain network, which is then tested during the testnet phase. After performing bug fixes and depending on the performance of the testnet, the team will then launch the mainnet version of the blockchain, which is (ideally) fully deployed and functional.

-Mainnet是用来描述区块链协议何时被完全开发和部署的术语。 -加密货币的交易正在被广播，验证，并记录在一个分布式账本技术（区块链）上。 -换句话说，测试网仅作为区块链项目的工作原型存在，而主网是一个完全开发的区块链平台，供用户发送和接收加密货币交易 -通常，在区块链项目的主网启动之前，团队将建立一个初始硬币发行(ICO)、一个初始交换发行(IEO)，或任何其他手段来帮助项目筹集资金和发展他们的社区。 -通常，收集到的资金随后被用于开发区块链网络的原型，然后在测试网阶段进行测试。 在执行错误修复后，根据测试网的性能，团队将启动区块链的主网版本，它（理想情况下）是完全部署和功能的。

Venice — 2022/02/15 SHARDING @Neon Student

-Sharding is a database partitioning technique used by blockchain companies with the purpose of scalability, enabling them to process more transactions per second. -Sharding splits a blockchain company's entire network into smaller partitions, known as "shards." -Each shard is comprised of its own data, making it distinctive and independent when compared to other shards. -Sharding can help reduce the latency or slowness of a network since it splits a blockchain network into separate shards. -Each shard is still able to be shared amongst the other shards, which maintains a key aspect of blockchain technology—the decentralized ledger. -Security concerns surrounding sharding include a hack or shard takeover, where one shard attacks another, resulting in a loss of information.

-共享是区块链公司使用的一种数据库分区技术，目的是可伸缩性，使他们每秒处理更多的事务。 -粉碎将区块链公司的整个网络分割成更小的分区，称为“碎片”。 -每个碎片都由自己的数据组成，与其他碎片相比显得独特和独立。 -共享可以帮助减少网络的延迟或缓慢，因为它将区块链网络分成单独的碎片。 -每个碎片仍然可以在其他碎片之间共享，这维护了区块链技术的一个关键方面——去中心化的分类账。 -围绕碎片攻击的安全担忧包括黑客攻击或碎片接管，即一个碎片攻击另一个碎片，导致信息丢失。

Venice — 2022/02/16 DECENTRALIZED EXCHANGE (DEX) @Neon Student

-A decentralized exchange (better known as a DEX) is a peer-to-peer marketplace where transactions occur directly between crypto traders. -DEXs fulfill one of crypto’s core possibilities: encourage financial transactions that aren’t officiated by banks, brokers, payment processors, or any other kind of intermediary. -The most popular DEXs — like Uniswap and Sushiswap — utilize the Ethereum blockchain and are part of the growing suite of decentralized finance (DeFi) tools, which make a huge range of financial services available directly from a compatible crypto wallet. -Unlike centralized exchanges like Coinbase, DEXs don’t allow for exchanges between fiat and crypto — instead, they exclusively trade cryptocurrency tokens for other cryptocurrency tokens. -Via a centralized exchange (or CEX), you can trade fiat for crypto (and vice versa) or crypto-crypto pairs — say some of your bitcoin for ETH. -DEXs are usually built on open-source code, meaning that anyone interested can see exactly how they work.

-去中心化交易(更广为人知的名称是DEX)是一个点对点市场，交易直接在加密交易员之间进行交易。 -DEXs实现了加密货币的核心可能性之一：鼓励不受由银行、经纪人、支付处理者或任何其他类型的中介机构管理的金融交易。 -最受欢迎的dex——如Uniswap和Sushiswap——利用以太坊区块链，是不断增长的去中心化金融(DeFi)工具的一部分，这些工具使大量的金融服务可以直接从兼容的加密货币到钱包。 -与像Coinbase这样的集中式交易所不同，DEXs不允许法定货币和加密货币之间的交换-相反，他们只用加密货币代币交易其他加密货币代币。 -通过集中交换(或CEX)，你可以用法定货币交换加密（反之亦然）或加密加密对，比如你的一些比特币交换ETH。 -dex通常构建在开放源代码上，这意味着任何感兴趣的人都可以确切地看到它们是如何工作的。

Venice — 2022/02/17 ERC-20 @Neon Student

-An ERC-20 token is a standard used for creating and issuing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. -Smart contracts can then be used to create a smart property or tokenized assets that people can invest in. -ERC stands for "Ethereum request for comment," and the ERC-20 standard was implemented in 2015. -Plenty of well-known digital currencies use the ERC-20 standard, including Maker (MKR), Basic Attention Token (BAT), Augur (REP), and OMG Network (OMG). -While ERC-20 has seen widespread support in the form of new tokens conforming to its standards, there are many in the development community who believe ERC-20 is limited or flawed in one or more ways. -Neon is offering a combination of ERC-20 and SPL token via ERC-20/SPL Wrapper. -For this reason, since the development of ERC20, several alternative token standards have also been proposed, which we will cover in the future.

-ERC-20令牌是用于在以太坊区块链上创建和发布智能合约的标准。 -智能合约可以用来创建智能房产或标记化资产，人们可以投资。 -ERC代表“以太坊征求意见”，ERC-20标准于2015年实施。 -许多著名的数字货币使用ERC-20标准，包括Maker(MKR)、基本注意令牌(BAT)、Augur(REP)和OMG网络(OMG)。 -虽然ERC-20以符合其标准的新代币的形式得到了广泛的支持，但发展界有许多人士认为ERC-20在一种或多种方面是有限的或有缺陷的。 -Neon通过ERC-20/SPL包装器提供ERC-20和SPL令牌的组合。 -由于这个原因，自从ERC20的开发以来，还提出了一些替代的令牌标准，我们将在未来介绍。

Venice — 2022/02/18 RUG PULL @Neon Student

-A rug pull is a malicious maneuver in the cryptocurrency industry where crypto developers abandon a project and run away with investors’ funds. -Rug pulls usually happen in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, especially on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), where malicious individuals create a token and list it on a DEX, then pair it with a leading cryptocurrency like Ethereum. -Once a significant amount of unsuspecting investors swap their ETH for the listed token, the creators then withdraw everything from the liquidity pool, driving the coin's price to zero. -The coin’s creators may even create a temporary hype around Telegram, Twitter, and other social media platforms and initially inject a substantial amount of liquidity into their pool to cultivate investor confidence. -Rug pulls thrive on DEXs because these types of exchanges allow users to list tokens for free and without audit, unlike in centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. -A way to think about an unruggable project is if the team resigns ownership of any tokens, like tokens they would have acquired during a presale.

-在加密货币行业，拉地毯是一种恶意的策略，加密货币开发商放弃一个项目，用投资者的资金逃跑。 -地毯拉动通常发生在去中心化金融(DeFi)生态系统中，特别是在去中心化交易所(DEXs)中，在这个系统中，恶意的个人创建一个令牌并将其列在DEX上，然后将其与以太坊这样的领先加密货币配对。 -一旦大量毫无戒心的投资者将他们的ETH换成上市的代币，创造者就会从流动性池中撤出所有东西，将硬币的价格推至零。 -硬币的创造者甚至可能围绕电报、推特和其他社交媒体平台暂时进行炒作，并最初向他们的资金池注入大量流动性，以培养投资者的信心。 -地毯拉在dex上蓬勃发展，因为这些类型的交易所允许用户免费列出代币，而不像集中式加密货币交易所。 -考虑一个平静的项目的一种方法是，如果团队是否放弃任何代币的所有权，比如他们在预售期间获得的代币。

Venice — 2022/02/19 LEDGER WALLET/HARDWARE WALLET @Neon Student

-Ledger wallets are hardware cryptocurrency wallets made by Ledger, a company headquartered in Paris, France. -Ledger's hardware wallets are multicurrency wallets that are used to store private keys for cryptocurrencies offline. -Ledger offers two hardware wallets: the Ledger Nano S and the Ledger Nano X wallets. -Ledger's hardware wallets are device-based, which means they use storage mechanisms—USB drives—to store private keys, thereby making it difficult for hackers to access the key from an online location. -These wallets also use a 24-word backup recovery phrase that can be used to access a user’s cryptocurrencies if the device containing the private key is stolen. -For the extra-cautious, the 24-word phrase can be etched into steel in a Billfodl, a device designed to hold your seeds and keys forever in a physical form. -All Ledger wallets support 27 coins and more than 1,500 tokens. This list includes both prominent cryptocurrencies as well as lesser-known ones.

-莱杰钱包是由总部设在法国巴黎的莱杰公司制造的硬件加密货币钱包。 -莱杰的硬件钱包是多货币钱包，用于离线存储加密货币的私钥。 -莱杰提供了两个硬件钱包：莱杰NanoS和莱杰NanoX钱包。 -莱杰的硬件钱包是基于设备的，这意味着它们使用存储机制——USB驱动器——来存储私钥，因此黑客很难从在线位置访问密钥。 -这些钱包还使用一个24个字的备份恢复短语，如果包含私钥的设备被盗，可以用来访问用户的加密货币。 -对于特别谨慎的人来说，这个24个单词的短语可以被蚀刻在钢铁上，这是一种可以永远保存你的种子和钥匙的设备。 -所有的莱杰钱包都支持27个硬币和超过1500个代币。这个列表包括著名的加密货币和不太知名的加密货币。

Venice — 2022/02/20 INITIAL DEX OFFERING (IDO) @Neon Student

-An initial DEX offering, or IDO, is a new and exciting type of decentralized and permissionless crowdfunding platform, which is opening up a new way of fundraising in the crypto space. -If a project is launching an IDO, it means the project is launching a coin or token via a decentralized liquidity exchange. -This is a type of crypto asset exchange that depends on liquidity pools where traders can swap tokens, including crypto coins and stablecoins. -IDOs are the successor of other crypto fundraising models, including initial coin offerings (ICOs), security token offerings (STOs), and initial exchange offerings (IEOs). -With the decentralized nature of IDOs, this new fundraising model is attempting to solve the issues of ICOs while adding new possibilities to the crypto market. -The concept behind crypto is to open the doors of finance by making it decentralized. IDOs are one step to making this happen.

-最初的DEX提供，或称IDO，是一种新的、令人兴奋的去中心化和无许可的众筹平台，它在加密货币领域开辟了一种新的融资方式。 -如果一个项目正在启动IDO，这意味着该项目正在通过去中心化的流动性交换启动硬币或代币。 -这是一种依赖于流动性池的加密资产交换，交易员可以交换代币，包括加密币和稳定币。 -IDOs是其他加密货币融资模式的继承者，包括初始代币发行(ICOs)、安全代币发行(STOs)和初始交换发行(IEOs)。 -由于ido的分散性质，这种新的融资模式正试图解决ico的问题，同时为加密货币市场增加新的可能性。 -加密货币背后的概念是通过使金融去中心化来打开金融的大门。ido是实现这一目标的一步。

Venice — 2022/02/21 INITIAL COIN OFFERING (ICO) @Neon Student

-Initial coin offerings are a popular way to raise funds for products and services usually related to cryptocurrency. -ICOs are similar to initial public offerings, but coins issued in an ICO can also have utility for a software service or product. -Some ICOs have yielded massive returns for investors. Numerous others have turned out to be fraudulent or have performed extremely poorly. -To participate in an ICO, you usually need to first purchase a more established digital currency, plus have a basic understanding of cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges. -ICOs are, for the most part, completely unregulated, so investors must exercise a high degree of caution and diligence when researching and investing in ICOs. -Anyone can launch an ICO. With very little regulation of ICOs in the U.S. currently, anyone who can access the proper tech is free to launch a new cryptocurrency.

-首次代币发行是为通常与加密货币相关的产品和服务筹集资金的一种流行方式。 -ICO类似于首次公开发行，但在ICO中发行的硬币也可以用于软件服务或产品。 -一些ico已经为投资者带来了巨大的回报。还有许多人被证明是欺诈行为或表现非常差。 -要参与一个ICO，你通常需要首先购买一个更成熟的数字货币，并对加密货币的钱包和交易所有一个基本的了解。 -ico在很大程度上是完全不受监管的，因此投资者在研究和投资ico时必须高度谨慎和勤勉。 -任何人都可以启动一个ICO。目前美国对ico的监管很少，任何能够获得适当技术的人都可以自由推出一种新的加密货币。

Venice — 2022/02/22 SIDECHAIN @Neon Student

-A sidechain is a side blockchain that is linked to another blockchain, referred to as the main chain, via a two-way peg. -Imagine a global decentralized network of various blockchains, each with their own sets of rules, functionalities and purposes, that remain independent from each yet form one seamless ecosystem. That’s the sidechain vision. -This sophisticated cryptographic mechanism enables tokens and other digital assets to move back and forth freely from the main chain. -Sidechains come in many variations depending on the functions they are built for. -While both Liquid and Rootstock are Bitcoin sidechains, for example, they function very differently, since the latter is specifically created for the purpose of running smart contracts more efficiently. -Sidechains are responsible for their own security. Since each sidechain is independent, if it is hacked or compromised, the damage will be contained within that chain and won’t affect the main chain. -Conversely, should the main chain become compromised, the sidechain can still operate, but the peg will lose most of its value.

-侧链是一个侧区块链，通过双向挂钩连接到另一个区块链，称为主链。 -想象一个由各种区块链组成的全球分散网络，每个区块链都有自己的规则、功能和目的，它们仍然独立于每一个，但形成一个无缝的生态系统。这就是侧边的愿景。 -这种复杂的加密机制使令牌和其他数字资产能够从主链上来回移动。 -侧链有许多不同，取决于他们的功能。 -例如，虽然液体和股票都是比特币侧链，但它们的功能非常不同，因为后者是专门为更有效地运行智能合约而创建的。 -侧链公司负责他们自己的安全。由于每个侧链都是独立的，如果它被黑客攻击或破坏，损坏将被包含在该链中，并且不会影响主链。 -相反，如果主链受损，侧链仍然可以运行，但挂钩将失去其大部分价值。

Venice — 2022/02/23 AUTOMATED MARKET MAKER (AMM) @Neon Student

-Market makers are essentially liquidity providers. -Automated market makers are a part of decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that were introduced to remove any intermediaries in the trading of crypto assets. -You can think of AMM as a computer program that automates the process of providing liquidity. -These protocols are built using smart contracts -- a computer code that executes itself -- to mathematically define the price of the crypto tokens and provide liquidity. -In the AMM protocol, you do not need another trader to make a trade. Instead, you can trade with a smart contract. -In AMM, anyone can be a liquidity provider if they meet the requirements stipulated in the smart contract. -AMMs also allows anyone to become a liquidity provider, which comes with incentives. Liquidity providers get a fraction of the fees paid on transactions executed on the pool.

-做市商本质上是流动性提供者。 -自动做市商是去中心化交易所(DEXs)的一部分，引入该交易所是为了消除加密资产交易中的任何中介机构。 -你可以把AMM看作是一个自动提供流动性过程的计算机程序。 -这些协议是使用智能合约构建的——一种自动执行的计算机代码——以从数学上定义加密代币的价格并提供流动性。 -在AMM协议中，您不需要另一个交易员来进行交易。相反，你可以用一个智能合约进行交易。 -在AMM中，如果任何人都满足智能合同中规定的要求，那么他们都可以成为流动性提供者。 -AMMs还允许任何人成为流动性提供者，这也带有激励措施。流动性提供者获得在池中执行的交易费用的一小部分。

Neon's first AMM will be Moraswap. Venice — 2022/02/24 ROLLUP @Neon Student

-Rollups executes the transaction off the chain mainly on a rollup specific chain and then batch the transaction data, compresses it, and sends it to the main Etheruem chain. -This reduces the load on the main Ethereum network of actually processing those transactions. -This helps in reducing the fees and blockchain adoption by increasing participation. -Rollups also enable redeployment of all the existing Ethereum smart contracts to a rollup with little or no change. -Rollups look like an up-and-coming solution to the Ethereum scalability problem. -There are two types of rollups based on this; Optimistic Rollups and ZK-rollups. -Optimistic rollups, as the name suggests at first, assume that the transaction data submitted to the Ethereum network is correct and valid. -ZK-rollups or Zero-Knowledge rollups, unlike Optimistic rollups, don’t have any dispute resolution mechanism. It uses a clever piece of cryptography Zero-Knowledge proofs.

-Neon will be working on developing rollup as well.

-Rollups主要在汇总特定链上执行链外执行事务，然后对事务数据进行批处理，压缩，并将其发送到主链。 -这减少了实际处理这些事务的主以太坊网络上的负载。 -这有助于通过增加参与来减少费用和区块链的采用。 -Rollups还使所有现有的以太坊智能合约重新部署到一个汇总，但很少或没有变化。 -Rollups看起来像是以太坊可伸缩性问题的一个新兴的解决方案。 -基于此有两种类型的滚动；乐观的滚动和ZK-滚动。 -乐观汇总，顾名思义，假设提交给以太坊网络的事务数据是正确和有效的。 -ZK-汇总或零知识汇总，不像乐观的汇总，没有任何争议解决机制。它使用了一个聪明的密码学零知识证明。

-霓虹灯也将致力于开发累积功能。

Venice — 2022/02/25 PEER TO PEER (P2P) @Neon Student

-Peer-to-peer refers to the direct exchange of some asset, such as a digital currency, between individual parties without the involvement of a central authority. -A strictly peer-to-peer exchange of currency was the primary goal driving the creation of Bitcoin, the most widely used cryptocurrency. -Peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchanges can offer more privacy than traditional online transactions. -In a digital peer-to-peer network, each user is (in theory) an equivalent owner of and contributor to the network. -This kind of network can be used for almost any kind of information or file-sharing. -Truly peer-to-peer cryptocurrency transactions generally do not require the involved parties to provide identification, thus protecting everyone's privacy. -Most P2P exchanges allow the purchase of cryptocurrencies to be made with cash or other forms of exchange that support the protection of privacy. -However, not all cryptocurrency exchanges are truly peer-to-peer. Many of them are centralized exchanges subject to the regulations of the countries in which participants live. This means that governments sometimes require the exchanges to collect information about users' identities and transactions, resulting in an erosion of the privacy for which Bitcoin was aiming.

-点对点是指在没有中央权威机构参与的情况下，在个别各方之间直接交换某些资产，例如数字货币。 -严格的点对点货币交换是推动比特币创造的主要目标，比特币是使用最广泛的加密货币。 -点对点加密货币交易所可以比传统的在线交易提供更多的隐私。 -在一个数字点对点网络中，每个用户（在理论上）都是该网络的等效所有者和贡献者。 -这种网络可以用于几乎任何类型的信息或文件共享。 -真正的点对点加密货币交易通常不需要相关各方提供身份识别，从而保护了每个人的隐私。 -大多数P2P交易所允许用现金或其他支持隐私保护的交易所形式购买加密货币。 -然而，并非所有的加密货币交易所都是真正的点对点的。其中许多是集中交流，必须遵守参与者居住国家的规定。这意味着，政府有时会要求交易所收集有关用户身份和交易的信息，从而导致比特币所瞄准的隐私受到侵蚀。

Venice — 2022/02/26 CROWDSALE @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency crowdsale is a public offering to invest in a new cryptocurrency or other digital asset, such as a non-fungible token (NFT). -Cryptocurrency crowdsales can raise funds for anything related to cryptocurrency, including a crypto development project or new business. -Some initial coin offerings (ICOs), which are similar to initial public offerings (IPOs) of stocks, are also classified as cryptocurrency crowdsales. -Cryptocurrency crowdsales use blockchain technology—the same tech that powers Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies—to mint new coins sold as part of the crowdsale. -New cryptocurrencies or other digital assets are released to the public often through crowdsales. -Crowdsales for cryptocurrencies can raise millions of dollars. The Ethereum DAO crowdsale raised more than $30 million, while other lesser known cryptocurrencies have used crowdsales to raise several million dollars for coin launches.

-加密货币众售是指投资于一种新的加密货币或其他数字资产的公开发行，如不可替代的代币(NFT)。 -加密货币众销售可以为任何与加密货币相关的东西筹集资金，包括加密开发项目或新业务。 -一些首次代币发行(ico)，类似于股票的首次公开发行(ipo)，也被归类为加密货币众售。 -加密货币众筹使用区块链技术——即支持比特币、以太坊和其他加密货币的技术——来铸造作为众筹的一部分出售的新硬币。 -新的加密货币或其他数字资产通常通过众售的方式向公众发布。 -加密货币的众包销售可以筹集到数百万美元。以太坊DAO众筹筹集了3000多万美元，而其他不太知名的加密货币则利用众筹筹集了数百万美元。

Venice — 2022/02/27 TOKENOMICS @Neon Student

-The term is formed by pairing up the two words token and economics. So the word tokenomics basically points to the economics of a crypto token. -Tokenomics refers to all the qualities of a crypto token that makes it appealing to investors. -The tokenomics for a particular crypto token is usually thoroughly discussed in the project whitepaper, and it should help you grasp the functionality, objective, allocation policy, and more of the crypto token.-To put it simply, any factor that even remotely concerns the value of a crypto token should be taken into account when considering its tokenomics. -Notably, most of the factors that make up a crypto’s tokenomics are usually found in websites like CoinMarketCap and CoinGecko, but still do verify with the project whitepaper to be sure of their precision.-Main parts of every tokenomics should consist of The Allocation and Distribution of Tokens, The Supply of the Token, Market Capitalization & The Token Model.

-这个术语是由标记和经济学这两个词配对形成的。所以代币组学这个词基本上是指加密代币的经济学。 -代币组学指的是一种能够吸引投资者的加密代币的所有品质。 -特定加密令牌的代牌组学通常在项目白皮书中详细讨论，它应该帮助您掌握功能、目标、分配策略和更多的加密令牌。-简单地说，在考虑加密代牌组时，即使涉及加密代牌的价值，都应该考虑任何因素。 ——值得注意的是，大多数的因素构成加密的代币组通常发现在网站像市值和市场，但仍然验证项目白皮书确保他们的precision.-Main部分每个代币组应该包括代币的分配和分配，代币的供应，市值和代币模型。

Venice — 2022/02/28 HALVING @Neon Student

-Bitcoin halving refers to an event when the pace at which new units of the world's largest cryptocurrency entering circulation is cut in half. -At the current rate that bitcoins are being produced, halvings happen about every four years. -Bitcoin halving is part of a system designed to cap the total number of bitcoins at 21 million. -With the halvings resulting in decreased mining rewards, creating new bitcoins becomes an increasingly expensive proposition. -First halving: At the time of the first halving, in November 2012, the price of Bitcoin stood at about $11. Within a year, it rose a hundredfold. -Second halving: In July 2016, the Bitcoin network arrived at the milestone of 420,000 blocks, triggering a second halving. The price of Bitcoin fluctuated between $500 and $1,000 for a few months, and ultimately rose to around $20,000 by December 2017. -Third halving: The third halving happened in May 2020, coinciding with another bull run for the cryptocurrency. At the time of this halving, Bitcoin traded at around $9,000. It climbed to around $30,000 by the end of the year. -Next Bitcoin halving will happen in 2024.

-比特币减半是指世界上最大的加密货币进入流通的新单位的速度减半的事件。 -按照目前比特币的生产速度，大约每四年生产一半。 -比特币减半是旨在将比特币总数上限为2100万的系统的一部分。 -随着一半导致采矿奖励的减少，创造新的比特币成为一个越来越昂贵的提议。 -第一次减半：在2012年11月的第一次减半时，比特币的价格维持在11美元左右。不到一年，它就增长了一百倍。 -第二次减半：2016年7月，比特币网络达到了42万个区块的里程碑，导致第二次减半。比特币的价格在几个月内在500美元到1000美元之间波动，最终在2017年12月升至2万美元左右。 -第三次减半：第三次减半发生在2020年5月，与此同时，这也是加密货币的另一次牛市。当时，比特币的交易价格约为9,000美元。到今年年底，它已攀升至3万美元左右。 -下一个比特币减半将在2024年实现。

Venice — 2022/03/01 TOTAL VALUE LOCKED (TVL) @Neon Student

-Total value locked (TVL) is the overall value of crypto assets deposited in a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol – or in DeFi protocols generally. -TVL includes all the coins deposited in all of the functions that DeFi protocols offer, including: Staking, Lending, Liquidity pools. -Importantly, it doesn't reflect the yield that these deposits are expected to earn. It only means the current value of the deposits themselves.

project’s TVL doesn't only change when users make new deposits or withdraw their assets. It is constantly changing in line with the fluctuating dollar value of all those assets in the cryptocurrency market.

Some or even all of a DeFi protocol's deposits may be denominated in its native token. When its native token appreciates in value, the protocol’s TVL grows in tandem. -The combined TVL of all DeFi protocols grew exceptionally fast between 2020 and 2021. At the start of 2020, the combined TVL across all DeFi platforms was around $630 million, according to analytics firm DeFi Llama. -Protocols can operate on just one network or spread themselves across many, in which case they have an independent TVL on each of the networks. -The largest network by DeFi TVL is Ethereum, accounting for almost half of the total volume worldwide.

-锁定总价值(TVL)是指在分散金融(DeFi)协议或一般DeFi协议中存储的加密资产的总价值。 -TVL包括在DeFi协议提供的所有功能中存放的所有硬币，包括：认购、贷款、流动性池。 -重要的是，它并不能反映这些存款的预期收益。它只指存款本身的当前价值。

该项目的TVL不仅会在用户进行新的存款或提取资产时发生变化。它随着加密货币市场上所有这些资产的美元价值的波动而不断变化。

DeFi协议的部分甚至全部存款可能以其本地令牌计价。当其原生令牌升值时，协议的TVL就会同步增长。 -所有DeFi协议的组合TVL在2020年至2021年期间增长异常快。根据分析公司DeFiLlama的数据，截至2020年初，所有DeFi平台的TVL合并后约为6.3亿美元。 -协议可以只在一个网络上运行，或者在许多网络上传播自己，在这种情况下，它们在每个网络上都有一个独立的TVL。 -DeFiTVL最大的网络是以太坊，几乎占全球总销量的一半。

Venice — 2022/03/02 SOLSCAN @Neon Student

-SolScan is a blockchain explorer used to search through information on the Solana blockchain. It’s a popular alternative to the official Solana explorer. -SolScan turns complex transactional data into something that can be easily read. -SolScan also has DeFi and NFT dashboards and an analytics platform to browse. You can also use their API to create customized feeds for yourself. All of these are found in the header of the website. -The block explorer provides access to anything recorded on-chain, including crypto transactions, addresses, smart contracts, blocks, tokens, and more. -It’s free to use and doesn’t require an account, but you can create one and log in for enhanced functionality. -Using a blockchain explorer is essential for anyone transacting with a network. If you aren’t sure where your staked funds have gone, or perhaps a transaction is still pending, you can use SolScan to find out what’s happened. -All information on SolScan comes directly from the Solana blockchain, so you can be sure it’s accurate.

-Neon is integrating with SolScan, and SolScan is working on enabling read on Ethereum transactions as well, so it could operate with Neon on both ends.

-SolScan是一个区块链资源管理器，用于搜索Solana区块链上的信息。这是官方索拉纳探险家的一个流行的替代品。 -SolScan将复杂的事务性数据转换为易于读取的东西。 -SolScan还拥有DeFi和NFT仪表盘，以及一个分析平台可供浏览。您还可以使用它们的API为自己创建定制的提要。所有这些都可以在网站的标题中找到。 -块浏览器提供了对链上记录的任何东西的访问，包括加密交易、地址、智能合同、块、令牌等等。 -它是免费使用的，不需要一个帐户，但你可以创建一个，并登录，以增强功能。 -使用区块链浏览器对任何处理网络的人都是必不可少的。如果你不确定你的赌基金去了哪里，或者交易正在进行中，你可以使用SolScan来查明发生了什么。 -所有关于SolScan的信息都直接来自Solana区块链，所以你可以确保它是准确的。

-Neon正在与SolScan集成，SolScan也正在启用以太坊事务的读取，因此它可以在两端与Neon一起运行。

Venice — 2022/03/03 ETHERSCAN @Neon Student

-The team behind Etherscan created the platform as an independent entity whose mission is to facilitate blockchain transparency. -The Ethereum blockchain has a public ledger that Etherscan.io indexes and then make searchable in what it believes to be the most transparent and accessible way possible. -Etherscan is not a wallet service provider, it does not store people’s private keys and it has no control over the transactions that take place over the Ethereum network. -Users can register and create an account in Etherscan. Normal users can add an address to the “watch list” and be notified by email for an incoming transfer transaction. -Developers can access a set of API services that can be used to either build decentralized applications or serve as data feeds for Ethereum blockchain information. -You can use Etherscan to search all transaction histories, including token transfer and contract execution, of any address at Etherscan.io. You simply paste an address into the search bar and the address details will appear. -Etherscan provides information on the balance of ETH at the address, its current value in US dollars, and the total number of transactions made to and from the address. -Etherscan also has a “gas price tracker”, which is useful because the Ethereum network can suffer congestion problems. -Etherscan is a useful resource for all Ethereum Network users to track transactions, check smart contracts, find out stats, and generally stay on top of what’s happening in the Ethereum blockchain.

-Neon needs Ethereum tx's to be checked as well as Solana ones that is why SolScan is working on an option to check eth tx's as well for Neon.

-以太扫描背后的团队将该平台创建为一个独立的实体，其使命是促进区块链的透明度。 -以太坊区块链有一个公共账本，Etherscan.io索引，然后以它认为最透明和可访问的方式进行搜索。 -以太扫描不是一个钱包服务提供商，它不存储人们的私钥，它也不能控制在以太坊网络上发生的交易。 -用户可以在以太扫描中注册和创建一个帐户。普通用户可以在“观察列表”中添加一个地址，并通过电子邮件通知传入的转移事务。 -开发人员可以访问一组API服务，它们既可以用来构建分散的应用程序，也可以作为以太坊区块链信息的数据提要。 -您可以使用以太扫描搜索Etherscan.io上的所有地址的所有交易历史，包括令牌转让和合同执行。您只需将一个地址粘贴到搜索栏中，该地址的详细信息就会出现。 -以太扫描提供有关地址的余额，以美元计算的当前价值，以及进出地址的交易总数。 -以太坊扫描也有一个“天然气价格跟踪器”，这是有用的，因为以太坊网络可能会遭受拥塞问题。 -以太扫描是一个有用的资源，为所有以太坊网络用户跟踪交易，检查智能合同，找到统计数据，并通常保持在以太坊区块链中发生的事情。

-霓虹灯需要以太坊tx的检查以及索拉纳的，这就是为什么SolScan正在工作的一个选项来检查ethtx的以及霓虹灯。

Venice — 2022/03/04 BINANCE @Neon Student

-Binance is an online exchange where users can trade cryptocurrencies. It supports most commonly traded cryptocurrencies. -Binance provides a crypto wallet for traders to store their electronic funds. -The exchange also has supporting services for users to earn interest or transact using cryptocurrencies. It also offers programs for miners and to help traders make investment decisions. -Binance has its own blockchain-based token, Binance Coin (BNB). -Primarily known for crypto-to-crypto trading—trading between two cryptocurrency pairs —the Binance exchange has among the lowest transaction fees for cryptocurrency exchanges. -It has high liquidity and offers discounts to users who pay in the native BNB cryptocurrency tokens. -Binance offers an additional five types of orders for crypto derivatives, specifically futures contracts. These trade orders include: Limit order, Market order, Stop limit order, Stop market order, Trailing stop order, Post only order, Limit TP/SL order. -One of the reasons Binance is sometimes looked down upon is because it is extremely centralized which goes against the whole point of Web3.

-Binance是一个在线交易所，用户可以在这里交易加密货币。它支持最常见的可交易的加密货币。 -币安银行为交易员提供了一个加密钱包来存储他们的电子基金。 -该交易所还为用户获得利息或使用加密货币进行交易提供支持服务。它还为矿商提供投资项目，并帮助交易员做出投资决策。 -Binance有自己的基于区块链的代币币(BNB)。 币安交易所主要以加密到加密交易而闻名，在两对加密货币之间进行交易，是加密货币交易所交易费用最低的交易所之一。 -它具有高流动性，并向支付本地BNB加密货币代币的用户提供折扣。 -币安提供另外五种加密衍生品的订单，特别是期货合约。这些交易指令包括：限价指令、市场指令、止损限价指令、止损市场指令、跟踪止损指令、仅邮寄订单、限价TP/SL订单。 -绑定有时被轻视的原因之一是它非常集中，这与Web3的整个观点相反。

Sash — 2022/03/05 MASTERNODE @Neon Student

-Masternode is defined as a governing hub in some cryptocurrency networks. -It requires an initial collateral of tokens to operate. -A masternode is rewarded in tokens each time it adds and validates a block. The addition of each block and thus the corresponding rewards are randomly assigned to the different masternodes. -PoS protocol can propose to use economic sanctions to prevent hacker attacks. If an attack is detected, the protocol can plan to apply a penalty system to the hacker forger, who would automatically lose his deposited corners.

-主节点被定义为一些加密货币网络中的管理枢纽。 -它需要一个代币的初始抵押品才能运作。 -一个主节点每次添加和验证一个块时都会获得代币的奖励。每个块的添加和相应的奖励被随机分配给不同的主节点。 -PoS协议可以提议使用经济制裁来防止黑客攻击。如果检测到攻击，该协议可以计划对黑客伪造者应用一个惩罚系统，后者将自动丢失他存放的角落。

Venice — 2022/03/06 CRYPTOCURRENCY @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency is a form of digital asset based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of governments and central authorities. -Experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. -The advantages of cryptocurrencies include cheaper and faster money transfers and decentralized systems that do not collapse at a single point of failure. -The disadvantages of cryptocurrencies include their price volatility, high energy consumption for mining activities, and use in criminal activities. -Bitcoin is the most popular and valuable cryptocurrency. An anonymous person called Satoshi Nakamoto invented it and introduced it to the world via a white paper in 2008. -Each cryptocurrency claims to have a different function and specification. For example, Ethereum's ether markets itself as gas for the underlying smart contract platform. -Although cryptocurrencies are considered a form of money, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats them as a financial asset or property. -Any investor can purchase cryptocurrency from popular crypto exchanges. -Currently, cryptocurrencies are literally saving lives.

-加密货币是一种基于分布在大量计算机上的网络的数字资产形式。这种分散的结构使它们能够在政府和中央当局的控制之外存在。 -专家认为，区块链和相关技术将颠覆许多行业，包括金融和法律。 -加密货币的优势包括更便宜、更快的转账和不会在单点故障时崩溃的去中心化系统。 -加密货币的缺点包括其价格波动、采矿活动的高能源消耗以及用于犯罪活动。 -比特币是最流行和最有价值的加密货币。一位名叫中本聪的匿名人士发明了它，并于2008年通过白皮书将其介绍给了世界。 -每种加密货币都声称有不同的功能和规范。例如，以太坊的以太醚将自己作为底层智能合约平台的天然气进行销售。 -尽管加密货币被认为是一种货币形式，但美国国税局(IRS)将其视为一种金融资产或财产。 -任何投资者都可以从流行的加密货币交易所购买加密货币。

-目前，加密货币确实在拯救生命。

Venice — 2022/03/07 SERUM @Neon Student

-Serum is a decentralized exchange software built on Solana where cryptocurrencies can be bought and sold by traders. -Central to Serum’s design is a decentralized orderbook run by smart contracts that aims to mirror traditional exchanges by matching buyers and sellers. -This gives participants flexibility with pricing and order sizes when they submit orders to Serum, giving them full control over their trading. -In this way, Serum is intended to operate a new kind of decentralized exchange that intends to rival those built using an automated market maker (AMM) such as Uniswap, Sushi and Bancor. -Further, Serum offers cross-chain support, meaning that traders can trade tokens built on other platforms like Ethereum or Polkadot. -Existing decentralized finance (DeFi) projects can also access Serum’s features and liquidity, regardless of which blockchain they are built on. -Serum’s utility token, SRM, enables holders to receive up to a 50 percent discount on their trade fees and stakers to vote and participate in the platform’s governance mechanism. -Those wishing to stay connected on the currency development of Serum can bookmark its blog for up-to-date details. -Serum’s network and design is meant to facilitate transactions in a way that feels similar to that of traditional exchanges.

-Serum是一种建立在Solana上的去中心化交换软件，交易员可以通过它买卖加密货币。 -Serum设计的核心是一个由智能合约运行的分散的订单书，旨在通过匹配买家和卖家来反映传统的交流。 -这使参与者在向血清公司提交订单时能够灵活地进行定价和订单大小，使他们能够完全控制自己的交易。 -通过这种方式，Serum旨在运营一种新型的去中心化交易所，旨在竞争那些使用自动做市商(AMM)建立的交易所，如Uniswap、苏轼和Bancor。 -此外，Serum还提供了跨链支持，这意味着交易者可以交易建立在以太坊或波尔卡多等其他平台上的代币。 -现有的去中心化金融(DeFi)项目也可以访问Serum的特性和流动性，无论它们建立在哪个区块链之上。 -血清的效用代币SRM使持有者可以获得高达50%的贸易费用折扣，并可以投票并参与平台的治理机制。 -那些希望对血清货币发展保持联系的人可以将其博客书签以获得最新的细节。 -血清的网络和设计旨在以一种感觉类似于传统交易所的方式促进交易。

Venice — 2022/03/08 CHAINLINK @Neon Student

-Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network on Ethereum that connects blockchains with off-chain data. -Chainlink uses hybrid smart contracts to integrate on-chain code and off-chain data infrastructure. -Chainlink tokens—called LINK—are used to pay Chainlink network operators for retrieving and preparing off-chain data and performing computations. -It supports decentralized data feeds: Data from many sources can be securely collected and used for hybrid smart contracts. -It provides verifiable sources of randomness: Applications such as games that require cryptographically secure randomness can use Chainlink. -It enables automation: Chainlink smart contracts can automate key functions and event-driven tasks for enterprises. -It supports cross-blockchain interoperability: Chainlink can connect blockchain platforms to support the exchange of messages, tokens, and specific actions. -Chainlink aims to continue to grow by expanding its support for blockchain environments and facilitating new use cases for hybrid smart contracts. -The Chainlink decentralized oracle can connect many different types of data with many different blockchains, creating many potential applications for Chainlink. -Chainlink could help to integrate blockchain technology with many industries and business functions.

-链链是以太坊上的一个分散的甲骨文网络，它将区块链与链外数据连接起来。 -链链使用混合智能合约来集成链上代码和链外数据基础设施。 -链链接标记称为链接，用于支付链链接网络运营商检索和准备链外数据并执行计算。 -它支持分散的数据源：来自许多来源的数据可以安全地收集并用于混合智能合同。 -它提供了可验证的随机性来源：应用程序，如需要加密安全的随机性的游戏，可以使用链链接。 -它实现自动化：链链智能合同可以为企业自动化关键功能和事件驱动的任务。 -它支持跨区块链互操作性：链链可以连接区块链平台，以支持消息、令牌和特定操作的交换。 -Chainlink旨在通过扩大其对区块链环境的支持和促进混合智能合同的新用例来继续增长。 -链链分散神谕可以连接许多不同类型的数据与许多不同的区块链，为链创建许多潜在的应用。 -链链可以帮助区块链技术与许多行业和业务功能集成。

Venice — 2022/03/09 MAGIC EDEN @Neon Student

-Magic Eden is a new NFT platform made for the Solana Network that facilitates the buying, selling, and minting of NFTs. -The NFT transactions are very similar to Ethereum, except that users will have a 0% listing fee and only 2% transaction fees, which lowers the entry barriers for new and seasoned NFT buyers and creators. -SOL tokens are the medium of payment for fees. -The Solana Network, where the Magic Eden sits, supports three common wallets: Phantom, Solflare, and Sollet. -Users are required to purchase SOL and send these tokens to their wallets to buy NFTs on Magic Eden. -Magic Eden doesn’t charge cancel or offer fees, but the platform clarifies that bidders’ offer price should be within its escrow(third-party smart contract). -Users can also cancel offers by going to the “Offers Made” tab on the platform’s “My Profile” page. -The minimum offer price that bidders need to make should be 50% of the listing price to increase the possibility of matching the offers. -The platform’s ‘Launchpad’ provides a simple process for users to create and sell NFTs, eliminating the hassle of going through many technical processes just to proceed in launching digital assets.

-魔法伊甸园是一个新的NFT平台，为索拉纳网络，促进nft的买卖和铸造。 -NFT的交易与以太坊非常相似，除了用户将有0%的上市费和2%的交易费，这降低了新的和经验丰富的NFT买家和创造者的进入门槛。 -SOL代币是支付费用的媒介。 -索拉纳网络，即神奇的伊甸园的所在地，支持三个常见的钱包：幻影，鞋底，和鞋底。 -用户需要购买SOL，并将这些令牌发送到他们的钱包，以购买魔法伊甸园上的nft。 -魔术Eden不收取取消或提供费用，但该平台澄清，投标人的报价应该在其托管（第三方智能合同）。 -用户也可以通过进入该平台的“我的个人资料”页面上的“提供优惠制作”标签来取消提供优惠。 -投标人需要提出的最低报价应为挂牌价格的50%，以增加与报价相匹配的可能性。 -该平台的“启动平台”为用户提供了一个简单的nft创建和销售过程，消除了仅为启动数字资产而经过许多技术流程的麻烦。

Venice — 2022/03/10 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE YIELD (APY) @Neon Student

-Annual percentage yield (APY) acts as a cryptocurrency savings account similar to an annual percentage rate (APR) account.

You may deposit your bitcoin (or another crypto asset) and receive a fixed rate of return over a specific period of time. -The annual percentage yield (APY) is a method of calculating the amount of money earned on a money market account over the course of a year. -The interest you earn on your funds is referred to as compounding interest. -It refers to the amount received on both the principal amount (the money you put into the account) and the interest that has been accumulated. -Compounding makes it possible to create money over time, which is why it is such a strong instrument for investment. his is not the same as simple interest. The term "simple interest" refers to interest generated just on the main deposit. -Cryptocurrency savings accounts with APY may be just what you need if you are a crypto investor who wants to make a return on investment while holding it. -actors like fees, entrance barriers, interest-earning procedure, and types of crypto assets available may vary from platform to platform.

-年百分比收益率(APY)作为一个类似于年利率(APR)账户的加密货币储蓄账户。

您可以存入比特币（或其他加密资产），并在特定时间内获得固定的回报率。 -年百分比收益率(APY)是一种计算货币市场账户在一年内获得的收入的方法。 -你从你的基金中获得的利息被称为复利。 -它是指在本金（你存入账户的钱）和已累积的利息中收到的金额。 -复合使随着时间的推移创造资金成为可能，这就是为什么它是一个如此强大的投资工具。 他的和简单利益不一样。“简单利息”一词是指仅在主要存款上产生的利息。 -如果你是一个加密货币投资者，想要同时获得投资回报，那么使用APY的加密货币储蓄账户可能正是你所需要的。 -诸如费用、准入门槛、利息赚取程序和可用的加密资产类型等参与者可能因平台而异。

Sash — 2022/03/11 IMPERMANENT LOSS @Neon Student

-Impermanent loss is a loss to which funds are exposed while in a liquidity pool. -This loss typically occurs when the ratio of tokens in the liquidity pool becomes uneven. -However the loss is not realized until the tokens are removed from the liquidity pool. -This loss is usually calculated by comparing the value of your tokens in the liquidity pool to the value of simply holding them. -Since stable coins have a stable price, liquidity pools also use stable coins to be less exposed to impermanent loss.

-非永久性损失是指基金在流动性池中暴露于其中的损失。 -这种损失通常发生在流动性池中的代币比率变得不均匀时。 -然而，直到将代币从流动性池中移除后，损失才会实现。 -该损失通常是通过比较流动性池中你的代币的价值与单纯持有它们的价值来计算的。 -由于稳定的硬币具有稳定的价格，流动性池也使用稳定的硬币，以减少对非永久损失的风险。

Venice — 2022/03/12 RAYDIUM @Neon Student

-Raydium is an automated market maker (AMM) built on the Solana blockchain that shares liquidity with the Serum decentralized exchange. -As an AMM, Raydium enables digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies, to be traded in a permissionless way through the use of liquidity pools, which have emerged as one of the main tools of Decentralized Finance (DeFi). -By bringing together the flexibility of an AMM with the reliability of Serum's more traditional order book mechanism, Raydium supports the fast, liquid and low fee trading of digital assets on Solana with an additional source of liquidity. -Users who provide liquidity to Raydium are incentivized with rewards in RAY, the utility token of the Raydium ecosystem. In turn, RAY can be staked in the platform to earn additional cryptos. -The ability to utilize liquidity from either the AMM of Raydium or the order book of Serum should afford traders a more efficient and cost effective decentralized exchange trading experience. -When a user makes a swap, Raydium compares prices between Serum’s order book and Raydium’s AMM in order to execute the most cost effective trade for the user. -In addition to its exchange and yield earning platforms, Raydium has also created a fundraising platform called AcceleRaytor. This serves as a launchpad to help new projects raise capital and build within the Solana ecosystem.

-Raydium是一家基于Solana区块链的自动做市商(AMM)，与血清去中心化交易所共享流动性。 -作为AMM，Raydium可以通过使用流动性池以无许可的方式进行交易，流动性池已成为分散金融(DeFi)的主要工具之一。 -通过将AMM的灵活性与血清更传统的订单机制的可靠性结合起来，瑞安支持Solana上数字资产的快速、流动和低费用交易，并提供额外的流动性来源。 -为瑞登提供流动性的用户可以获得RAY的奖励，即瑞登生态系统的效用令牌。反过来，RAY也可以被押在该平台上，以赚取额外的加密货币。 -利用来自光线的AMM或血清订单的流动性的能力应为交易员提供更有效和成本效益的分散交易所交易经验。 -当用户进行交换时，瑞丁比较血清订单和瑞登的AMM之间的价格，以便为用户执行最具成本效益的交易。 -除了交易所和收益收益平台，瑞登还创建了一个名为“名人”的筹款平台。这是帮助新项目在索拉纳生态系统内筹集资金和建设的一个启动平台。

Venice — 2022/03/13 PHANTOM @Neon Student

-Phantom is like MetaMask for Solana, making using Defi and NFTs a simple process for everyone. Here's how it works. -Phantom is a non-custodial wallet used mainly on the Solana blockchain. -Not only is the wallet a web 3 digital wallet, but it also has a user-friendly interface. With Phantom, users can store, send and receive tokens. -Like other popular wallets such as MetaMask, traders can add the wallet to browsers such as Chrome as an extension. -Besides storing, buying, and staking purposes, traders also use the wallet to buy NFTs on the Solana blockchain. -Currently, the wallet does not support Ethereum based tokens, but the developers are working on an update to that effect. -Traders pay little commission to the network, known as transaction fees, for their activities on the blockchain, this means that no matter the transaction you want to carry out on the Solana blockchain, you should have enough SOL to cover your fees. -The phantom wallet is like every other non-custodial wallet in the DeFi sector. What this means is that users are solely responsible for the security of their wallets. -It also means that the security of a user’s Phantom wallet does not lie on any third party. With the creation of a new wallet, a user would be asked to write down a group of 12 words known as a seed phrase.

-幻影就像索拉纳的元面具，使使用Defi和NFTs对每个人都是一个简单的过程。这是它的工作原理。 -幻影是一个非托管钱包，主要用于Solana区块链。 -这个钱包不仅是一个web3的数字钱包，而且它还有一个用户友好的界面。有了幻影，用户可以存储、发送和接收令牌。 -像MetaMask等其他流行的钱包一样，交易员可以将钱包添加到Chrome等浏览器中作为扩展。 -除了存储、购买和存储目的外，交易员还使用钱包在Solana区块链上购买nft。 -目前，该钱包并不支持基于以太坊的代币，但开发者正在为此进行更新。 -交易员为他们在区块链上的活动向网络支付很少的佣金，称为交易费用，这意味着无论你想在Solann区块链上进行交易，你应该有足够的SOL来支付你的费用。 -幻影钱包就像DeFi领域的其他非托管钱包一样。这意味着用户要对自己钱包的安全负责。 -这也意味着用户的幻影钱包的安全不属于任何第三方。随着一个新钱包的创建，用户将被要求写下一组12个单词，这被称为种子短语。

Sash — 2022/03/14 COPY TRADING @Neon Student

-Copy trading allows novice traders to automatically copy the strategies of several traders. -It is a technique that consists of automatically copying the strategies of several other traders. It is very popular with novice traders who have very little knowledge of the stock market. -Copy trading is a form of social trading. It is a method that allows traders to share their information about the markets. Thus, they can develop strategies based on the data shared by a "community" of traders. -There are some advantages to this, such as time saving, and simplicity as you don't need to have any trading knowledge. -There are also disadvantages, such as copy trading platforms fees, blindly trusting the traders you are copying, but also the technology. With very little trading knowledge, you can only rely on the analysis and skills of others. You have little or no control over the results of your trades.

-复制交易允许新手交易员自动复制几个交易员的策略。 -这是一种包括自动复制其他几个交易员的策略的技术。它在那些对股票市场知之甚少的新手交易中很受欢迎。 -复印交易是一种社会交易的形式。这是一种允许交易员分享他们的市场信息的方法。因此，他们可以根据交易员的“社区”所共享的数据来制定策略。 -这有一些优点，如节省时间和简单，因为你不需要有任何交易知识。 -也有缺点，如复制交易平台费用，盲目信任你抄袭的交易员，还有技术。由于交易知识很少，你只能依靠他人的分析和技能。你几乎无法控制你的交易结果。

Venice — 2022/03/15 BEAR TRAP @Neon Student

-This is a trick played by a group of traders aimed at manipulating the price of a cryptocurrency. -The bear trap is set by this group all selling their cryptocurrency at the same time, which bluffs the market into thinking there is a drop incoming. -As a result, other traders sell their assets, further driving the price down. -Those who set the trap then release it, buying back their assets, which are now at a lower price. -The overall price then rebounds, allowing them to make a profit.

-这是一群交易员旨在操纵加密货币价格的伎俩。 -熊市陷阱是由这一群同时出售加密货币的组织设置的，这让市场认为价格会下降。 -因此，其他交易员出售了他们的资产，进一步压低了价格。 -那些设下陷阱的人然后释放它，回购他们的资产，现在他们的价格更低。 -然后整体价格就会反弹，让他们能够盈利。

Venice — 2022/03/16 DOUBLE SPENDING @Neon Student

-Double-spending is the risk that a cryptocurrency can be used twice or more. -Double-spending occurs when someone alters a blockchain network and inserts a special one that allows them to reacquire a cryptocurrency. -Double-spending can happen, but it is more likely that a cryptocurrency is stolen from a wallet that wasn't adequately protected and secured. -Many variations of attacks could be used for double-spending - 51% is one of the most commonly cited attacks, while the unconfirmed transaction attack is most commonly seen. -Double spending remains a risk; however, it is minimized by the blockchain. The likelihood of a secret block being inserted into the blockchain is very slim because it has to be accepted and verified by the network of miners. -The only chance a miner with illicit intentions has of inserting an altered block is to attempt to get another user to accept a transaction using their secret block and cryptocurrency. Even then, the likelihood that the modified block will be accepted is very slim. -The blockchain and consensus mechanism move so quickly that the modified block would be outdated before it was accepted. Even if it was accepted, the network would still have passed up the information in the block and would reject it.

-双重支出是指一种加密货币可能被使用两次或更多的风险。 -当有人改变区块链网络并插入一个特殊的网络，允许他们重新获得加密货币时，就会出现双重消费。 -双重支出可能会发生，但更有可能的是，一种加密货币从一个没有得到充分保护和保护的钱包中被盗。 -许多不同类型的攻击可以用于重复支出-51%是最常见的引用攻击之一，而未经确认的交易攻击是最常见的。 -双重支出仍然是一个风险；然而，区块链将其最小化。一个秘密区块被插入区块链的可能性非常小，因为它必须被矿工网络接受和验证。 -一个有非法意图的矿工插入一个修改后的块的唯一机会是试图让另一个用户使用他们的秘密块和加密货币接受一个交易。即便如此，修改后的块被接受的可能性也很小。 -区块链和共识机制进展如此之快，修改后的块在被接受之前就已经过时了。即使它被接受，网络仍然会在块中传递信息并拒绝它。

Venice — 2022/03/17 SPL (SOLANA PROGRAM LIBRARY) TOKEN @Neon Student

-SPL tokens are fungible tokens on the Solana Blockchain. -These tokens are based on the Solana Program Library (SPL). SPL tokens can be stored in Solana compatible wallets such as the Solana SPL token wallet sollet.io.-Fungible tokens were first introduced and made popular by the Ethereum ERC-20 token standard for fungible tokens. -Fungible tokens are a set of tokens which have all identical properties. You can imagine it like a US Dollar bill. Every dollar bill is worth the same and can be used for exactly the same purpose. -The SPL token standard is the requirement that a decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem on Solana can be created and blossom. -And in fact DeFi is currently experiencing a boom cycle on Solana. This is turning Solana into a leading blockchain ecosystem. -Solana users will most likely be interested in SPL tokens for investment purposes. You can acquire the SPL token of a project on Solana if you believe in the value proposition of this project. -Once you hold SPL tokens you can exchange them on decentralized exchanges such as Project Serum.

-NEON will be SPL token as well.

-SPL标记是Solana区块链上的可替代标记。 -这些标记是基于Solana程序库(SPL)。SPL令牌可以存储在Solana兼容的钱包中，如SolanaSPL令牌钱包sollet.io.-Fungible令牌首次引入并由以太坊ERC-20令牌标准流行。 -可替代的令牌是一组具有所有相同属性的令牌。你可以想象它就像一张美元钞票。每一张一美元的钞票都是一样的，可以用于完全相同的目的。 -SPL令牌标准是要求在Solana上创建和开花的去中心化金融(DeFi)生态系统。 -事实上，DeFi目前正在经历一个关于索拉纳的繁荣周期。这将把索拉纳变成了一个领先的区块链生态系统。 -Solana用户很有可能对SPL代币感兴趣。如果您相信这个项目的价值主张，您可以获得在Solana上的一个项目的SPL令牌。 -一旦你持有SPL令牌，你可以在分散交换交换，如项目血清。

-霓虹灯也将是SPL令牌。

Venice — 2022/03/18 ESCROW @Neon Student

-Before making a transaction, tokens are transferred to a third-party smart contract called the escrow. The escrow holds the deposited tokens until the payment conditions are satisfied. -The parties involved in the transaction need to ensure that both the agreed product/service is delivered and payment is made. One party should not be able to default the transaction at the expense of the other party

Benefits: -An escrow smart contract reduces the risk of fraud by acting as a neutral party and ensuring proper escrow logic execution. -Operations happening in the system are trans-parent as relevant transactions are accessible to all blockchain participants. -Blockchain eliminates the need for third parties, which in turn helps to reduce the transaction cost and enhances service efficiency.

Drawbacks: -Cost – Transaction fees need to be paid to deploy and execute the escrow smart contract on public blockchains. -Privacy – As all blockchain transactions are transparent, escrow transactions can potentially leak sensitive business information, e.g., the rate of disputes with customers.

-在进行交易之前，代币被转移到第三方的智能合同。托管持有已存的代币，直到支付条件得到满足。 -参与交易的各方需要确保约定的产品/服务的交付和付款。一方不能以牺牲另一方为代价违约

好处： -托管智能合约通过作为中立方，确保适当的托管逻辑执行，从而降低欺诈的风险。 -在系统中发生的操作是跨父级的，因为所有区块链参与者都可以访问相关的事务。 -区块链消除了对第三方的需求，从而有助于降低交易成本，提高服务效率。

缺点： -成本-在公共区块链上部署和执行托管智能合同需要支付交易费用。 -隐私-由于所有区块链交易都是透明的，第三方托管交易可能会泄露敏感的商业信息，例如，与客户的纠纷率。

Venice — 2022/03/21 FAUCET @Neon Student

-A crypto faucet is an app or a website that distributes small amounts of cryptocurrencies as a reward for completing easy tasks. -They’re given the name “faucets'' because the rewards are small, just like small drops of water dripping from a leaky faucet. However, in the case of crypto faucets, tiny amounts of free or earned cryptocurrency are sent to a user’s wallet. -In order to get free crypto, users need to complete tasks as simple as viewing ads, watching product videos, completing quizzes, clicking links (be careful!) or completing a captcha. -Crypto faucets are certainly not a get rich quick scheme. The simpler the task, the lesser the reward. Most websites offer a minimum payout threshold, so the rewards earned by completing tasks are deposited into an online wallet of the site. -A user can withdraw this reward only after reaching the minimum set threshold. With the best crypto faucets, this might take just a day, but often, it can take longer than a week. -As soon as these micro wallets are filled, the rewards are automatically sent out to the main wallet of the users.

-加密水龙头是一个应用程序或网站，分发少量加密货币作为完成简单任务的奖励。 -它们被命名为“水龙头”，因为奖励很小，就像从漏水的水龙头上滴下来的小水滴一样。然而，在加密水龙头的情况下，少量的免费或获得的加密货币被发送到用户的钱包。 -为了获得免费的加密货币，用户需要完成一些简单的任务，如观看广告，观看产品视频，完成小测验，点击链接（要小心！）或者完成一个验证码。 -加密货币水龙头当然不是一个快速致富的方案。任务越简单，奖励就越少。大多数网站都提供最低支付门槛，所以完成任务获得的奖励会存入网站的在线钱包。 -用户只有在达到最低设定阈值后才能撤回此奖励。有了最好的密码水龙头，这可能只需要一天，但通常，它可能需要超过一周。 -一旦这些微钱包被填满，奖励就会自动发送到用户的主钱包。

Venice — 2022/03/22 SHA-256 @Neon Student

-Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA) -256 is the hash function and mining algorithm of the Bitcoin protocol, referring to the cryptographic hash function that outputs a 256 bits long value. -It moderates the creation and management of addresses, and is also used for transaction verification. Bitcoin uses double SHA-256, meaning that it applies the hash functions twice. -The algorithm is a variant of the SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2), developed by the National Security Agency (NSA). -SHA-256 is also used in popular encryption protocols such as SSL,TLS, SSH and open source operating systems such as Unix/Linux. -The hash algorithm is extremely secure and its workings aren’t known in the public domain. -It’s used by the United States government to protect sensitive information, thanks to its ability to verify a content of data without revealing it due to the use of digital signatures. -Furthermore, it is also utilized for password verification, since it conveniently does not require the storage of exact passwords, as the hash values can be stored and matched with the user entry to verify if it’s correct or not. -In fact, it is nearly impossible to reveal the initial data from a hash value itself. -Moreover, a brute force attack is extremely unlikely to succeed thanks to the astronomical number of potential combinations. -In addition, it’s also severely unlikely that two data values (known as collision) have the same hash.

-安全哈希算法(SHA)-256是比特币协议的哈希函数和挖掘算法，指的是输出256位长值的加密哈希函数。 -它调节地址的创建和管理，也用于事务验证。比特币使用了双SHA-256，这意味着它应用了两次哈希函数。 -该算法是由美国国家安全局(NSA)开发的SHA-2（安全哈希算法2）的一个变体。 -SHA-256也用于流行的加密协议，如SSL、TLS、SSH和开源操作系统，如Unix/Linux。 -哈希算法非常安全，其工作原理在公共领域还不知道。 -它被美国政府用来保护敏感信息，由于它使用了数字签名，能够验证数据内容而不透露数据内容。 -此外，它也被用于密码验证，因为它方便地不需要存储准确的密码，因为哈希值可以存储并与用户条目匹配，以验证它是否正确。 -事实上，几乎不可能从一个哈希值本身中揭示初始数据。 -此外，由于潜在组合的天文数字数量，蛮力的攻击极不太可能成功。 -此外，两个数据值（称为碰撞）也非常不太可能有相同的散列。

Venice — 2022/03/23 LIQUIDITY @Neon Student

-In its most simple form, liquidity refers to how easy it is to convert cryptocurrency into cash quickly — and whether this can be achieved without the asset’s value suffering. -Bitcoin, the world’s first and most actively traded digital asset, is often recognized as being the most liquid virtual currency. -Liquidity can also be used when weighing up which exchanges enable trades between fiat and crypto to be completed instantly and without price slippage. -The levels of liquidity will often depend on how many users that particular platform has. -In a perfectly competitive market, liquidity will erode the ability to charge a discounted price or a premium. This is because active trading of a cryptocurrency or any asset class helps avoid price distortions. -Liquid markets are typically preferred by traders. An illiquid market makes it very difficult for participants to enter and exit positions. -Trading volumes for Bitcoin are now comfortably in the tens of billions on a daily basis, and have grown substantially since 2014. -This is not to say that the bellwether currency has never experienced bouts of illiquidity. Once BTC prices crashed in 2018, volumes plummeted to around $5 billion per day. -The liquidity of cryptocurrencies is likely to increase further if adoption rises, and virtual assets become more widely accepted as mediums of exchange.

-在最简单的形式中，流动性指的是将加密货币快速转换为现金是多么容易，以及这是否可以在不受资产价值的影响的情况下实现。 -比特币是世界上第一个也是交易最活跃的数字资产，通常被认为是流动性最强的虚拟货币。 -流动性也可以用于权衡哪些交易所使法定货币和加密货币之间的交易能够立即完成，而不会出现价格下滑。 -流动性水平通常取决于该特定平台的用户数量。 -在一个竞争非常激烈的市场中，流动性将侵蚀收取折扣价格或溢价的能力。这是因为对加密货币或任何资产类别的积极交易都有助于避免价格扭曲。 -流动性市场通常是交易员的首选。一个流动性不足的市场使得参与者很难进入和退出头寸。 -比特币的交易量每天每天数百亿亿美元，自2014年以来大幅增长。 -这并不是说领头羊货币从未经历过流动性不足的情况。2018年BTC价格暴跌后，成交量暴跌至每天50亿美元左右。 -如果采用率增加，加密货币的流动性很可能会进一步增加，而虚拟资产将被更广泛地接受为交换媒介。

Venice — 2022/03/24 WHITEPAPER @Neon Student

-A whitepaper is a document released by developers that explains the technology and purpose of the project they are working on. -It tells prospective investors how the cryptocurrency was conceived and highlights its purpose. -A crypto whitepaper contains various forms of data like statistics, diagrams, and formulas. -The goal of this data is to convince prospective investors to invest in that cryptocurrency or explain to users/developers what is product ready to provide. -For any crypto start-up, releasing a whitepaper is a way to be considered professional and legitimate. -It helps investors/developers/users understand how the project is different from other projects in the crypto space. -One of the most famous whitepapers, considered the gold standard for crypto whitepapers, was ‘Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System’, published by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. -Reading a whitepaper may be the best way to understand a crypto project you are interested in. But many people are confused about how to go about it, as whitepapers do not make for light reading, especially if you aren't very tech-savvy. -The good news is you do not need to have a background in computer science to understand a whitepaper.

Neon's white paper: https://neon-labs.org/Neon_EVM.pdf

-白皮书是开发人员发布的文档，解释他们正在进行的项目的技术和目的。 -它告诉潜在投资者加密货币是如何构思的，并强调其目的。 -加密的白皮书包含各种形式的数据，如统计数据、图表和公式。 -这些数据的目的是说服潜在投资者投资于该加密货币，或向用户/开发者解释准备提供的产品。 -对于任何加密货币初创公司来说，发布白皮书是一种被认为是专业和合法的方式。 -它可以帮助投资者/开发者/用户了解该项目与加密货币领域的其他项目有何不同。 -最著名的白皮书之一，被认为是加密货币白皮书的金标准，是“比特币：点对点电子现金系统”，由中本聪于2008年出版。 -阅读白皮书可能是理解你感兴趣的加密项目的最好方式。但很多人对如何做感到困惑，因为白皮书不能轻松阅读，尤其是如果你不太懂技术的话。 -好消息是，你不需要有计算机科学的背景来理解一篇白皮书。

霓虹灯的白皮书：https://neon-labs.org/Neon_EVM.pdf

Venice — 2022/03/25 BOUNTY @Neon Student

-Bounty programs are incentives offered to an array of participants for various activities associated with an initial coin offering (ICO). -A company looking to raise money to create a new coin, application, or virtual currency service launches an ICO as a way to raise funds. A bounty program doles out rewards or tokens for participants completing specified tasks that help promote the ICO. -Bounty programs have their origins in the digital video gaming world. Various types of perks are sometimes offered to gamers who help with game development—specifically those that identify bugs in the game. -Bounty program participants are spread across various stages of an ICO, ranging from investors to ICO promoters and developers. -The incentives can take the form of cash rewards (although this is rare) or free (or discounted) tokens that can be cashed in later when the tokens are listed on an exchange. -In the first stage, which is also known as the pre-ICO, the offering is marketed to prospective investors and people willing to do tasks to make the ICO more profitable.

Computer programmers, social media influencers, blog writers, marketers, and other interested parties work to create awareness about the project and the upcoming ICO. In this stage, bounty programs generally focus their resources on social media platforms. -Developers receive a sizeable chunk of tokens as payment for their participation in coding the project. -These tokens can be redeemed for fiat currency when the tokens are listed on an exchange. For example, Ethereum and Zcash both had substantial bounty campaigns in place for developers who helped set up the blockchain.

-赏金计划是为与初始代币发行(ICO)相关的各种活动的参与者提供的奖励。 -希望筹集资金创建新硬币、应用程序或虚拟货币服务的公司推出ICO作为筹集资金的方式。奖励计划为那些完成特定任务的参与者，发放奖励或代币。 -赏金节目起源于数字电子游戏世界。有时会为帮助游戏开发的玩家提供各种类型的奖励——特别是那些识别游戏中漏洞的玩家。 -赏金计划的参与者分布在ICO的不同阶段，从投资者到ICO的推广者和开发商。 -奖励可以是现金奖励（尽管这很少见），也可以是免费（或打折）代币的形式，稍后可以在交易所上市后兑现。 -在第一阶段，也被称为pre-ICO，此次发行是面向潜在投资者和愿意让ICO更有利可图的人。

计算机程序员、社交媒体影响者、博客作家、市场营销人员和其他感兴趣的团体都致力于提高人们对该项目和即将到来的ICO的认识。在这个阶段，奖励计划通常将资源集中在社交媒体平台上。 -开发者获得相当大的代币作为参与项目编码的报酬。 -当这些代币在交易所上市时，这些代币可以兑换为法定货币。例如，以太坊和Zcash都为帮助建立区块链的开发者提供了大量的赏金活动。

Venice — 2022/03/28 SATOSHI NAKAMOTO @Neon Student

-Satoshi Nakamoto is the pseudonym who penned the original Bitcoin whitepaper and is the identity credited with inventing Bitcoin itself. -The founder of Bitcoin remains completely anonymous. -If you see the term ‘satoshis’ thrown around, that refers to a fractional unit of Bitcoin. -While several people have claimed to be Satoshi, the true identity has never been verified nor revealed. -Given the price of BTC today, Satoshi would be a billionaire. -For most people, Satoshi Nakamoto is the most enigmatic character in cryptocurrency. -Nakamoto proposed a decentralized approach to transactions, ultimately culminating in the creation of blockchains. In a blockchain, timestamps for a transaction are added to the end of previous timestamps based on proof-of-work, creating a historical record that cannot be changed. -Communication to and from Nakamoto was conducted electronically, and the lack of personal and background details meant that it was impossible to find out the actual identity behind the name. -Nakamoto’s involvement with Bitcoin, however, ended in 2010. The last correspondence anyone had with Nakamoto was in an email to another crypto developer saying that they had "moved on to other things."

-中本聪是撰写比特币原始白皮书的笔名，也被认为是发明比特币本身的身份。 -比特币的创始人仍然是完全匿名的。 -如果你看到术语“卫星主义”，它指的是比特币的一个小单位。 -虽然有几个人声称自己是清本聪，但其真实身份从未得到证实或披露。 -考虑到今天BTC的价格，新本聪将成为亿万富翁。 -对大多数人来说，中本聪是加密货币中最神秘的角色。 -中本聪提出了一种分散的交易方法，最终最终创建了区块链。在区块链中，事务的时间戳将基于工作证明添加到前一个时间戳的末尾，从而创建一个无法更改的历史记录。 -与中本聪之间的交流是通过电子方式进行的，由于缺乏个人和背景细节，意味着不可能找出这个名字背后的真实身份。 -然而，中本聪与比特币的参与于2010年结束。所有人与中本聪的最后一次通信是在给另一家加密货币开发者的电子邮件中，称他们已经“转向了其他事情”。

Venice — 2022/03/29 ENCRYPTION @Neon Student

-Encryption is a means of securing data by encoding it mathematically such that it can only be read, or decrypted, by those with the correct key or cipher. -Digital encryption processes translate data using an algorithm that makes the original information unreadable except for authorized users. -Encryption is crucial in a digitally-connected world to keep private information, messages, and financial transactions private and secure. -Several general methods exist for encryption. The first is known as Symmetric Encryption Cryptography. It uses the same secret key to encrypt the raw message at source, transmit the encrypted message to the recipient, and then decrypt the message at the destination. -The second method is called Asymmetric Encryption Cryptography, which uses two different keys – one public and one private – to encrypt and decrypt data. The public key can be disseminated openly, like the address of the fund receiver, while the private key is known only to the owner. -A third cryptography method is Hashing, which is used to efficiently verify the integrity of data of transactions on a network or to verify the fidelity of data that has been copied or downloaded against the original. Typical hash functions take inputs of variable lengths to return outputs of a fixed length.

-加密是一种通过数学编码的方法，对数据进行编码，只有使用正确密钥或密码的人才能读取或解密数据。 -数字加密过程使用一种算法翻译数据，使原始信息不可读，除了授权用户。 -在一个与数字连接的世界中，加密对于保持私人信息、信息和金融交易的隐私和安全至关重要。 -有几种通用的加密方法。第一种被称为对称加密密码学。它使用相同的密钥在源处加密原始消息，将加密的消息传输给接收方，然后在目的地解密消息。 第二种方法称为非对称加密加密，它使用两个不同的密钥——一个公共密钥，一个私钥——来加密和解密数据。公钥可以公开传播，比如基金接收人的地址，而私钥只有所有者知道。 -第三种加密方法是哈希，它用于有效地验证网络上事务数据的完整性，或验证已复制或下载的数据与原始数据的保真度。典型的哈希函数采用可变长度的输入来返回固定长度的输出。

Venice — 2022/03/30 CAPITULATION @Neon Student

-Capitulation is the conscious decision to sell all or part of your assets at a loss because the price has dropped so much you don't believe it can go back up. -In the traditional sense of the word, capitulation refers to the process of surrendering power, however in finance and trading, this term gets a rather different meaning. -Cryptocurrency trading is, even more, riskier, according to some, because of the decentralized nature of the market. -A market that is not regulated by a central governing body is much more susceptible to manipulation or huge influences, and therefore, changes in the valuations of crypto tokens can be significant. -Of course, most cryptocurrencies have an intrinsic value that cannot be dismissed with an easy hand. However, since Bitcoin launched in 2009, we have seen not one or two crypto winters and bear markets. -Considering this high volatility in the cryptocurrency sector, capitulation is way more likely to occur with crypto traders. Unfortunately, sometimes crypto tokens lose value quickly, and investors find it hard to believe that they will be able to wait out the drop, and still sell at a profit. -Once a decision is made that an asset should be sold at a loss, regardless of how much its value dropped, this is called a capitulation.

-投降是你有意识地决定亏本出售全部或部分资产，因为价格下跌了很多，你不相信它会回升。 -在传统意义上，投降指的是放弃权力的过程，但在金融和交易中，这个词有一个相当不同的含义。 -据一些人说，由于市场的去中心化性质，加密货币交易的风险甚至更大。 -不受中央管理机构监管的市场更容易受到操纵或巨大影响，因此，加密代币估值的变化可能是重大的。 -当然，大多数加密货币都有内在价值，不能轻易被忽视。然而，自2009年比特币推出以来，我们还没有看到一两个加密货币的冬季和熊市。 -考虑到加密货币行业的高波动性，加密货币交易员更有可能发生投降。不幸的是，有时加密代币很快就会贬值，投资者很难相信它们能够等待下跌，然后继续获利出售。 -一旦决定一个资产应该亏本出售，无论其价值下降了多少，这被称为投降。

Venice — 2022/03/31 BLOCKCHAIN EXPLORER @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency block explorer is an online blockchain browser that can show the details of all transactions that have ever happened on a blockchain network. A block explorer can be used to find any specific transaction or view the chain's recent history more generally. -Beyond these types of tasks, block explorers can also be used to: Examine the history of any wallet address, Explore change addresses, View blocks that aren’t attached to the main blockchain, Explore the largest transaction that was sent in the last 24 hours, Explore the number of double-spend transactions, Discover the individual or mining pool who mined a specific block, Explore the genesis block, See other information specific to a blockchain, such as average transaction fees, hash rate, mining difficulty, and other data. -A block explorer can be thought of as a search engine for a blockchain — allowing a user to find lots of different information about that blockchain. -To use a block explorer, you simply visit its website and enter the information you’re looking for. To look up a pending transaction currently stored in the Mempool, for example, you could enter the transaction hash ID provided by your wallet or exchange. -Some of the famous examples are Etherescan, Solscan, Blockchain.org.

-加密货币块浏览器是一个在线区块链浏览器，它可以显示在区块链网络上曾经发生过的所有交易的细节。 块资源管理器可以用来查找任何特定的事务或更一般地查看链的近期历史记录。 ——除了这些类型的任务，块探索者还可以用于：检查任何钱包地址的历史，探索更改地址，查看块没有附加到主区块链，探索最大的事务在过去24小时内发送的交易，探索的数量，发现个人或采矿池挖掘特定块，探索起源区块，查看区块链的其他信息，如平均事务费用、哈希率、挖掘困难和其他数据。 -一个块资源管理器可以被认为是一个区块链的搜索引擎-允许用户找到关于该区块链的许多不同的信息。 -要使用一个块浏览器，你只需访问它的网站，并输入你正在寻找的信息。例如，要查找当前存储在Mempool中的挂起事务，您可以输入钱包或交换机提供的事务哈希ID。 -一些著名的例子是以太坊浏览器，Sol浏览器，Blockchain.org。

Venice — 2022/04/01 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE (APR) @Neon Student

-The monetary value or reward that investors may earn by making their crypto tokens accessible for loans, taking into consideration the interest rates and any other fees that borrowers must pay, is referred to as the annual percentage rate (APR). -Customers are encouraged by multiple platforms to stake their crypto assets by offering them a high annual percentage rate (APR). APR is exclusive of compounding interest. -Some cryptocurrency exchanges do not allow you to lend out your coin. However, those exchanges that do, offer different rates. These interest rates fluctuate significantly based on the sort of loan or currency you lend out.

-Fixed and flexible loans are the two major types of loans offered by exchanges:

Fixed lending is similar to a bank CD. It secures your money for a defined length of time, usually seven to ninety days, at a fixed rate. The benefit of not touching your cryptocurrency is that it pays a greater rate of interest.

Flexible lending works in a similar way to a savings account. However, in this case, you have the option of withdrawing your cryptocurrency at any moment. The rates of return offered by this type of lending are lower.

-考虑到利率和借款人必须支付的任何其他费用，投资者可以通过获得加密代币而获得的货币价值或奖励，被称为年利率(APR)。 -多个平台鼓励客户通过提供较高的年利率(APR)来持有其加密资产。4月不包括复利。 -一些加密货币交易所不允许你借出你的硬币。然而，这些这样的交易所提供不同的利率。这些利率会根据你贷款的类型或货币而显著波动。

-固定贷款和灵活贷款是交易所提供的两种主要贷款类型：

固定贷款类似于银行的定期存单。它可以确保你的钱有一段固定的时间，通常是7到90天，以固定的利率。不接触你的加密货币的好处是，它支付了更高的利率。

灵活贷款的运作方式与储蓄账户类似。但是，在这种情况下，您可以选择随时撤出您的加密货币。这种贷款所提供的回报率较低。

Venice — 2022/04/02 ZK SNARKs @Neon Student

-Zk-SNARK is a zero-knowledge proof protocol used in encryption, and is an acronym that stands for "Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge." -This proof was first developed and introduced in the late 1980s, and is now employed by the cryptocurrency Zcash to solve a perceived anonymity problem with Bitcoin-type blockchains. -Zk-SNARK proofs rely on an initial "trust system" setup that has been critiqued as an inherent security flaw. -The idea behind these proofs was first developed in the 1980s. Put simply, a zero-knowledge proof is a situation in which each of two parties in a transaction is able to verify to each other that they have a particular set of information, while at the same time not revealing what that information is. -A zero-knowledge proof version of this situation would involve the user demonstrating to the network (via mathematical proof) that they have the correct password without actually revealing the password itself. The privacy and security advantages in this situation are clear: If the network does not have the password stored somewhere for verification purposes, the password cannot be stolen. -The mathematical basis of zk-SNARKS is complex. Nonetheless, proofs of this type allow one party to demonstrate not only that a particular bit of information exists, but also that the party in question has awareness of that information. In the case of Zcash, zk-SNARKs can be verified nearly instantly, and the protocol does not require any interaction between the prover and the verifier. -There are, of course, concerns related to zk-SNARKs. For instance, if someone was able to access the private key that was used to create the parameters of the proof protocol, they could create false proofs that nonetheless looked valid to verifiers. This would allow that person to create new tokens of Zcash through a counterfeiting process. In order to prevent this from happening, Zcash was designed in such a way as to make the proving protocols elaborate and spread out over multiple parties.

-Zk-snark是一种用于加密的零知识证明协议，是“零知识简洁的非交互式知识论证”的首字母缩写。 -这个证据最初是在20世纪80年代末开发和引入的，现在被加密货币Zcach使用来解决比特币型区块链的匿名问题。 -zk-snark证明依赖于一个初始的“信任系统”设置，这已被批评为一个固有的安全缺陷。 -这些证明背后的想法最早是在20世纪80年代提出的。简单地说，零知识证明是指一种情况，即交易双方都能够相互验证他们有一组特定的信息，同时不透露该信息是什么。 -这种情况的零知识证明版本将涉及到用户向网络证明（通过数学证明），他们有正确的密码，而没有实际透露密码本身。在这种情况下，隐私和安全的优势很明显：如果网络没有存储密码进行验证，密码就不会被盗。 -zk-SNARKS的数学基础是复杂的。尽管如此，这种类型的证明不仅允许一方证明存在特定的信息，而且可以证明相关一方知道该信息。在Zcash的情况下，zk-snark几乎可以立即被验证，并且该协议不需要验证者和验证者之间的任何交互。 -当然，也有与zk-snark有关的担忧。例如，如果有人能够访问用于创建证明协议参数的私钥，他们可能会创建对验证者来说仍然有效的错误证明。这将允许此人通过伪造过程创造出新的新西兰币代币。为了防止这种情况发生，Zcash的设计方式是使证明协议复杂化，并分散到多个方面。

Venice — 2022/04/03 ERC-1155 @Neon Student

-Ethereum is known for its Tokens designed to facilitate the deployment of smart contracts associated with them and their functionalities, and one of the most recent standards in that sense is the ERC-1155. -Like the standards ERC-20 and ERC-721 Of which we have already discussed, ERC-1155 is a basic formulation designed to create useful tokens that make life easier for developers, all while offering them a powerful and dynamic tool to work with. -The ERC-1155 token is a type of standard token that has the ability to store, under its control, tokens that can act as if they were a token. ERC-20 or ERC-721, or both at the same time under the same address. -The idea is simple and seeks to create a smart contract interface that can represent and control any number of fungible and non-fungible token types. In this way, the ERC-1155 token can do the same functions as an ERC-20 and ERC-721 token, and even both at the same time. -And best of all, improving the functionality of both standards, making it more efficient and correcting obvious implementation errors on the ERC-20 and ERC-721 standards. This standard was developed by Witek Radomski, Andrew Cooke, Philippe Castonguay, James Therien, Eric Binet, and Ronan Sandford. -Perhaps one of the most promising features of the ERC-1155 token is the secure token transfer. To do this, the ERC-1155 standard smart contract includes a function that verifies that the transaction has been carried out, and if not, reverts it to return control of the tokens to its issuer. -The ERC-1155 token is fully described in a EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal), more specifically in the EIP-1155, from which it derives its name. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155

-以太坊以其令牌而闻名，旨在促进部署智能合约及其功能，在这个意义上的最新标准之一是ERC-1155。 -就像我们已经讨论过的标准ERC-20和ERC-721标准一样，ERC-1155是一个基本公式，旨在创建有用的令牌，使开发人员更轻松，同时为他们提供一个强大和动态的工具。 -ERC-1155令牌是一种标准令牌，它能够在其控制下存储类似于令牌的令牌。ERC-20或ERC-721，或两者同时在同一地址下使用。 -这个想法很简单，并试图创建一个智能合约接口，可以表示和控制任意数量的可替代和不可替代的令牌类型。通过这种方式，ERC-1155令牌可以执行与ERC-20和ERC-721令牌相同的功能，甚至可以同时执行两者。 -最重要的是，改进了这两个标准的功能，使其更有效，并纠正了ERC-20和ERC-721标准上明显的实现错误。这个标准是由威特克·拉多姆斯基、安德鲁·库克、菲利普·卡斯通盖、詹姆斯·塞里恩、埃里克·比奈和罗南·桑福德开发的。 -也许ERC-1155令牌最有前途的特性之一是安全的令牌传输。为此，ERC-1155标准智能合约包括一个功能，该功能验证交易是否已执行，如果没有执行，则将代币的控制权归还给发行者。 -ERC-1155令牌在EIP（以太坊改进建议）中被充分描述，更具体地说，在EIP-1155中，它由此得名。 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155

Venice — 2022/04/04 PAPER WALLET @Neon Student

-A paper wallet is a piece of paper with your private and public keys printed out. -Some paper wallets might also have a scannable barcode created by an app. It is a way to store and take access to your cryptocurrency offline. -When you print your keys, they are removed from the cryptocurrency network, but the tokens remain; however, they are inaccessible without your keys. -Paper wallets were generally used before cryptocurrency became popular. Storage technology has improved since the method was popular, but it remains a valid way to store your keys in certain circumstances. -You might encounter a time when you need to store your cryptocurrency on paper; therefore, it's essential to understand what a paper wallet is, how it works, and the risks if your circumstances require you to create one. -A cryptocurrency wallet is a place where you store your public and private keys. A paper wallet is a piece of paper with your keys printed out on it. -Removing them from your digital wallet also means that if you lose your paper wallet, you'll not be able to gain access to those cryptocurrencies again. -Paper wallets are generally created by paper wallet generator apps. These programs should be able to be used while you're disconnected from the internet. Ideally, also you'd use the program on a device with up-to-date antivirus and malware detection software. -This won't always be feasible, but at the very least, you should run a free malware check on your computer before generating the keys. The keys and QR codes are printed out, and the paper wallet is created. To use the codes, the wallet app on your device should be able to scan—or sweep—the paper wallet, which "transfers" the coins to the software wallet.

-纸钱包是一张印出你的私钥匙和公钥匙的纸。 -一些纸质钱包也可能有一个由应用程序创建的可扫描的条形码。这是一种离线存储和访问您的加密货币的方式。 -当您打印密钥时，它们将从加密货币网络中删除，但令牌仍然存在；但是，没有您的密钥无法访问。 -在加密货币流行之前，纸质钱包通常被使用。自该方法流行以来，存储技术得到了改进，但在某些情况下，它仍然是存储密钥的有效方法。 -你可能会遇到你需要将加密货币存储在纸上的时候；因此，了解什么是纸质钱包，它是如何工作的，以及如果你的情况需要你创建一个纸质钱包的风险，这是很重要的。 -加密货币钱包是一个你存储公钥和私钥的地方。纸钱包是一张印上钥匙的纸。 -将它们从你的数字钱包中移除也意味着，如果你丢失了你的纸钱包，你将无法再次获得这些加密货币。 -纸钱包通常是由纸钱包生成器应用程序创建的。这些程序应该能够在你与互联网断开连接时被使用。理想情况下，你还可以在带有最新的防病毒和恶意软件检测软件的设备上使用该程序。 -这并不总是可行的，但至少，你应该在生成密钥之前，在你的电脑上运行一个免费的恶意软件检查。 钥匙和二维码被打印出来，纸质钱包也被创建出来。要使用这些代码，你设备上的钱包应用程序应该能够扫描或扫描纸钱包，从而将硬币“转移”到软件钱包中。

Venice — 2022/04/05 AAVE @Neon Student

-One of a number of emerging DeFi cryptocurrencies, Aave is a decentralized lending system that allows users to lend, borrow and earn interest on crypto assets, all without middlemen. -Running on the Ethereum blockchain, Aave instead is a system of smart contracts that enables these assets to be managed by a distributed network of computers running its software. -This means Aave users do not need to trust a particular institution or person to manage their funds. They need only trust that its code will execute as written. -At its core, the Aave software enables the creation of lending pools that enable users to lend or borrow 17 different cryptocurrencies including ETH, BAT and MANA. -Like other decentralized lending systems on Ethereum, Aave borrowers must post collateral before they can borrow. Further, they can only borrow up to the value of the collateral they post. -Borrowers receive funds in the form of a special token known as an aToken, which is pegged to the value of another asset. This token is then encoded so lenders receive interest on deposits -A borrower may post collateral in DAI, for example, and borrow in ETH. This allows a borrower to gain exposure to different cryptocurrencies without owning them outright. -Aave can also introduce additional features, such as instant loans, and other forms of issuing debt and credit that take advantage of the unique design properties of blockchains.

AAVE god connected to Neon EVM back in November. Mainnet is really close, let's see how situation develops.

-作为众多新兴的DeFi加密货币之一，Aave是一个去中心化的贷款系统，允许用户通过加密资产放贷、借入和赚取利息，而无需中间人。 -它运行在以太坊区块链上，而它是一个智能合约系统，使这些资产能够由运行其软件的分布式计算机网络进行管理。 -这意味着Aave用户不需要信任一个特定的机构或个人来管理他们的资金。他们只需要相信它的代码将按写入的方式执行。 -在其核心上，Aave软件能够创建贷款池，使用户能够借入17种不同的加密货币，包括ETH、BAT和MANA。 -与以太坊上的其他去中心化贷款系统一样，Aave借款人在借款前必须发放抵押品。此外，他们只能借到他们所张贴的抵押品的价值。 -借款人以一种被称为atoken的特殊代币的形式获得资金，它与另一种资产的价值挂钩。然后对这个代币进行编码，使贷款人获得存款利息 -例如，借款人可以在DAI发放抵押品，并在ETH借款。这使得借款人可以在不完全拥有不同加密货币的情况下获得不同的加密货币。 -Aave还可以引入额外的功能，如即时贷款，以及其他形式的发行债务和信贷，利用区块链的独特设计特性。

AAVE神在11月与NeonEVM联系。主网非常接近，让我们看看情况是如何发展的。

Venice — 2022/04/06 SMART CONTRACT AUDIT @Neon Student

-A smart contract audit is an extensive methodical examination and analysis of a smart contract’s code that is used to interact with a cryptocurrency or blockchain. -This process is conducted to discover errors, issues and security vulnerabilities in the code in order to suggest improvements and ways to fix them. Generally, smart contract audits are necessary, because most of the contracts deal with financial assets and/or valuable items. -Such checks are complex, as smart contracts often interact with each other and any integrations with third-party systems can also result in making the system vulnerable. -Because of this, the checks are often expanded to other smart contracts involved in any interactions, and even those that the ones it interacts with are interacting with. Such checks usually include both running tests and manual code analysis. -Smart contracts often manage huge quantities of funds and a single bug or vulnerability can result in great losses. More precisely, the users and stakeholders of the decentralized application in question could lose all the assets that are part of the ecosystem. -The recommendations made by the auditors are conveyed in advance to the project team and their actions in response are noted in the final report. It is considered a mark of authenticity and integrity for the project. For that reason, teams are keen on getting an audit to win user confidence and raise the project’s credibility. These audits are typically carried out in several steps. -Automated bug detection and analysis tools are also used to look for commonly known vulnerabilities in the contracts. Finally, auditors manually inspect the code to understand the developer’s intentions and interpret the findings in that context. Finally, the report is issued with the findings and the applied fixes by the team. -Smart code audits are increasingly important in the burgeoning DeFi industry, where bug-filled smart contracts are often rushed out to meet investor demand.

-Example of famous Audit company is Neodyme.

-智能合约审计是对用于与加密货币或区块链交互的智能合约代码的广泛的系统检查和分析。 -此过程是为了发现代码中的错误、问题和安全漏洞，以便提出改进和修复它们的方法。一般来说，智能合同审计是必要的，因为大多数合同都涉及金融资产和/或有价值的项目。 -这种检查是复杂的，因为智能合同经常相互交互，任何与第三方系统的集成都可能导致系统容易受到攻击。 -正因为如此，检查通常会扩展到涉及任何交互的其他智能契约，甚至是那些与之交互的契约正在交互的契约。这种检查通常包括运行测试和手动代码分析。 -智能合约通常会管理大量的资金，而一个漏洞或漏洞就会导致巨大的损失。更准确地说，所讨论的分散应用程序的用户和利益相关者可能会失去作为生态系统一部分的所有资产。 -审计员提出的建议将事先传达给项目组，并在最终报告中记录了他们的应对行动。它被认为是该项目的真实性和完整性的标志。因此，团队热衷于获得审计，以赢得用户的信心，并提高项目的可信度。这些审计通常分几个步骤进行。 -自动错误检测和分析工具也被用于寻找合同中通常已知的漏洞。最后，审计人员会手动检查代码，以理解开发人员的意图，并在该上下文中解释研究结果。最后，报告中发布了团队的调查结果和应用的修复程序。 -智能代码审计在蓬勃发展的DeFi行业越来越重要，在这个行业，充满漏洞的智能合约经常被推出，以满足投资者的需求。

-著名的审计公司的例子就是Neodyme。

Venice — 2022/04/07 BLOCKCHAIN BRIDGE @Neon Student

-A blockchain bridge, otherwise known as a cross-chain bridge, connects two blockchains and allows users to send cryptocurrency from one chain to the other. -Basically, if you have bitcoin but want to spend it like Ethereum, you can do that through the bridge. -One of the biggest problems of blockchain was the inability to work together. While fluid and somewhat efficient as single entities, each blockchain is limited by the walls of its own domain. Most often this can lead to high transaction costs and congestion. -Blockchain bridges solve this problem by enabling token transfers, smart contracts and data exchange, and other feedback and instructions between two independent platforms. -These blockchains mint different coins and operate on different sets of rules; the bridge serves as a neutral zone so users can smoothly switch between one and the other. -Having access to multiple blockchains through the same network greatly enhances the crypto experience for most of us. -This concept is a lot similar to Layer 2 solutions even though the two systems have different purposes. Layer 2 is built on top of an existing blockchain so while it does improve speed, the lack of interoperability remains. Cross-chain bridges are also independent entities that don’t belong to any blockchain. -Decentralization has always been a defining factor of blockchain, which also makes it a priority over other operative improvements, such as scalability. Naturally, developers are reluctant towards big changes, lest deviating from the decentralizing philosophy. Blockchain bridges are a sign they’re growing past that notion. We may be inching toward an innovative and normalized crypto economy, but any progress is better than limiting ourselves to what already exists.

-区块链桥，也被称为跨链桥，连接两个区块链，并允许用户将加密货币从一个链发送到另一个链。 -基本上，如果你有比特币，但又想像以太坊一样消费，你可以通过桥来做。 -区块链最大的问题之一是无法合作。虽然每个区块链作为单一实体具有流动性和效率，但每个区块链都受到自己域的墙的限制。这通常会导致较高的交易成本和交通拥堵。 -区块链桥梁通过支持令牌传输、智能合约和数据交换，以及两个独立平台之间的其他反馈和指令来解决这个问题。 -这些区块链铸造不同的硬币，并操作不同的规则；这座桥是一个中立区，所以用户可以平稳地在两者之间切换。 -通过同一个网络访问多个区块链，极大地提高了我们大多数人的加密体验。 -这个概念与第2层的解决方案非常相似，尽管这两个系统有不同的目的。第2层是建立在现有的区块链之上的，所以虽然它确实提高了速度，但互操作性仍然缺乏。跨链桥也是不属于任何区块链的独立实体。 -去中心化一直是区块链的一个决定性因素，这也使其优先于其他操作改进，如可伸缩性。 当然，开发人员不愿意做出大的改变，以免偏离分散的理念。区块链桥梁是它们正在超越这一概念的一个标志。我们可能正在逐步走向一个创新和标准化的加密经济，但任何进展都比将我们自己局限于已经存在的东西要好。

Venice — 2022/04/08 CENTRALIZED EXCHANGE (CEX) @Neon Student

-A centralized market is a financial market structure that consists of having all orders routed to one central exchange with no other competing market. -A centralized market functions to keep trades fair, do more business, and speed up the buying/selling process. -Centralized markets are good for stockholders as the lack of a competing price model for an individual stock ensures that price movements become somewhat more predictable. -One key aspect of centralized markets is that pricing is fully transparent and available for anyone to see. Potential investors are able to see all quotes and trades and consider how those trades move in formulating their strategies. -Another key component of centralized markets is the existence of a clearinghouse, which sits between buyers and sellers and guarantees the integrity of the transactions as both buyers and sellers, in effect, transact with the exchange and not with each other.

The resulting benefit of reduced risk from not dealing with variable counterparties is also a key aspect of a centralized market.

-In opposition to the centralized market model, decentralized markets are growing in step with the evolution of computer technology that is giving people the ability to participate in online commerce without the benefit of a centralized market. -Instead of visiting a website that offers a central meeting place for buyers and sellers, the emerging style of decentralized markets work by connecting buyers and sellers directly to each other to trade.

-集中式市场是一种金融市场结构，包括将所有订单发送到一个中央交易所，而没有其他竞争市场。 -一个集中的市场功能，以保持交易公平，做更多的业务，并加快买卖过程。 -集中化的市场对股东有利，因为缺乏针对个股的竞争价格模型，可以确保价格波动在某种程度上变得更加可预测。 -集中式市场的一个关键方面是，定价是完全透明的，任何人都可以看到。潜在投资者能够看到所有的报价和交易，并考虑这些交易在制定策略时如何行动。 -集中市场的另一个关键组成部分是一个清算所的存在，它位于买卖双方之间，保证买卖双方交易的完整性，实际上是与交易所交易，而不是相互交易。

不与可变对手方交易而降低风险的好处也是集中市场的一个关键方面。

-与集中式市场模式相反，去中心化市场正随着计算机技术的发展而同步发展，计算机技术使人们能够在没有集中式市场利益的情况下参与在线商务。 -去中心化市场的新兴风格不是访问一个为买家和卖家提供中心会议场所的网站，而是通过将买家和卖家直接联系起来进行交易。

Venice — 2022/04/11 SOLIDITY @Neon Student

-Solidity is an object-oriented programming language created specifically by the Ethereum Network team for constructing and designing smart contracts on Blockchain platforms. -It's used to create smart contracts that implement business logic and generate a chain of transaction records in the blockchain system. -It acts as a tool for creating machine-level code and compiling it on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). -It has a lot of similarities with C and C++ and is pretty simple to learn and understand. For example, a “main” in C is equivalent to a “contract” in Solidity. -Like other programming languages, Solidity programming also has variables, functions, classes, arithmetic operations, string manipulation, and many other concepts. -Solidity is a relatively new language that is rapidly growing. -Solidity is currently the core language on Ethereum and other private blockchains operating on competing platforms, such as Monax and its Hyperledger Burrow blockchain which uses Tendermint for consensus. -SWIFT has created a proof of concept that runs on Burrow and uses Solidity.

-Solidity will be the main language amongst Ethereum developers that will be deploying their smart contracts to Solana over Neon.

-可靠性是一种面向对象的编程语言，由以太坊网络团队专门创建，用于在区块链平台上构建和设计智能合同。 -它用于创建实现业务逻辑的智能合约，并在区块链系统中生成交易记录链。 -它可以作为一个创建机器级代码并在以太坊虚拟机(EVM)上编译它的工具。 -它与C和C++有很多相似之处，而且非常容易学习和理解。例如，C中的“主契约”等同于可靠性中的“契约”。 -像其他编程语言一样，固性编程也有变量、函数、类、算术运算、字符串操作，和许多其他概念。 -坚固性是一种相对较新的语言，它正在快速发展。 -稳固性是目前以太坊和其他在竞争平台上运行的私有区块链的核心语言，如Monax和它的超级账本区块链，后者使用天客薄荷来达成共识。 -swift创造了一个概念证明，运行在洞穴和使用坚固。

-可靠性将是以太坊开发者的主要语言，他们将把他们的智能合同部署到Solana，而不是Neon。

Venice — 2022/04/12 @Neon Student special thanks to our Neoner @technopoint2020 for this template that we will be using from now on for titles :neon_transpffarent:

-Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language that was designed with performance as well as safety in mind.-This is especially the case for safe concurrency.-Rust is synthetically similar to C++ and it can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker in order to validate the references.-The programming language was designed by Graydon Hoare at Mozilla Research, but it also had contributions from Dave Herman, Brendan Eich as well as other people throughout its development cycle.-This language ended up being refined while writing the Servo layout or browser engine as well as the Rust compiler.-Throughout the years, it has gained a lot of use within the industry, with companies such as Microsoft experimenting with it in order to secure safety-critical software components.-Rust has a reputation for being one of the most beloved languages since 2016. -Rust has an entire ecosystem built around it. In fact, aside from the compiler, it features many aspects when it comes to creating as well as maintaining production-quality software.-Multiple concurrent Rust toolchains can be installed as well as managed through "rustup" and the Rust installations come with Cargo, which is a command-line tool used to manage dependencies, rust nets, generate documentation, and a lot more.-Rust became the main programming language on Solana blockchain and is now in high demand amongst projects looking for developers.

特别感谢我们的Neoner@技术专家2020提供的这个模板，我们将从现在开始用于标题：neon_transpffarent： -生锈是一种多范式编程语言，在设计时考虑到了性能和安全性。 -对于安全并发性尤其如此。 -生锈在综合上类似于C++，它可以通过使用借用检查器来验证引用来保证内存安全。 -编程语言是由莫兹拉研究中心的格雷登·霍尔设计的，但它在整个开发周期中也有来自戴夫·赫尔曼、布伦丹·艾奇以及其他人的贡献。 -这种语言最终在编写伺服布局或浏览器引擎以及生锈的编译器时被改进。 -多年来，它在行业中获得了很多应用，微软等公司对其进行了试验，以确保安全关键软件组件。 -自2016年以来，锈一直是最受欢迎的语言之一。 -锈围绕它建立了一个完整的生态系统。事实上，除了编译器之外，它在创建和维护生产质量的软件方面具有许多方面。 -多个并发的锈工具链可以通过“锈”安装和管理，锈安装附带货物，这是一个命令行工具，用于管理依赖关系、锈网、生成文档等等。 -Rust成为Solana区块链上的主要编程语言，现在在寻找开发人员的项目中需求量很大。

Venice — 2022/04/13@Neon Student https://www.coinbase.com/

-Coinbase was the first major crypto business to go public in the U.S. when it began trading at $381 in April on the Nasdaq, giving the cryptocurrency exchange an initial market cap of $99.6 billion on a fully diluted basis. -Coinbase is an app that lets you buy and sell all sorts of cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin and about 50 others. -You can also use Coinbase to convert one cryptocurrency to another, or to send and receive cryptocurrency to and from other people. -Like stock trading apps you may already be familiar with, Coinbase shows you the current price and trends for cryptocurrencies, a look at your portfolio of holdings, and news stories about the industry. -Coinbase is easy to set up but requires some information, including your legal name, home address, date of birth, last four digits of your Social Security number, and how you plan to use Coinbase. That’s to comply with federal regulations.

-Coinbase是第一家在美国上市的主要加密货币业务，今年4月在纳斯达克上市的交易价格为381美元，在完全稀释的基础上，该加密货币交易所的初始市值为996亿美元。 -Coinbase是一款应用程序，可以让你买卖各种加密货币，如比特币、以太坊、莱特币和其他大约50种货币。 -您也可以使用Coinbase将一种加密货币转换为另一种加密货币，或者向其他人发送和接收加密货币。 -就像你可能已经熟悉的股票交易应用程序一样，Coinbase会向你展示加密货币的当前价格和趋势，看看你的持股投资组合，以及有关该行业的新闻报道。 -Coinbase很容易设置，但需要一些信息，包括你的合法姓名，家庭地址，出生日期，你的社会安全号码的后四位数字，以及你计划如何使用Coinbase。这是为了符合联邦法规。

Welcome Neon students! Glad to have you here, hope you are ready to learn with us daily and expand your knowledge cause knowledge is power.

霓虹学生欢迎你！ 很高兴有你在这里，希望你准备好每天和我们一起学习并扩展你的知识，因为知识就是力量。

Here is a summary of all the little knowledge of NEON in Discord #daily-knowlege from January 17th this year to today, with a Chinese translation for your reference.

这里总结了NEON在Discord #daily-knowlege里从今年1月17号到今天的所有小知识 并附上中文翻译，供大家学习参考。

BLOCKCHAIN (Examples: Ethereum, Solana, Binance smart chain etc.)

Venice — 2022/01/17

• -A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among the nodes (computers) of a computer network.

• -It stores information in a digital format.

• -Collects information together in groups, known as blocks, that hold sets of information.

• -Blocks have certain storage capacities and, when filled, are closed and linked to the previously filled block, forming a chain of data known as the blockchain.

• -Decentralized blockchains are immutable, which means that the data entered is irreversible, transactions are permanently recorded and viewable to anyone.

  In addition to this, some blockchains are places where smart contracts live, but that topic we are leaving for tomorrow.

  区块链是在计算机网络的节点（计算机）之间共享的分布式数据库。 它以数字格式存储信息。 以组的形式收集信息，称为块，其中包含信息集。 区块具有一定的存储容量，当被填充时，它们会关闭并链接到先前填充的块，形成一条称为区块链的数据链。 去中心化区块链是不可变的，这意味着输入的数据是不可逆的，交易被永久记录并且任何人都可以查看。

  除此之外，一些区块链是智能合约存在的地方，但我们将把这个话题留到明天。

SMART CONTRACT @Neon Student Venice — 2022/01/18

• -Smart contracts are simply programs stored on a blockchain that run when pre-established conditions are met.

• -They are typically used to automate the execution of an agreement so that all participants can be immediately certain of the outcome, without any intermediary's involvement or time loss.

• -They automate a workflow, triggering the next action when certain conditions are met. Smart contracts are autonomous, secured, trustless, and once executed, they cannot be stopped or interrupted.

• -Neon EVM is for example also a smart contract running on the Solana blockchain.

  智能合约只是存储在区块链上的程序，在满足预先设定的条件时运行。 它们通常用于自动执行协议，以便所有参与者都可以立即 一定的结果，没有任何中介的参与或时间损失。 它们使工作流程自动化，在满足某些条件时触发下一个操作。 智能合约是自主的、安全的、无需信任的，并且一旦执行，它们就无法停止或中断。 例如，Neon EVM 也是在 Solana 区块链上运行的智能合约。

Venice — 2022/01/19 SOLANA @Neon Student

• -Solana is a blockchain platform designed to host decentralized, scalable applications.

• -Founded in 2017, Solana is an open-source project much faster in terms of the number of transactions it can process and has significantly lower transaction fees compared to rival blockchains like Ethereum.

• -The cryptocurrency that runs on the Solana blockchain—also named Solana (SOLUSD) and with the ticker symbol SOL—has soared almost 12,000% so far, with a market capitalization of over $66 billion, it is the fifth-largest cryptocurrency by this measure.

• -Solana is a Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain and also uses a new technology called Proof of History (PoH).

  Solana 是一个区块链平台，旨在托管分散的、可扩展的应用程序。 Solana 成立于 2017 年，是一个开源项目，其处理的交易数量要快得多，与以太坊等竞争对手的区块链相比，交易费用要低得多。 在 Solana 区块链上运行的加密货币——也称为 Solana (SOLUSD)，股票代码为 SOL——到目前为止已经飙升了近 12,000%，市值超过 660 亿美元，按此衡量，它是第五大加密货币 .Solana 是一个权益证明 (PoS) 区块链，还使用了一种称为历史证明 (PoH) 的新技术。

Venice — 2022/01/20 ETHEREUM @Neon Student

• -Ethereum is an open-source, decentralized blockchain that first implemented smart contract technology.

• -Founded by Vitalik Buterin while he was still a teenager and Crowfunded in 2013.

• -Ethereum is the largest and most well-established, open-ended decentralized blockchain in the world.

• -Ethereum enables the deployment of smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps) to be built and run without any downtime, fraud, control, or interference from a third party.

• -Even though Ethereum is known for being the safest and most decentralized blockchain, there are huge issues with its slow speed and high gas fees, which was the main reason for Neon EVM to be created. So Ethereum dApps and developers could start utilizing Solana's speed and low gas fees while still feeling at home.

  以太坊是一个开源、去中心化的区块链，首先实现了智能合约技术。 由 Vitalik Buterin 在他还是青少年时创立，并于 2013 年获得众筹。 以太坊是世界上最大、最完善、开放式的去中心化区块链。 以太坊使智能合约和去中心化应用程序（dApps）的部署能够在没有任何停机、欺诈、控制或第三方干扰的情况下构建和运行。 尽管以太坊以最安全和最去中心化的区块链而闻名，但它的速度慢和汽油费高存在巨大问题，这是创建 Neon EVM 的主要原因。 因此，以太坊 dApp 和开发人员可以开始使用 Solana 的速度和低 gas 费用，同时仍然感到宾至如归。

https://ethereum.org/en/ Venice — 2022/01/21 BLOCK @Neon Student

• -A block is a place in a blockchain where information is stored and encrypted.

• -Blocks are identified by long numbers that include encrypted transaction information from previous blocks and new transaction information.

• -Blocks and the information within them must be verified by a network before new blocks can be created.

• -There are many pieces of information included within a block, but it doesn't occupy a large amount of storage space.

• -Blocks generally include these elements, but it might vary between different types: Magic number, Block size, Block header, Transaction counter, Transaction list, Version, Previous block hash, Hash Merkle root, Time, Bits, Nonce.

  区块是区块链中存储和加密信息的地方。 区块由长数字标识，包括来自先前区块的加密交易信息和新交易信息。 在创建新块之前，必须通过网络验证块及其中的信息。 一个块内包含的信息多，但不占用大量存储空间。 块通常包括这些元素，但它可能因不同类型而异：幻数、块大小、块头、交易计数器、交易列表、版本、上一个块哈希、哈希默克尔根、时间、比特、随机数。

Venice — 2022/01/22 DEFI @Neon Student

-DeFi, shorthand for “decentralized finance,” is a term we use for a group of financial tools built on a blockchain. -The idea is to allow anyone with internet access to lend, borrow and store without going through middlemen (bank). -DeFi is one of the fastest-growing areas of the blockchain and decentralized webspace. -DeFi apps are financial products that run on a public blockchain while being permissionless (no third parties involved.) -Everything within DeFi is automated via smartcontracts. -Examples of DeFi projects: Aave, Maker, Compound etc.

-DeFi是“去中心化金融”的缩写，是我们用来指建立在区块链上的一组金融工具。 -这个想法是允许任何可以上网的人出借、借贷和储存，而不经过中间人（银行）。 -DeFi是区块链和去中心化网络空间中增长最快的领域之一。 -DeFi应用程序是运行在公共区块链上的金融产品，但不经许可（不涉及第三方）。 -DeFi中的一切都是通过智能合同实现自动化的。 -DeFi项目的例子：Aave，制造商，化合物等。

Venice — 2022/01/23 DAPPS @Neon Student

-Decentralized applications—also known as "dApps" or "dapps"—are digital applications that run on a blockchain network of computers instead of relying on a single computer. -Because dApps are decentralized, they are free from the control and interference of a single authority. -Benefits of dApps include the safeguarding of user privacy, the lack of censorship, and the flexibility of development. -Drawbacks include the potential inability to scale, challenges in developing a user interface, and difficulties in making code modifications. -Examples of dApps: Uniswap, Raydium, Star Atlas etc.

-分散的应用程序——也被称为“dapp”或“dapp”——是指在区块链计算机网络上运行的数字应用程序，而不是依赖于单台计算机。 -因为dApps是分散的，所以它们不受单一权威机构的控制和干扰。 -dApps的好处包括保护用户隐私、缺乏审查制度和开发的灵活性。 -缺点包括可能无法扩展规模，开发用户界面的挑战，以及进行代码修改的困难。 -dApps的例子：单交换，射线，星形图集等。

Venice — 2022/01/24 MINING @Neon Student

-By mining, you can earn cryptocurrency without having to put down money for it by leaving your pc (mining rig) complete series of complex mathematical computations. -Bitcoin miners receive Bitcoin as a reward for completing "blocks" of verified transactions, which are added to the blockchain. -Mining rewards are paid to the miner who discovers a solution to a complex hashing puzzle first. -The probability that a participant will be the one to discover the solution is related to the portion of the total mining power on the network. -You need either a GPU (graphics processing unit) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) in order to set up a mining rig. -Mining is a vital part of the Proof of Work consensus mechanism that we will cover tomorrow.

-通过挖掘，你可以赚取加密货币，而不必花钱离开你的pc（采矿平台）完整的一系列复杂的数学计算。 -比特币矿工获得完成验证交易“区块”作为奖励，这些交易被添加到区块链中。 -采矿奖励付给首先发现解决复杂的哈希谜题的矿工。 -一个参与者发现解决方案的概率与网络上总采矿能力的部分有关。 -你需要一个GPU（图形处理单元）或一个特定于应用程序的集成电路(ASIC)来建立一个采矿平台。 -采矿是我们明天将讨论的工作证明共识机制的重要组成部分。

Venice — 2022/01/25 PROOF OF WORK (PoW) @Neon Student

-Proof of work (PoW) is a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent anybody from cheating the system. -Proof of work is used widely in cryptocurrency mining, for validating transactions and mining new tokens. -Due to proof of work, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency transactions can be processed peer-to-peer in a secure manner without the need for a trusted third party. -Proof of work at scale requires huge amounts of energy, which only increases as more miners join the network. For this reason, it's slowly getting replaced by different consensus mechanisms like Proof of Stake (POS) that we will cover tomorrow. Example: Bitcoin

Fun fact: Proof of work was initially created as a proposed solution to the growing problem of spam email.

-工作证明(PoW)是一种分散的共识机制，它要求网络的成员花费努力解决一个任意的数学难题，以防止任何人欺骗系统。 -工作证明被广泛用于加密货币挖掘，用于验证交易和挖掘新的令牌。 -由于工作证明，比特币和其他加密货币交易可以以一种安全的方式进行点对点处理，而不需要一个受信任的第三方。 -大规模工作证明需要大量能源，随着越来越多的矿工加入网络，能源会增加。由于这个原因，它正在慢慢被不同的共识机制所取代，比如我们明天将涵盖的股权证明(POS)。 示例：比特币

有趣的事实：工作证明最初是作为一个解决日益严重的垃圾邮件的问题。

Venice — 2022/01/26 PROOF OF STAKE (POS) @Neon Student

-The Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism uses randomly selected validators to validate block transactions and requires specific amounts of cryptocurrency to be offered up as collateral, called staking. -With Proof-of-stake (POS), cryptocurrency owners validate block transactions based on the number of coins a validator stakes. -Proof-of-stake (POS) was created as an alternative to Proof-of-work (POW), the original consensus mechanism used to validate a blockchain and add new blocks. -Proof-of-stake (POS) is seen as less risky in terms of the potential for an attack on the network, as it structures compensation in a way that makes an attack less advantageous. -Advantage for users who want to earn as validators is that they don't need mining rigs, instead they can do validating in POS with a much cheaper node setup.

-股份证明(PoS)机制使用随机选择的验证器来验证块交易，并要求提供特定数量的加密货币作为抵押品，称为抵押品。 -通过股权证明(POS)，加密货币所有者可以根据验证者持有的硬币数量来验证块交易。 -股权证明(POS)是作为工作证明(POW)的替代方案，POW是用于验证区块链和添加新区块的原始共识机制。 -股权证明(POS)被认为是在对网络进行潜在的攻击方面风险较低的，因为它以一种使攻击不那么有利的方式结构补偿。 -对于那些想要获得验证器收入的用户来说，他们不需要采矿平台，相反，他们可以用更便宜的节点设置在POS中进行验证。

tVenice — 2022/01/27 PROOF OF HISTORY (PoH) @Neon Student

-Proof of History is a sequence of computation that can provide a way to cryptographically verify the passage of time between two events -It uses a cryptographically secure function written so that output cannot be predicted from the input, and must be completely executed to generate the output -Proof of history is consensus mechanism invented by Solana and this is the reason that allows almost instant finality of hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. -Other parts of Solana that allow mentioned speed are: Tower BFT, Turbine, Gulf Stream, Sealevel, Pipelining, Cloudbreak, and Replicators, but these are all too technical and it would take a while to describe them all, for all info about everything mentioned you can visit the link under paragraph.

https://medium.com/solana-labs/proof-of-history-a-clock-for-blockchain-cf47a61a9274

-历史证明是一个计算序列，可以提供一种方法来加密验证两个事件之间的时间流逝 -它使用一个加密的安全函数，这样就不能从输入中预测输出，并且必须完全执行才能生成输出 -历史证明是索拉纳发明的共识机制，这是允许每秒数十万笔交易的原因。 -索拉纳的其他部分允许提到速度的是：塔BFT，涡轮，墨西哥湾流，海平面，管道，云断，和复制器，但这些都太技术，需要一段时间来描述它们，所有提到的所有信息，你可以访问段落下的链接。

Venice — 2022/01/28VALIDATORS @Neon Student

-A blockchain validator is someone who is responsible for verifying transactions on a blockchain. -Once transactions are verified, they are added to the distributed ledger. -In proof of stake (PoS) systems validators are given rewards as long as they stake the network’s token and correctly participate in the network. -This mechanism helps secure the network by imposing the need to lock up value in the network in order to participate in the consensus decisions, lowering the chance of a 51% attack, which we will cover in one of our next chapters. -Validators for a public blockchain are maintained primarily by volunteers, who typically dedicate a computer to the process.

-区块链验证器是指负责验证区块链上的事务的人。 -一旦交易被验证，它们就会被添加到分布式分类账中。 -在股份证明(PoS)系统中，验证者只要押注了网络的令牌并正确地参与网络，就会获得奖励。 -这种机制通过强制需要在网络中锁定价值以参与共识决策来确保网络的安全，降低51%的攻击机会，我们将在我们的下一章中讨论。 -公共区块链的验证器主要由志愿者维护，他们通常将计算机用于该过程。

Venice — 2022/01/29 STAKING@Neon Student

-You may think of staking as a less resource-intensive alternative to mining. -It involves holding funds in a cryptocurrency wallet to support the security and operations of a blockchain network. -Simply put, staking is the act of locking cryptocurrencies to receive rewards. -In most cases, you’ll be able to stake your coins directly from your crypto wallet, like Solflare. -On the other hand, many exchanges offer staking services to their users, like Kraken. -You earn rewards in an utterly simple way – all you have to do is hold your coins on the exchange in case you are staking on one.

-你可能会认为打桩是一种较少的资源密集型的替代采矿方法。 -它涉及在加密货币钱包中持有资金，以支持区块链网络的安全和运营。 -简单地说，赌注是一种锁定加密货币以获得奖励的行为。 -在大多数情况下，你可以直接从你的加密钱包，像火炬。 -另一方面，许多交易所为其用户提供定位服务，如海怪。 -你以一种完全简单的方式获得奖励——你所要做的就是在交易所持有你的硬币，以防你押在一个硬币上。

Venice — 2022/01/30 STAKE POOLS @Neon Student

-A stake pool is a reliable server node (pc) that holds and maintains the combined stake of various stakeholders in a single place. -Stake pools use a reliable server node to validate how the pool interacts with the network and are responsible for transaction processing and block production. -A staking pool allows multiple stakeholders to combine their computational resources as a way to increase their chances of being rewarded. -In other words, they unite their staking power in the process of verifying and validating new blocks, so they have a higher probability of earning the block rewards.

This mechanism offers more staking power to the network to verify and validate new. -Examples of stake pools on Solana: Marinade, Lido, Socean, etc.

-股份池是一个可靠的服务器节点(pc)，它在一个地方持有并维护不同利益相关者的合并股份。 -股份池使用一个可靠的服务器节点来验证池如何与网络交互，并负责事务处理和块生产。 -一个存储池允许多个利益相关者组合他们的计算资源，以增加他们获得奖励的机会。 -换句话说，他们在验证和验证新区块的过程中统一了自己的锁定能力，所以他们有更高的可能性获得区块奖励。

该机制为网络提供了更多的存储能力来验证和验证新的。 -索拉纳上的股份池的例子：码头、丽都、Socean等。

Venice — 2022/01/31 NFT @Neon Student

-NFT stands for non-fungible token, which basically means that it's a one-of-a-kind digital asset that belongs to you and you only. -For example, a bitcoin is fungible — trade one for another bitcoin, and you’ll have exactly the same thing. A one-of-a-kind trading card, however, is non-fungible. -NFTs can really be anything digital (such as drawings, music, your brain downloaded and turned into an AI), but a lot of the current excitement is around using the tech to sell digital art. -Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are designed to be 1. cryptographically verifiable, 2. unique or scarce and 3. easily transferable.

Non-fungible token is created by an artist, creator, or license-holder through a process called minting.

-NFT代表不可替代的令牌，这基本上意味着它是一个独一无二的数字资产，只属于你自己。 -例如，一个比特币是可以替代的——用一个换另一个比特币，你会得到完全相同的东西。然而，一张独一无二的交易卡是不可替代的。 -nft可以是任何数字的东西（比如绘画、音乐、你的大脑下载并变成人工智能），但目前的兴奋是使用这项技术来销售数字艺术。 -不可替代标记(NFTs)设计为1。加密可验证，2。唯一或稀缺，3。易于转移。

不可替代的令牌是由艺术家、创造者或许可证持有人通过一个称为铸造的过程创建的。

Venice — 2022/02/01 TOKEN @Neon Student

-Crypto tokens are a type of cryptocurrency that represents an asset or specific use and reside on their own blockchain. -Tokens can be used for investment purposes, to store value, or to make purchases. -Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies used to facilitate transactions (making and receiving payments) along the blockchain. -Altcoins and crypto tokens are types of cryptocurrencies with different functions. -Created through an initial coin offering, crypto tokens are often used to raise funds for crowd sales. -Neon's native token isn't out yet and it will be named NEON once released.

-加密代币是一种加密货币，它代表一种资产或特定的用途，并驻留在它们自己的区块链上。 -代币可用于投资目的，存储价值，或进行购买。 -加密货币是区块链交易（进行和接收支付）的数字货币。 -在线代币和加密代币是具有不同功能的加密货币类型。 -加密代币通过首次代币发行创建，通常被用于为大众销售筹集资金。 -Neon的原生令牌还没有发布，一旦发布，它将被命名为NEON。

Venice — 2022/02/02 DECENTRALIZATION @Neon Student

-The principle of distributing power away from a central point. -Blockchains are traditionally decentralized because they require majority approval from all users to operate and make changes, rather than a central authority. -In a decentralized blockchain network, no one has to know or trust anyone else. -Each member in the network has a copy of the exact same data in the form of a distributed ledger. -If a member’s ledger is altered or corrupted in any way, it will be rejected by the majority of the members in the network, which makes it safe and fair. -Decentralization can reduce points of weakness in systems where there may be too much reliance on specific actors like a single point of failure for example. -One of Neon's main goals is decentralization in a way that the community will help us build a perfect project.

-将权力从一个中心点分配出去的原则。 -区块链传统上是去中心化的，因为它们需要获得所有用户的多数批准才能运营和进行更改，而不是一个中央权威机构。 -在一个去中心化的区块链网络中，没有人需要知道或信任其他人。 -网络中的每个成员都有一份完全相同的分布式账本数据副本。 -如果会员的账本以任何方式更改或损坏，它将被网络中的大多数成员拒绝，这使其安全和公平。 -去中心化可以减少系统中的弱点，因为这些系统可能过于依赖特定的参与者，比如单点故障。 -霓虹灯的主要目标之一是分散化，这样社区将帮助我们建立一个完美的项目。

Venice — 2022/02/03 HARD FORK @Neon Student

-A hard fork refers to a radical change to the protocol of a blockchain network that effectively results in two branches, one that follows the previous protocol and one that follows the new version. -In a hard fork, holders of tokens in the original blockchain will be granted tokens in the new fork as well, but miners must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. -A hard fork can occur in any blockchain, and not only Bitcoin (where hard forks have created Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin SV, among several others, for example). -A hard fork is when nodes of the newest version of a blockchain no longer accept the older version(s) of the blockchain. -Adding a new rule to the code essentially creates a fork in the blockchain: one path follows the new, upgraded blockchain, and the other path continues along the old path.

-硬分叉指的是对区块链网络协议的彻底改变，它有效地产生了两个分支，一个遵循之前的协议，另一个遵循新版本。 -在硬分叉中，原始区块链中的令牌持有者也将获得新分叉中的令牌，但矿工必须选择继续验证哪个区块链。 -硬叉可以出现在任何区块链，而不仅仅是比特币(硬叉创造了比特币现金和比特币SV，以及其他几个)。 -硬分叉是指区块链的最新版本的节点不再接受较旧版本的区块链。 -在代码中添加一个新规则本质上是在区块链中创建一个分叉：一条路径遵循新的、升级的区块链，另一条路径沿着旧路径继续。

Venice — 2022/02/04 SOFT FORK @Neon Student

-This kind of fork requires only a majority of the miners upgrading to enforce the new rules, as opposed to a hard fork that requires all nodes to upgrade and agree on the new version. -Soft fork tricks the old blockchain into accepting the new rules and, therefore, accepting both the updated blocks and the old blocks of transactions at the same time. -An example of a successfully implemented soft fork is the Segregated Witness (SegWit) Bitcoin protocol update of 2015. -Soft forks are considered the gentler option of the two but possess their own risks: -The most prominent of these risks is the fact that a soft fork can be used by bad actors to trick full-node users and miners into validating blocks that violate the rules of the blockchain.

-这种分叉只需要大多数矿工升级来执行新规则，而不是硬分叉需要所有节点升级并同意新版本。 -软分叉欺骗旧的区块链接受新的规则，因此，同时接受更新的块和旧的事务块。 -一个成功实现的软分叉的例子是2015年的隔离见证(SegWit)比特币协议更新。 -软叉被认为是两种较温和的选择，但也有自己的风险： -这些风险中最突出的事实是，坏人可以使用软分叉来欺骗全节点用户和矿工来验证违反区块链规则的块。

Venice — 2022/02/05 PUBLIC & PRIVATE KEY @Neon Student

-A public key allows you to receive cryptocurrency transactions. It’s a cryptographic code that’s paired to a private key. -While anyone can send transactions to the public key, you need the private key to “unlock” them and prove that you are the owner of the cryptocurrency received in the transaction. -The public key that can receive transactions is usually an address, which is simply a shortened form of your public key. Therefore, you can freely share your public key without worry.

-Private key can be: 256 character long binary code, 64 digit hexadecimal code, QR code and in most cases Mnemonic phrase. -Here is one crucial piece of advice to remember: NEVER SHARE YOUR PRIVATE KEY WITH ANYONE. -A private key gives you the ability to prove ownership or spend the funds associated with your public address. -You can have any number of public keys connected to a private key but not the other way around because of one-way “trapdoor” function.

-一个公钥允许您接收加密货币交易。它是一个与私钥配对的密码码。 -虽然任何人都可以将交易发送到公钥，但你需要私钥来“解锁”它们，并证明您是交易中收到的加密货币的所有者。 -可以接收事务的公钥通常是地址，只是公钥的缩写。因此，您可以毫无担心地自由地共享您的公钥。

-私钥可以是：256个字符长的二进制码，64位数字的十六进制码，二维码，在大多数情况下是助记符短语。 -这里有一个重要的建议要记住：永远不要与任何人分享你的私钥。 -私钥可以让你证明所有权或使用与你的公共地址相关的资金。 -你可以有任意数量的公钥连接到一个私钥，但不能完全相反，因为单向的“活板门”功能。

Venice — 2022/02/06 STABLECOIN (DIGITAL FIAT) @Neon Student

-Stablecoins are digital currencies that are backed by assets such as fiat currency, other cryptocurrencies or gold. -The stable assets make these coins less susceptible to fluctuations and keep their prices stable. -Certain stablecoins also use a computer algorithm to keep their value comparatively stable. -The advantage of stablecoins is that they are built to withstand volatility in a way that other cryptocurrencies aren't. Additionally, they can offer mobility and accessibility. -It would be wise to consider stablecoins as a form of digital cash. However, in spite of its stable nature, it is still a cryptocurrency. Therefore, it is still a newer entity that may have some undiscovered risks. -Examples: USDC, USDT, BUSD, etc.

-稳定币是由法定货币、其他加密货币或黄金等资产支持的数字货币。 -稳定的资产使这些硬币不太容易受到波动的影响，并保持其价格稳定。 -某些稳定剂也使用计算机算法来保持其价值相对稳定。 -稳定币的优势在于，它们能够以其他加密货币所没有的方式来承受波动。此外，它们还可以提供可移动性和可访问性。 -将稳定币作为一种数字现金的形式来考虑是明智的。然而，尽管它的性质很稳定，但它仍然是一种加密货币。因此，它仍然是一个较新的实体，可能存在一些未被发现的风险。 -例如：USDC，USDT，BUSD等。

Venice — 2022/02/07 MULTISIG @Neon Student

-Multisignature wallets are cryptocurrency wallets that require two or more private keys to sign and send a transaction. -The storage method requires multiple cryptographic signatures (a private key’s unique fingerprint) to access the wallet. -Imagine a bank vault that requires more than one key to open: That’s a little how multi-signature cryptocurrency wallets work (and why multi-signature wallets are typically called vaults). -You can choose how many keys are allowed to open the vault as well as the minimum number of keys needed to unlock it. (e.g. 2 out of 3 private keys needed.) -Some popular multisig service providers with key management services include Blockstream, Casa, and Unchained Capital. Other open-source, do-it-yourself multisig software includes Caravan, Electrum, Lily, Nunchuk, and Specter, among others.

-多签名钱包是一种加密货币钱包，需要两个或两个以上的私钥来签名和发送交易。 -存储方法需要多个密码签名（一个私钥的唯一指纹）才能访问钱包。 -想象一下，一个银行金库需要多个钥匙才能打开：这就是多签名加密货币钱包的工作原理（这也是为什么多签名钱包通常被称为金库）。 -您可以选择允许多少把钥匙打开保险库，以及解锁所需的最小钥匙数量。（例如，需要3个私钥中的2个。） -一些流行的具有关键管理服务的多站点服务提供商包括区块流、Casa和链资本。其他开源的，自己动手的多尺寸软件包括商队，电子，莉莉，努丘克，和幽灵，等等。

Venice — 2022/02/08 51% ATTACK @Neon Student

-A 51% attack, also known as a majority attack, occurs when a single person or group of people gains control of over 50% of a blockchain’s hashing power. -That is usually achieved by renting mining hash power from a third party. -Successful attackers gain the ability to block new transactions from being confirmed as well as change the ordering of new transactions. -It also allows the malicious agents to essentially rewrite parts of the blockchain and reverse their own transactions, leading to an issue known as double-spending. -This problem was traditionally an issue faced mostly by electronic payments where a network was incapable of proving that two or more people didn’t spend the same digital asset. -Additionally, a 51% attack is incapable of creating new assets, stealing assets from unrelated parties or altering the functionality of block rewards.

-51%的攻击，也被称为多数攻击，发生在一个人或一群人获得区块链的50%以上的控制权。 -这通常是通过从第三方租用采矿散权来实现的。 -成功的攻击者获得阻止新交易被确认以及更改新交易顺序的能力。 -它还允许恶意代理重写区块链的部分内容并逆转自己的交易，导致一个被称为双重消费的问题。 -这个问题传统上主要是电子支付所面临的问题，因为一个网络无法证明两个或两个更多的人没有使用相同的数字资产。 -此外，51%的攻击不能创建新的资产，从不相关的各方窃取资产或改变块奖励的功能。

Venice — 2022/02/09 PUBLIC LEDGER @Neon Student

-Physically, a public ledger can be viewed as a data management or storage system similar to a database system of bank records. (A blockchain is a form of a public ledger.) -A cryptocurrency public ledger is a record-keeping system. -The ledger maintains participants’ identities anonymously, their respective cryptocurrency balances, and a record of all the genuine transactions executed between network participants. -Scaling and security concerns are one challenge for cryptocurrency public ledgers and transactions. -As a data storage container, the public ledger forms the backbone of a cryptocurrency by storing information after verification. -While its use is being widely adopted, configuring the public ledger with the right parameters is important to maintain decentralized and anonymous features for hassle-free transactions in cryptocurrencies.

-在物理上，一个公共账本可以被视为一个类似于银行记录的数据库系统的数据管理或存储系统。（区块链是公共账本的一种形式。） -加密货币的公共账本是一种记录保存系统。 -分类帐将匿名维护参与者的身份、他们各自的加密货币余额，以及网络参与者之间执行的所有真实交易的记录。 -规模扩展和安全问题是加密货币公共分类账和交易面临的一个挑战。 -作为一个数据存储容器，公共账本通过在验证后存储信息，形成了加密货币的主干。 -虽然它的使用正在被广泛采用，但用正确的参数配置公共账本对于维护分散和匿名的加密货币交易功能非常重要。

Venice — 2022/02/10 ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM) @Neon Student

-The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the software platform that developers can use to create decentralized applications (DApps) on Ethereum.

This virtual machine is where all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. -There are endless potential use cases for this kind of software, and the technology isn’t restricted to a certain group of people or those with a lot of money or connections.

The main issue with standard EVM is high gas fees and slow transaction fees. What if you could run this on Solana and remove both of those problems at once while still keeping all the benefits?

Introducing - Neon EVM, an Ethereum virtual machine running on Solana.

-以太坊虚拟机是开发人员可以用来在以太坊上创建去中心化应用程序(DApps)的软件平台。

这个虚拟机是所有以太坊账户和智能合约所在的地方。 -这类软件有无数的潜在用例，而且这项技术并不局限于某一群人或那些有很多钱或有任何关系的人。

标准EVM的主要问题是高的汽油费和缓慢的交易费用。如果你可以在Solana上运行这个问题，同时保留所有的好处呢？

Venice — 2022/02/11 TESTNET @Neon Student

-The testnet is an alternative blockchain used for testing smart contracts -Testnet coins are separate and distinct from actual coins and are never supposed to have any value. -This allows application developers or testers to experiment, without having to use real tokens or worrying about breaking the main chain. -Testnet is an instance of a blockchain, powered by the same or a newer version of the underlying software. -All projects use testnet and devnet before launching their project on mainnet to be sure the product is 100% secure and ready to operare with real assets. -Neon is currently still running on testnet and devnet because it is not fully cleared of bugs and is ready to launch on mainnet. Once all necessary risks are removed it will transition to mainnet.

-测试网是用于测试智能合同的替代区块链 -测试网硬币是独立的，不同于实际的硬币，从来不应该有任何价值。 -这允许应用程序开发人员或测试人员进行实验，而不必使用真正的令牌或担心打破主链。 -Testnet是区块链的一个实例，由相同的或更新的版本的底层软件驱动。 -所有项目在主网上启动项目之前使用测试网和开发网，以确保产品100%安全，并准备操作实际资产。 -霓虹灯目前仍然运行在测试网和devnet上，因为它没有完全清除的错误，并准备在主网上启动。一旦所有必要的风险被消除，它将过渡到主网。

Sash — 2022/02/12 CONSENSUS @Neon Student

Consensus is not a term unique to cryptocurrencies, but it is an essential element to the proper functioning of any system.

Consensus is the accepted truth among the participants in the system (this does not mean that consensus is the absolute truth or that it is unquestionable).

In the world of cryptocurrencies, various algorithms, starting with "Proof of XXXXX" allow to reach a consensus on a blockchain.

The strength of a blockchain is therefore to reach a consensus systematically, efficiently and in a decentralized way: we talk about "consensus protocol" or "consensus mechanism".

共识并不是加密货币所特有的术语，但它是任何系统正常运行的一个基本要素。

共识是系统中参与者所接受的真理（这并不意味着共识是绝对的真理，或者它是毫无疑问的）。

在加密货币的世界中，从“XXXXX的证明”开始的各种算法允许在区块链上达成共识。

因此，区块链的优势在于以系统、有效和分散的方式达成共识：我们谈论“共识协议”或“共识机制”。

tSash — 2022/02/13 DAO @Neon Student

A DAO is a Decentralized Autonomous Organization

Its governance rules are fully automated and do not require any human intervention.

The DAO is based on a "trustless" principle, which eliminates the need to trust a third party: in a DAO, "code is law"

The operating rules of a DAO are written in a blockchain and are therefore both immutable and transparent.

DAO是一个分散的自治组织

它的治理规则是完全自动化的，不需要任何人工干预。

DAO是基于一个“不可信任”的原则，该原则消除了信任第三方的需要：在DAO中，“法典就是法律”

DAO的操作规则是用区块链编写的，因此它是不可变的和透明的。

Venice — 2022/02/14 MAINNET @Neon Student

-Mainnet is the term used to describe when a blockchain protocol is fully developed and deployed. -Cryptocurrency transactions are being broadcasted, verified, and recorded on a distributed ledger technology (blockchain). -In other words, a testnet only exists as a working prototype for a blockchain project, while a mainnet is a completely developed blockchain platform for users to send and receive cryptocurrency transactions -Usually, before the mainnet of a blockchain project is launched, the team will set up an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), an Initial Exchange Offering (IEO), or any other means that can help the project raise funds and grow their community. -Typically, the collected funds are then used to develop the prototypes of the blockchain network, which is then tested during the testnet phase. After performing bug fixes and depending on the performance of the testnet, the team will then launch the mainnet version of the blockchain, which is (ideally) fully deployed and functional.

-Mainnet是用来描述区块链协议何时被完全开发和部署的术语。 -加密货币的交易正在被广播，验证，并记录在一个分布式账本技术（区块链）上。 -换句话说，测试网仅作为区块链项目的工作原型存在，而主网是一个完全开发的区块链平台，供用户发送和接收加密货币交易 -通常，在区块链项目的主网启动之前，团队将建立一个初始硬币发行(ICO)、一个初始交换发行(IEO)，或任何其他手段来帮助项目筹集资金和发展他们的社区。 -通常，收集到的资金随后被用于开发区块链网络的原型，然后在测试网阶段进行测试。 在执行错误修复后，根据测试网的性能，团队将启动区块链的主网版本，它（理想情况下）是完全部署和功能的。

Venice — 2022/02/15 SHARDING @Neon Student

-Sharding is a database partitioning technique used by blockchain companies with the purpose of scalability, enabling them to process more transactions per second. -Sharding splits a blockchain company's entire network into smaller partitions, known as "shards." -Each shard is comprised of its own data, making it distinctive and independent when compared to other shards. -Sharding can help reduce the latency or slowness of a network since it splits a blockchain network into separate shards. -Each shard is still able to be shared amongst the other shards, which maintains a key aspect of blockchain technology—the decentralized ledger. -Security concerns surrounding sharding include a hack or shard takeover, where one shard attacks another, resulting in a loss of information.

-共享是区块链公司使用的一种数据库分区技术，目的是可伸缩性，使他们每秒处理更多的事务。 -粉碎将区块链公司的整个网络分割成更小的分区，称为“碎片”。 -每个碎片都由自己的数据组成，与其他碎片相比显得独特和独立。 -共享可以帮助减少网络的延迟或缓慢，因为它将区块链网络分成单独的碎片。 -每个碎片仍然可以在其他碎片之间共享，这维护了区块链技术的一个关键方面——去中心化的分类账。 -围绕碎片攻击的安全担忧包括黑客攻击或碎片接管，即一个碎片攻击另一个碎片，导致信息丢失。

Venice — 2022/02/16 DECENTRALIZED EXCHANGE (DEX) @Neon Student

-A decentralized exchange (better known as a DEX) is a peer-to-peer marketplace where transactions occur directly between crypto traders. -DEXs fulfill one of crypto’s core possibilities: encourage financial transactions that aren’t officiated by banks, brokers, payment processors, or any other kind of intermediary. -The most popular DEXs — like Uniswap and Sushiswap — utilize the Ethereum blockchain and are part of the growing suite of decentralized finance (DeFi) tools, which make a huge range of financial services available directly from a compatible crypto wallet. -Unlike centralized exchanges like Coinbase, DEXs don’t allow for exchanges between fiat and crypto — instead, they exclusively trade cryptocurrency tokens for other cryptocurrency tokens. -Via a centralized exchange (or CEX), you can trade fiat for crypto (and vice versa) or crypto-crypto pairs — say some of your bitcoin for ETH. -DEXs are usually built on open-source code, meaning that anyone interested can see exactly how they work.

-去中心化交易(更广为人知的名称是DEX)是一个点对点市场，交易直接在加密交易员之间进行交易。 -DEXs实现了加密货币的核心可能性之一：鼓励不受由银行、经纪人、支付处理者或任何其他类型的中介机构管理的金融交易。 -最受欢迎的dex——如Uniswap和Sushiswap——利用以太坊区块链，是不断增长的去中心化金融(DeFi)工具的一部分，这些工具使大量的金融服务可以直接从兼容的加密货币到钱包。 -与像Coinbase这样的集中式交易所不同，DEXs不允许法定货币和加密货币之间的交换-相反，他们只用加密货币代币交易其他加密货币代币。 -通过集中交换(或CEX)，你可以用法定货币交换加密（反之亦然）或加密加密对，比如你的一些比特币交换ETH。 -dex通常构建在开放源代码上，这意味着任何感兴趣的人都可以确切地看到它们是如何工作的。

Venice — 2022/02/17 ERC-20 @Neon Student

-An ERC-20 token is a standard used for creating and issuing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. -Smart contracts can then be used to create a smart property or tokenized assets that people can invest in. -ERC stands for "Ethereum request for comment," and the ERC-20 standard was implemented in 2015. -Plenty of well-known digital currencies use the ERC-20 standard, including Maker (MKR), Basic Attention Token (BAT), Augur (REP), and OMG Network (OMG). -While ERC-20 has seen widespread support in the form of new tokens conforming to its standards, there are many in the development community who believe ERC-20 is limited or flawed in one or more ways. -Neon is offering a combination of ERC-20 and SPL token via ERC-20/SPL Wrapper. -For this reason, since the development of ERC20, several alternative token standards have also been proposed, which we will cover in the future.

-ERC-20令牌是用于在以太坊区块链上创建和发布智能合约的标准。 -智能合约可以用来创建智能房产或标记化资产，人们可以投资。 -ERC代表“以太坊征求意见”，ERC-20标准于2015年实施。 -许多著名的数字货币使用ERC-20标准，包括Maker(MKR)、基本注意令牌(BAT)、Augur(REP)和OMG网络(OMG)。 -虽然ERC-20以符合其标准的新代币的形式得到了广泛的支持，但发展界有许多人士认为ERC-20在一种或多种方面是有限的或有缺陷的。 -Neon通过ERC-20/SPL包装器提供ERC-20和SPL令牌的组合。 -由于这个原因，自从ERC20的开发以来，还提出了一些替代的令牌标准，我们将在未来介绍。

Venice — 2022/02/18 RUG PULL @Neon Student

-A rug pull is a malicious maneuver in the cryptocurrency industry where crypto developers abandon a project and run away with investors’ funds. -Rug pulls usually happen in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, especially on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), where malicious individuals create a token and list it on a DEX, then pair it with a leading cryptocurrency like Ethereum. -Once a significant amount of unsuspecting investors swap their ETH for the listed token, the creators then withdraw everything from the liquidity pool, driving the coin's price to zero. -The coin’s creators may even create a temporary hype around Telegram, Twitter, and other social media platforms and initially inject a substantial amount of liquidity into their pool to cultivate investor confidence. -Rug pulls thrive on DEXs because these types of exchanges allow users to list tokens for free and without audit, unlike in centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. -A way to think about an unruggable project is if the team resigns ownership of any tokens, like tokens they would have acquired during a presale.

-在加密货币行业，拉地毯是一种恶意的策略，加密货币开发商放弃一个项目，用投资者的资金逃跑。 -地毯拉动通常发生在去中心化金融(DeFi)生态系统中，特别是在去中心化交易所(DEXs)中，在这个系统中，恶意的个人创建一个令牌并将其列在DEX上，然后将其与以太坊这样的领先加密货币配对。 -一旦大量毫无戒心的投资者将他们的ETH换成上市的代币，创造者就会从流动性池中撤出所有东西，将硬币的价格推至零。 -硬币的创造者甚至可能围绕电报、推特和其他社交媒体平台暂时进行炒作，并最初向他们的资金池注入大量流动性，以培养投资者的信心。 -地毯拉在dex上蓬勃发展，因为这些类型的交易所允许用户免费列出代币，而不像集中式加密货币交易所。 -考虑一个平静的项目的一种方法是，如果团队是否放弃任何代币的所有权，比如他们在预售期间获得的代币。

Venice — 2022/02/19 LEDGER WALLET/HARDWARE WALLET @Neon Student

-Ledger wallets are hardware cryptocurrency wallets made by Ledger, a company headquartered in Paris, France. -Ledger's hardware wallets are multicurrency wallets that are used to store private keys for cryptocurrencies offline. -Ledger offers two hardware wallets: the Ledger Nano S and the Ledger Nano X wallets. -Ledger's hardware wallets are device-based, which means they use storage mechanisms—USB drives—to store private keys, thereby making it difficult for hackers to access the key from an online location. -These wallets also use a 24-word backup recovery phrase that can be used to access a user’s cryptocurrencies if the device containing the private key is stolen. -For the extra-cautious, the 24-word phrase can be etched into steel in a Billfodl, a device designed to hold your seeds and keys forever in a physical form. -All Ledger wallets support 27 coins and more than 1,500 tokens. This list includes both prominent cryptocurrencies as well as lesser-known ones.

-莱杰钱包是由总部设在法国巴黎的莱杰公司制造的硬件加密货币钱包。 -莱杰的硬件钱包是多货币钱包，用于离线存储加密货币的私钥。 -莱杰提供了两个硬件钱包：莱杰NanoS和莱杰NanoX钱包。 -莱杰的硬件钱包是基于设备的，这意味着它们使用存储机制——USB驱动器——来存储私钥，因此黑客很难从在线位置访问密钥。 -这些钱包还使用一个24个字的备份恢复短语，如果包含私钥的设备被盗，可以用来访问用户的加密货币。 -对于特别谨慎的人来说，这个24个单词的短语可以被蚀刻在钢铁上，这是一种可以永远保存你的种子和钥匙的设备。 -所有的莱杰钱包都支持27个硬币和超过1500个代币。这个列表包括著名的加密货币和不太知名的加密货币。

Venice — 2022/02/20 INITIAL DEX OFFERING (IDO) @Neon Student

-An initial DEX offering, or IDO, is a new and exciting type of decentralized and permissionless crowdfunding platform, which is opening up a new way of fundraising in the crypto space. -If a project is launching an IDO, it means the project is launching a coin or token via a decentralized liquidity exchange. -This is a type of crypto asset exchange that depends on liquidity pools where traders can swap tokens, including crypto coins and stablecoins. -IDOs are the successor of other crypto fundraising models, including initial coin offerings (ICOs), security token offerings (STOs), and initial exchange offerings (IEOs). -With the decentralized nature of IDOs, this new fundraising model is attempting to solve the issues of ICOs while adding new possibilities to the crypto market. -The concept behind crypto is to open the doors of finance by making it decentralized. IDOs are one step to making this happen.

-最初的DEX提供，或称IDO，是一种新的、令人兴奋的去中心化和无许可的众筹平台，它在加密货币领域开辟了一种新的融资方式。 -如果一个项目正在启动IDO，这意味着该项目正在通过去中心化的流动性交换启动硬币或代币。 -这是一种依赖于流动性池的加密资产交换，交易员可以交换代币，包括加密币和稳定币。 -IDOs是其他加密货币融资模式的继承者，包括初始代币发行(ICOs)、安全代币发行(STOs)和初始交换发行(IEOs)。 -由于ido的分散性质，这种新的融资模式正试图解决ico的问题，同时为加密货币市场增加新的可能性。 -加密货币背后的概念是通过使金融去中心化来打开金融的大门。ido是实现这一目标的一步。

Venice — 2022/02/21 INITIAL COIN OFFERING (ICO) @Neon Student

-Initial coin offerings are a popular way to raise funds for products and services usually related to cryptocurrency. -ICOs are similar to initial public offerings, but coins issued in an ICO can also have utility for a software service or product. -Some ICOs have yielded massive returns for investors. Numerous others have turned out to be fraudulent or have performed extremely poorly. -To participate in an ICO, you usually need to first purchase a more established digital currency, plus have a basic understanding of cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges. -ICOs are, for the most part, completely unregulated, so investors must exercise a high degree of caution and diligence when researching and investing in ICOs. -Anyone can launch an ICO. With very little regulation of ICOs in the U.S. currently, anyone who can access the proper tech is free to launch a new cryptocurrency.

-首次代币发行是为通常与加密货币相关的产品和服务筹集资金的一种流行方式。 -ICO类似于首次公开发行，但在ICO中发行的硬币也可以用于软件服务或产品。 -一些ico已经为投资者带来了巨大的回报。还有许多人被证明是欺诈行为或表现非常差。 -要参与一个ICO，你通常需要首先购买一个更成熟的数字货币，并对加密货币的钱包和交易所有一个基本的了解。 -ico在很大程度上是完全不受监管的，因此投资者在研究和投资ico时必须高度谨慎和勤勉。 -任何人都可以启动一个ICO。目前美国对ico的监管很少，任何能够获得适当技术的人都可以自由推出一种新的加密货币。

Venice — 2022/02/22 SIDECHAIN @Neon Student

-A sidechain is a side blockchain that is linked to another blockchain, referred to as the main chain, via a two-way peg. -Imagine a global decentralized network of various blockchains, each with their own sets of rules, functionalities and purposes, that remain independent from each yet form one seamless ecosystem. That’s the sidechain vision. -This sophisticated cryptographic mechanism enables tokens and other digital assets to move back and forth freely from the main chain. -Sidechains come in many variations depending on the functions they are built for. -While both Liquid and Rootstock are Bitcoin sidechains, for example, they function very differently, since the latter is specifically created for the purpose of running smart contracts more efficiently. -Sidechains are responsible for their own security. Since each sidechain is independent, if it is hacked or compromised, the damage will be contained within that chain and won’t affect the main chain. -Conversely, should the main chain become compromised, the sidechain can still operate, but the peg will lose most of its value.

-侧链是一个侧区块链，通过双向挂钩连接到另一个区块链，称为主链。 -想象一个由各种区块链组成的全球分散网络，每个区块链都有自己的规则、功能和目的，它们仍然独立于每一个，但形成一个无缝的生态系统。这就是侧边的愿景。 -这种复杂的加密机制使令牌和其他数字资产能够从主链上来回移动。 -侧链有许多不同，取决于他们的功能。 -例如，虽然液体和股票都是比特币侧链，但它们的功能非常不同，因为后者是专门为更有效地运行智能合约而创建的。 -侧链公司负责他们自己的安全。由于每个侧链都是独立的，如果它被黑客攻击或破坏，损坏将被包含在该链中，并且不会影响主链。 -相反，如果主链受损，侧链仍然可以运行，但挂钩将失去其大部分价值。

Venice — 2022/02/23 AUTOMATED MARKET MAKER (AMM) @Neon Student

-Market makers are essentially liquidity providers. -Automated market makers are a part of decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that were introduced to remove any intermediaries in the trading of crypto assets. -You can think of AMM as a computer program that automates the process of providing liquidity. -These protocols are built using smart contracts -- a computer code that executes itself -- to mathematically define the price of the crypto tokens and provide liquidity. -In the AMM protocol, you do not need another trader to make a trade. Instead, you can trade with a smart contract. -In AMM, anyone can be a liquidity provider if they meet the requirements stipulated in the smart contract. -AMMs also allows anyone to become a liquidity provider, which comes with incentives. Liquidity providers get a fraction of the fees paid on transactions executed on the pool.

-做市商本质上是流动性提供者。 -自动做市商是去中心化交易所(DEXs)的一部分，引入该交易所是为了消除加密资产交易中的任何中介机构。 -你可以把AMM看作是一个自动提供流动性过程的计算机程序。 -这些协议是使用智能合约构建的——一种自动执行的计算机代码——以从数学上定义加密代币的价格并提供流动性。 -在AMM协议中，您不需要另一个交易员来进行交易。相反，你可以用一个智能合约进行交易。 -在AMM中，如果任何人都满足智能合同中规定的要求，那么他们都可以成为流动性提供者。 -AMMs还允许任何人成为流动性提供者，这也带有激励措施。流动性提供者获得在池中执行的交易费用的一小部分。

Neon's first AMM will be Moraswap. Venice — 2022/02/24 ROLLUP @Neon Student

-Rollups executes the transaction off the chain mainly on a rollup specific chain and then batch the transaction data, compresses it, and sends it to the main Etheruem chain. -This reduces the load on the main Ethereum network of actually processing those transactions. -This helps in reducing the fees and blockchain adoption by increasing participation. -Rollups also enable redeployment of all the existing Ethereum smart contracts to a rollup with little or no change. -Rollups look like an up-and-coming solution to the Ethereum scalability problem. -There are two types of rollups based on this; Optimistic Rollups and ZK-rollups. -Optimistic rollups, as the name suggests at first, assume that the transaction data submitted to the Ethereum network is correct and valid. -ZK-rollups or Zero-Knowledge rollups, unlike Optimistic rollups, don’t have any dispute resolution mechanism. It uses a clever piece of cryptography Zero-Knowledge proofs.

-Neon will be working on developing rollup as well.

-Rollups主要在汇总特定链上执行链外执行事务，然后对事务数据进行批处理，压缩，并将其发送到主链。 -这减少了实际处理这些事务的主以太坊网络上的负载。 -这有助于通过增加参与来减少费用和区块链的采用。 -Rollups还使所有现有的以太坊智能合约重新部署到一个汇总，但很少或没有变化。 -Rollups看起来像是以太坊可伸缩性问题的一个新兴的解决方案。 -基于此有两种类型的滚动；乐观的滚动和ZK-滚动。 -乐观汇总，顾名思义，假设提交给以太坊网络的事务数据是正确和有效的。 -ZK-汇总或零知识汇总，不像乐观的汇总，没有任何争议解决机制。它使用了一个聪明的密码学零知识证明。

-霓虹灯也将致力于开发累积功能。

Venice — 2022/02/25 PEER TO PEER (P2P) @Neon Student

-Peer-to-peer refers to the direct exchange of some asset, such as a digital currency, between individual parties without the involvement of a central authority. -A strictly peer-to-peer exchange of currency was the primary goal driving the creation of Bitcoin, the most widely used cryptocurrency. -Peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchanges can offer more privacy than traditional online transactions. -In a digital peer-to-peer network, each user is (in theory) an equivalent owner of and contributor to the network. -This kind of network can be used for almost any kind of information or file-sharing. -Truly peer-to-peer cryptocurrency transactions generally do not require the involved parties to provide identification, thus protecting everyone's privacy. -Most P2P exchanges allow the purchase of cryptocurrencies to be made with cash or other forms of exchange that support the protection of privacy. -However, not all cryptocurrency exchanges are truly peer-to-peer. Many of them are centralized exchanges subject to the regulations of the countries in which participants live. This means that governments sometimes require the exchanges to collect information about users' identities and transactions, resulting in an erosion of the privacy for which Bitcoin was aiming.

-点对点是指在没有中央权威机构参与的情况下，在个别各方之间直接交换某些资产，例如数字货币。 -严格的点对点货币交换是推动比特币创造的主要目标，比特币是使用最广泛的加密货币。 -点对点加密货币交易所可以比传统的在线交易提供更多的隐私。 -在一个数字点对点网络中，每个用户（在理论上）都是该网络的等效所有者和贡献者。 -这种网络可以用于几乎任何类型的信息或文件共享。 -真正的点对点加密货币交易通常不需要相关各方提供身份识别，从而保护了每个人的隐私。 -大多数P2P交易所允许用现金或其他支持隐私保护的交易所形式购买加密货币。 -然而，并非所有的加密货币交易所都是真正的点对点的。其中许多是集中交流，必须遵守参与者居住国家的规定。这意味着，政府有时会要求交易所收集有关用户身份和交易的信息，从而导致比特币所瞄准的隐私受到侵蚀。

Venice — 2022/02/26 CROWDSALE @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency crowdsale is a public offering to invest in a new cryptocurrency or other digital asset, such as a non-fungible token (NFT). -Cryptocurrency crowdsales can raise funds for anything related to cryptocurrency, including a crypto development project or new business. -Some initial coin offerings (ICOs), which are similar to initial public offerings (IPOs) of stocks, are also classified as cryptocurrency crowdsales. -Cryptocurrency crowdsales use blockchain technology—the same tech that powers Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies—to mint new coins sold as part of the crowdsale. -New cryptocurrencies or other digital assets are released to the public often through crowdsales. -Crowdsales for cryptocurrencies can raise millions of dollars. The Ethereum DAO crowdsale raised more than $30 million, while other lesser known cryptocurrencies have used crowdsales to raise several million dollars for coin launches.

-加密货币众售是指投资于一种新的加密货币或其他数字资产的公开发行，如不可替代的代币(NFT)。 -加密货币众销售可以为任何与加密货币相关的东西筹集资金，包括加密开发项目或新业务。 -一些首次代币发行(ico)，类似于股票的首次公开发行(ipo)，也被归类为加密货币众售。 -加密货币众筹使用区块链技术——即支持比特币、以太坊和其他加密货币的技术——来铸造作为众筹的一部分出售的新硬币。 -新的加密货币或其他数字资产通常通过众售的方式向公众发布。 -加密货币的众包销售可以筹集到数百万美元。以太坊DAO众筹筹集了3000多万美元，而其他不太知名的加密货币则利用众筹筹集了数百万美元。

Venice — 2022/02/27 TOKENOMICS @Neon Student

-The term is formed by pairing up the two words token and economics. So the word tokenomics basically points to the economics of a crypto token. -Tokenomics refers to all the qualities of a crypto token that makes it appealing to investors. -The tokenomics for a particular crypto token is usually thoroughly discussed in the project whitepaper, and it should help you grasp the functionality, objective, allocation policy, and more of the crypto token.-To put it simply, any factor that even remotely concerns the value of a crypto token should be taken into account when considering its tokenomics. -Notably, most of the factors that make up a crypto’s tokenomics are usually found in websites like CoinMarketCap and CoinGecko, but still do verify with the project whitepaper to be sure of their precision.-Main parts of every tokenomics should consist of The Allocation and Distribution of Tokens, The Supply of the Token, Market Capitalization & The Token Model.

-这个术语是由标记和经济学这两个词配对形成的。所以代币组学这个词基本上是指加密代币的经济学。 -代币组学指的是一种能够吸引投资者的加密代币的所有品质。 -特定加密令牌的代牌组学通常在项目白皮书中详细讨论，它应该帮助您掌握功能、目标、分配策略和更多的加密令牌。-简单地说，在考虑加密代牌组时，即使涉及加密代牌的价值，都应该考虑任何因素。 ——值得注意的是，大多数的因素构成加密的代币组通常发现在网站像市值和市场，但仍然验证项目白皮书确保他们的precision.-Main部分每个代币组应该包括代币的分配和分配，代币的供应，市值和代币模型。

Venice — 2022/02/28 HALVING @Neon Student

-Bitcoin halving refers to an event when the pace at which new units of the world's largest cryptocurrency entering circulation is cut in half. -At the current rate that bitcoins are being produced, halvings happen about every four years. -Bitcoin halving is part of a system designed to cap the total number of bitcoins at 21 million. -With the halvings resulting in decreased mining rewards, creating new bitcoins becomes an increasingly expensive proposition. -First halving: At the time of the first halving, in November 2012, the price of Bitcoin stood at about $11. Within a year, it rose a hundredfold. -Second halving: In July 2016, the Bitcoin network arrived at the milestone of 420,000 blocks, triggering a second halving. The price of Bitcoin fluctuated between $500 and $1,000 for a few months, and ultimately rose to around $20,000 by December 2017. -Third halving: The third halving happened in May 2020, coinciding with another bull run for the cryptocurrency. At the time of this halving, Bitcoin traded at around $9,000. It climbed to around $30,000 by the end of the year. -Next Bitcoin halving will happen in 2024.

-比特币减半是指世界上最大的加密货币进入流通的新单位的速度减半的事件。 -按照目前比特币的生产速度，大约每四年生产一半。 -比特币减半是旨在将比特币总数上限为2100万的系统的一部分。 -随着一半导致采矿奖励的减少，创造新的比特币成为一个越来越昂贵的提议。 -第一次减半：在2012年11月的第一次减半时，比特币的价格维持在11美元左右。不到一年，它就增长了一百倍。 -第二次减半：2016年7月，比特币网络达到了42万个区块的里程碑，导致第二次减半。比特币的价格在几个月内在500美元到1000美元之间波动，最终在2017年12月升至2万美元左右。 -第三次减半：第三次减半发生在2020年5月，与此同时，这也是加密货币的另一次牛市。当时，比特币的交易价格约为9,000美元。到今年年底，它已攀升至3万美元左右。 -下一个比特币减半将在2024年实现。

Venice — 2022/03/01 TOTAL VALUE LOCKED (TVL) @Neon Student

-Total value locked (TVL) is the overall value of crypto assets deposited in a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol – or in DeFi protocols generally. -TVL includes all the coins deposited in all of the functions that DeFi protocols offer, including: Staking, Lending, Liquidity pools. -Importantly, it doesn't reflect the yield that these deposits are expected to earn. It only means the current value of the deposits themselves.

project’s TVL doesn't only change when users make new deposits or withdraw their assets. It is constantly changing in line with the fluctuating dollar value of all those assets in the cryptocurrency market.

Some or even all of a DeFi protocol's deposits may be denominated in its native token. When its native token appreciates in value, the protocol’s TVL grows in tandem. -The combined TVL of all DeFi protocols grew exceptionally fast between 2020 and 2021. At the start of 2020, the combined TVL across all DeFi platforms was around $630 million, according to analytics firm DeFi Llama. -Protocols can operate on just one network or spread themselves across many, in which case they have an independent TVL on each of the networks. -The largest network by DeFi TVL is Ethereum, accounting for almost half of the total volume worldwide.

-锁定总价值(TVL)是指在分散金融(DeFi)协议或一般DeFi协议中存储的加密资产的总价值。 -TVL包括在DeFi协议提供的所有功能中存放的所有硬币，包括：认购、贷款、流动性池。 -重要的是，它并不能反映这些存款的预期收益。它只指存款本身的当前价值。

该项目的TVL不仅会在用户进行新的存款或提取资产时发生变化。它随着加密货币市场上所有这些资产的美元价值的波动而不断变化。

DeFi协议的部分甚至全部存款可能以其本地令牌计价。当其原生令牌升值时，协议的TVL就会同步增长。 -所有DeFi协议的组合TVL在2020年至2021年期间增长异常快。根据分析公司DeFiLlama的数据，截至2020年初，所有DeFi平台的TVL合并后约为6.3亿美元。 -协议可以只在一个网络上运行，或者在许多网络上传播自己，在这种情况下，它们在每个网络上都有一个独立的TVL。 -DeFiTVL最大的网络是以太坊，几乎占全球总销量的一半。

Venice — 2022/03/02 SOLSCAN @Neon Student

-SolScan is a blockchain explorer used to search through information on the Solana blockchain. It’s a popular alternative to the official Solana explorer. -SolScan turns complex transactional data into something that can be easily read. -SolScan also has DeFi and NFT dashboards and an analytics platform to browse. You can also use their API to create customized feeds for yourself. All of these are found in the header of the website. -The block explorer provides access to anything recorded on-chain, including crypto transactions, addresses, smart contracts, blocks, tokens, and more. -It’s free to use and doesn’t require an account, but you can create one and log in for enhanced functionality. -Using a blockchain explorer is essential for anyone transacting with a network. If you aren’t sure where your staked funds have gone, or perhaps a transaction is still pending, you can use SolScan to find out what’s happened. -All information on SolScan comes directly from the Solana blockchain, so you can be sure it’s accurate.

-Neon is integrating with SolScan, and SolScan is working on enabling read on Ethereum transactions as well, so it could operate with Neon on both ends.

-SolScan是一个区块链资源管理器，用于搜索Solana区块链上的信息。这是官方索拉纳探险家的一个流行的替代品。 -SolScan将复杂的事务性数据转换为易于读取的东西。 -SolScan还拥有DeFi和NFT仪表盘，以及一个分析平台可供浏览。您还可以使用它们的API为自己创建定制的提要。所有这些都可以在网站的标题中找到。 -块浏览器提供了对链上记录的任何东西的访问，包括加密交易、地址、智能合同、块、令牌等等。 -它是免费使用的，不需要一个帐户，但你可以创建一个，并登录，以增强功能。 -使用区块链浏览器对任何处理网络的人都是必不可少的。如果你不确定你的赌基金去了哪里，或者交易正在进行中，你可以使用SolScan来查明发生了什么。 -所有关于SolScan的信息都直接来自Solana区块链，所以你可以确保它是准确的。

-Neon正在与SolScan集成，SolScan也正在启用以太坊事务的读取，因此它可以在两端与Neon一起运行。

Venice — 2022/03/03 ETHERSCAN @Neon Student

-The team behind Etherscan created the platform as an independent entity whose mission is to facilitate blockchain transparency. -The Ethereum blockchain has a public ledger that Etherscan.io indexes and then make searchable in what it believes to be the most transparent and accessible way possible. -Etherscan is not a wallet service provider, it does not store people’s private keys and it has no control over the transactions that take place over the Ethereum network. -Users can register and create an account in Etherscan. Normal users can add an address to the “watch list” and be notified by email for an incoming transfer transaction. -Developers can access a set of API services that can be used to either build decentralized applications or serve as data feeds for Ethereum blockchain information. -You can use Etherscan to search all transaction histories, including token transfer and contract execution, of any address at Etherscan.io. You simply paste an address into the search bar and the address details will appear. -Etherscan provides information on the balance of ETH at the address, its current value in US dollars, and the total number of transactions made to and from the address. -Etherscan also has a “gas price tracker”, which is useful because the Ethereum network can suffer congestion problems. -Etherscan is a useful resource for all Ethereum Network users to track transactions, check smart contracts, find out stats, and generally stay on top of what’s happening in the Ethereum blockchain.

-Neon needs Ethereum tx's to be checked as well as Solana ones that is why SolScan is working on an option to check eth tx's as well for Neon.

-以太扫描背后的团队将该平台创建为一个独立的实体，其使命是促进区块链的透明度。 -以太坊区块链有一个公共账本，Etherscan.io索引，然后以它认为最透明和可访问的方式进行搜索。 -以太扫描不是一个钱包服务提供商，它不存储人们的私钥，它也不能控制在以太坊网络上发生的交易。 -用户可以在以太扫描中注册和创建一个帐户。普通用户可以在“观察列表”中添加一个地址，并通过电子邮件通知传入的转移事务。 -开发人员可以访问一组API服务，它们既可以用来构建分散的应用程序，也可以作为以太坊区块链信息的数据提要。 -您可以使用以太扫描搜索Etherscan.io上的所有地址的所有交易历史，包括令牌转让和合同执行。您只需将一个地址粘贴到搜索栏中，该地址的详细信息就会出现。 -以太扫描提供有关地址的余额，以美元计算的当前价值，以及进出地址的交易总数。 -以太坊扫描也有一个“天然气价格跟踪器”，这是有用的，因为以太坊网络可能会遭受拥塞问题。 -以太扫描是一个有用的资源，为所有以太坊网络用户跟踪交易，检查智能合同，找到统计数据，并通常保持在以太坊区块链中发生的事情。

-霓虹灯需要以太坊tx的检查以及索拉纳的，这就是为什么SolScan正在工作的一个选项来检查ethtx的以及霓虹灯。

Venice — 2022/03/04 BINANCE @Neon Student

-Binance is an online exchange where users can trade cryptocurrencies. It supports most commonly traded cryptocurrencies. -Binance provides a crypto wallet for traders to store their electronic funds. -The exchange also has supporting services for users to earn interest or transact using cryptocurrencies. It also offers programs for miners and to help traders make investment decisions. -Binance has its own blockchain-based token, Binance Coin (BNB). -Primarily known for crypto-to-crypto trading—trading between two cryptocurrency pairs —the Binance exchange has among the lowest transaction fees for cryptocurrency exchanges. -It has high liquidity and offers discounts to users who pay in the native BNB cryptocurrency tokens. -Binance offers an additional five types of orders for crypto derivatives, specifically futures contracts. These trade orders include: Limit order, Market order, Stop limit order, Stop market order, Trailing stop order, Post only order, Limit TP/SL order. -One of the reasons Binance is sometimes looked down upon is because it is extremely centralized which goes against the whole point of Web3.

-Binance是一个在线交易所，用户可以在这里交易加密货币。它支持最常见的可交易的加密货币。 -币安银行为交易员提供了一个加密钱包来存储他们的电子基金。 -该交易所还为用户获得利息或使用加密货币进行交易提供支持服务。它还为矿商提供投资项目，并帮助交易员做出投资决策。 -Binance有自己的基于区块链的代币币(BNB)。 币安交易所主要以加密到加密交易而闻名，在两对加密货币之间进行交易，是加密货币交易所交易费用最低的交易所之一。 -它具有高流动性，并向支付本地BNB加密货币代币的用户提供折扣。 -币安提供另外五种加密衍生品的订单，特别是期货合约。这些交易指令包括：限价指令、市场指令、止损限价指令、止损市场指令、跟踪止损指令、仅邮寄订单、限价TP/SL订单。 -绑定有时被轻视的原因之一是它非常集中，这与Web3的整个观点相反。

Sash — 2022/03/05 MASTERNODE @Neon Student

-Masternode is defined as a governing hub in some cryptocurrency networks. -It requires an initial collateral of tokens to operate. -A masternode is rewarded in tokens each time it adds and validates a block. The addition of each block and thus the corresponding rewards are randomly assigned to the different masternodes. -PoS protocol can propose to use economic sanctions to prevent hacker attacks. If an attack is detected, the protocol can plan to apply a penalty system to the hacker forger, who would automatically lose his deposited corners.

-主节点被定义为一些加密货币网络中的管理枢纽。 -它需要一个代币的初始抵押品才能运作。 -一个主节点每次添加和验证一个块时都会获得代币的奖励。每个块的添加和相应的奖励被随机分配给不同的主节点。 -PoS协议可以提议使用经济制裁来防止黑客攻击。如果检测到攻击，该协议可以计划对黑客伪造者应用一个惩罚系统，后者将自动丢失他存放的角落。

Venice — 2022/03/06 CRYPTOCURRENCY @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency is a form of digital asset based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of governments and central authorities. -Experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. -The advantages of cryptocurrencies include cheaper and faster money transfers and decentralized systems that do not collapse at a single point of failure. -The disadvantages of cryptocurrencies include their price volatility, high energy consumption for mining activities, and use in criminal activities. -Bitcoin is the most popular and valuable cryptocurrency. An anonymous person called Satoshi Nakamoto invented it and introduced it to the world via a white paper in 2008. -Each cryptocurrency claims to have a different function and specification. For example, Ethereum's ether markets itself as gas for the underlying smart contract platform. -Although cryptocurrencies are considered a form of money, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats them as a financial asset or property. -Any investor can purchase cryptocurrency from popular crypto exchanges. -Currently, cryptocurrencies are literally saving lives.

-加密货币是一种基于分布在大量计算机上的网络的数字资产形式。这种分散的结构使它们能够在政府和中央当局的控制之外存在。 -专家认为，区块链和相关技术将颠覆许多行业，包括金融和法律。 -加密货币的优势包括更便宜、更快的转账和不会在单点故障时崩溃的去中心化系统。 -加密货币的缺点包括其价格波动、采矿活动的高能源消耗以及用于犯罪活动。 -比特币是最流行和最有价值的加密货币。一位名叫中本聪的匿名人士发明了它，并于2008年通过白皮书将其介绍给了世界。 -每种加密货币都声称有不同的功能和规范。例如，以太坊的以太醚将自己作为底层智能合约平台的天然气进行销售。 -尽管加密货币被认为是一种货币形式，但美国国税局(IRS)将其视为一种金融资产或财产。 -任何投资者都可以从流行的加密货币交易所购买加密货币。

-目前，加密货币确实在拯救生命。

Venice — 2022/03/07 SERUM @Neon Student

-Serum is a decentralized exchange software built on Solana where cryptocurrencies can be bought and sold by traders. -Central to Serum’s design is a decentralized orderbook run by smart contracts that aims to mirror traditional exchanges by matching buyers and sellers. -This gives participants flexibility with pricing and order sizes when they submit orders to Serum, giving them full control over their trading. -In this way, Serum is intended to operate a new kind of decentralized exchange that intends to rival those built using an automated market maker (AMM) such as Uniswap, Sushi and Bancor. -Further, Serum offers cross-chain support, meaning that traders can trade tokens built on other platforms like Ethereum or Polkadot. -Existing decentralized finance (DeFi) projects can also access Serum’s features and liquidity, regardless of which blockchain they are built on. -Serum’s utility token, SRM, enables holders to receive up to a 50 percent discount on their trade fees and stakers to vote and participate in the platform’s governance mechanism. -Those wishing to stay connected on the currency development of Serum can bookmark its blog for up-to-date details. -Serum’s network and design is meant to facilitate transactions in a way that feels similar to that of traditional exchanges.

-Serum是一种建立在Solana上的去中心化交换软件，交易员可以通过它买卖加密货币。 -Serum设计的核心是一个由智能合约运行的分散的订单书，旨在通过匹配买家和卖家来反映传统的交流。 -这使参与者在向血清公司提交订单时能够灵活地进行定价和订单大小，使他们能够完全控制自己的交易。 -通过这种方式，Serum旨在运营一种新型的去中心化交易所，旨在竞争那些使用自动做市商(AMM)建立的交易所，如Uniswap、苏轼和Bancor。 -此外，Serum还提供了跨链支持，这意味着交易者可以交易建立在以太坊或波尔卡多等其他平台上的代币。 -现有的去中心化金融(DeFi)项目也可以访问Serum的特性和流动性，无论它们建立在哪个区块链之上。 -血清的效用代币SRM使持有者可以获得高达50%的贸易费用折扣，并可以投票并参与平台的治理机制。 -那些希望对血清货币发展保持联系的人可以将其博客书签以获得最新的细节。 -血清的网络和设计旨在以一种感觉类似于传统交易所的方式促进交易。

Venice — 2022/03/08 CHAINLINK @Neon Student

-Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network on Ethereum that connects blockchains with off-chain data. -Chainlink uses hybrid smart contracts to integrate on-chain code and off-chain data infrastructure. -Chainlink tokens—called LINK—are used to pay Chainlink network operators for retrieving and preparing off-chain data and performing computations. -It supports decentralized data feeds: Data from many sources can be securely collected and used for hybrid smart contracts. -It provides verifiable sources of randomness: Applications such as games that require cryptographically secure randomness can use Chainlink. -It enables automation: Chainlink smart contracts can automate key functions and event-driven tasks for enterprises. -It supports cross-blockchain interoperability: Chainlink can connect blockchain platforms to support the exchange of messages, tokens, and specific actions. -Chainlink aims to continue to grow by expanding its support for blockchain environments and facilitating new use cases for hybrid smart contracts. -The Chainlink decentralized oracle can connect many different types of data with many different blockchains, creating many potential applications for Chainlink. -Chainlink could help to integrate blockchain technology with many industries and business functions.

-链链是以太坊上的一个分散的甲骨文网络，它将区块链与链外数据连接起来。 -链链使用混合智能合约来集成链上代码和链外数据基础设施。 -链链接标记称为链接，用于支付链链接网络运营商检索和准备链外数据并执行计算。 -它支持分散的数据源：来自许多来源的数据可以安全地收集并用于混合智能合同。 -它提供了可验证的随机性来源：应用程序，如需要加密安全的随机性的游戏，可以使用链链接。 -它实现自动化：链链智能合同可以为企业自动化关键功能和事件驱动的任务。 -它支持跨区块链互操作性：链链可以连接区块链平台，以支持消息、令牌和特定操作的交换。 -Chainlink旨在通过扩大其对区块链环境的支持和促进混合智能合同的新用例来继续增长。 -链链分散神谕可以连接许多不同类型的数据与许多不同的区块链，为链创建许多潜在的应用。 -链链可以帮助区块链技术与许多行业和业务功能集成。

Venice — 2022/03/09 MAGIC EDEN @Neon Student

-Magic Eden is a new NFT platform made for the Solana Network that facilitates the buying, selling, and minting of NFTs. -The NFT transactions are very similar to Ethereum, except that users will have a 0% listing fee and only 2% transaction fees, which lowers the entry barriers for new and seasoned NFT buyers and creators. -SOL tokens are the medium of payment for fees. -The Solana Network, where the Magic Eden sits, supports three common wallets: Phantom, Solflare, and Sollet. -Users are required to purchase SOL and send these tokens to their wallets to buy NFTs on Magic Eden. -Magic Eden doesn’t charge cancel or offer fees, but the platform clarifies that bidders’ offer price should be within its escrow(third-party smart contract). -Users can also cancel offers by going to the “Offers Made” tab on the platform’s “My Profile” page. -The minimum offer price that bidders need to make should be 50% of the listing price to increase the possibility of matching the offers. -The platform’s ‘Launchpad’ provides a simple process for users to create and sell NFTs, eliminating the hassle of going through many technical processes just to proceed in launching digital assets.

-魔法伊甸园是一个新的NFT平台，为索拉纳网络，促进nft的买卖和铸造。 -NFT的交易与以太坊非常相似，除了用户将有0%的上市费和2%的交易费，这降低了新的和经验丰富的NFT买家和创造者的进入门槛。 -SOL代币是支付费用的媒介。 -索拉纳网络，即神奇的伊甸园的所在地，支持三个常见的钱包：幻影，鞋底，和鞋底。 -用户需要购买SOL，并将这些令牌发送到他们的钱包，以购买魔法伊甸园上的nft。 -魔术Eden不收取取消或提供费用，但该平台澄清，投标人的报价应该在其托管（第三方智能合同）。 -用户也可以通过进入该平台的“我的个人资料”页面上的“提供优惠制作”标签来取消提供优惠。 -投标人需要提出的最低报价应为挂牌价格的50%，以增加与报价相匹配的可能性。 -该平台的“启动平台”为用户提供了一个简单的nft创建和销售过程，消除了仅为启动数字资产而经过许多技术流程的麻烦。

Venice — 2022/03/10 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE YIELD (APY) @Neon Student

-Annual percentage yield (APY) acts as a cryptocurrency savings account similar to an annual percentage rate (APR) account.

You may deposit your bitcoin (or another crypto asset) and receive a fixed rate of return over a specific period of time. -The annual percentage yield (APY) is a method of calculating the amount of money earned on a money market account over the course of a year. -The interest you earn on your funds is referred to as compounding interest. -It refers to the amount received on both the principal amount (the money you put into the account) and the interest that has been accumulated. -Compounding makes it possible to create money over time, which is why it is such a strong instrument for investment. his is not the same as simple interest. The term "simple interest" refers to interest generated just on the main deposit. -Cryptocurrency savings accounts with APY may be just what you need if you are a crypto investor who wants to make a return on investment while holding it. -actors like fees, entrance barriers, interest-earning procedure, and types of crypto assets available may vary from platform to platform.

-年百分比收益率(APY)作为一个类似于年利率(APR)账户的加密货币储蓄账户。

您可以存入比特币（或其他加密资产），并在特定时间内获得固定的回报率。 -年百分比收益率(APY)是一种计算货币市场账户在一年内获得的收入的方法。 -你从你的基金中获得的利息被称为复利。 -它是指在本金（你存入账户的钱）和已累积的利息中收到的金额。 -复合使随着时间的推移创造资金成为可能，这就是为什么它是一个如此强大的投资工具。 他的和简单利益不一样。“简单利息”一词是指仅在主要存款上产生的利息。 -如果你是一个加密货币投资者，想要同时获得投资回报，那么使用APY的加密货币储蓄账户可能正是你所需要的。 -诸如费用、准入门槛、利息赚取程序和可用的加密资产类型等参与者可能因平台而异。

Sash — 2022/03/11 IMPERMANENT LOSS @Neon Student

-Impermanent loss is a loss to which funds are exposed while in a liquidity pool. -This loss typically occurs when the ratio of tokens in the liquidity pool becomes uneven. -However the loss is not realized until the tokens are removed from the liquidity pool. -This loss is usually calculated by comparing the value of your tokens in the liquidity pool to the value of simply holding them. -Since stable coins have a stable price, liquidity pools also use stable coins to be less exposed to impermanent loss.

-非永久性损失是指基金在流动性池中暴露于其中的损失。 -这种损失通常发生在流动性池中的代币比率变得不均匀时。 -然而，直到将代币从流动性池中移除后，损失才会实现。 -该损失通常是通过比较流动性池中你的代币的价值与单纯持有它们的价值来计算的。 -由于稳定的硬币具有稳定的价格，流动性池也使用稳定的硬币，以减少对非永久损失的风险。

Venice — 2022/03/12 RAYDIUM @Neon Student

-Raydium is an automated market maker (AMM) built on the Solana blockchain that shares liquidity with the Serum decentralized exchange. -As an AMM, Raydium enables digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies, to be traded in a permissionless way through the use of liquidity pools, which have emerged as one of the main tools of Decentralized Finance (DeFi). -By bringing together the flexibility of an AMM with the reliability of Serum's more traditional order book mechanism, Raydium supports the fast, liquid and low fee trading of digital assets on Solana with an additional source of liquidity. -Users who provide liquidity to Raydium are incentivized with rewards in RAY, the utility token of the Raydium ecosystem. In turn, RAY can be staked in the platform to earn additional cryptos. -The ability to utilize liquidity from either the AMM of Raydium or the order book of Serum should afford traders a more efficient and cost effective decentralized exchange trading experience. -When a user makes a swap, Raydium compares prices between Serum’s order book and Raydium’s AMM in order to execute the most cost effective trade for the user. -In addition to its exchange and yield earning platforms, Raydium has also created a fundraising platform called AcceleRaytor. This serves as a launchpad to help new projects raise capital and build within the Solana ecosystem.

-Raydium是一家基于Solana区块链的自动做市商(AMM)，与血清去中心化交易所共享流动性。 -作为AMM，Raydium可以通过使用流动性池以无许可的方式进行交易，流动性池已成为分散金融(DeFi)的主要工具之一。 -通过将AMM的灵活性与血清更传统的订单机制的可靠性结合起来，瑞安支持Solana上数字资产的快速、流动和低费用交易，并提供额外的流动性来源。 -为瑞登提供流动性的用户可以获得RAY的奖励，即瑞登生态系统的效用令牌。反过来，RAY也可以被押在该平台上，以赚取额外的加密货币。 -利用来自光线的AMM或血清订单的流动性的能力应为交易员提供更有效和成本效益的分散交易所交易经验。 -当用户进行交换时，瑞丁比较血清订单和瑞登的AMM之间的价格，以便为用户执行最具成本效益的交易。 -除了交易所和收益收益平台，瑞登还创建了一个名为“名人”的筹款平台。这是帮助新项目在索拉纳生态系统内筹集资金和建设的一个启动平台。

Venice — 2022/03/13 PHANTOM @Neon Student

-Phantom is like MetaMask for Solana, making using Defi and NFTs a simple process for everyone. Here's how it works. -Phantom is a non-custodial wallet used mainly on the Solana blockchain. -Not only is the wallet a web 3 digital wallet, but it also has a user-friendly interface. With Phantom, users can store, send and receive tokens. -Like other popular wallets such as MetaMask, traders can add the wallet to browsers such as Chrome as an extension. -Besides storing, buying, and staking purposes, traders also use the wallet to buy NFTs on the Solana blockchain. -Currently, the wallet does not support Ethereum based tokens, but the developers are working on an update to that effect. -Traders pay little commission to the network, known as transaction fees, for their activities on the blockchain, this means that no matter the transaction you want to carry out on the Solana blockchain, you should have enough SOL to cover your fees. -The phantom wallet is like every other non-custodial wallet in the DeFi sector. What this means is that users are solely responsible for the security of their wallets. -It also means that the security of a user’s Phantom wallet does not lie on any third party. With the creation of a new wallet, a user would be asked to write down a group of 12 words known as a seed phrase.

-幻影就像索拉纳的元面具，使使用Defi和NFTs对每个人都是一个简单的过程。这是它的工作原理。 -幻影是一个非托管钱包，主要用于Solana区块链。 -这个钱包不仅是一个web3的数字钱包，而且它还有一个用户友好的界面。有了幻影，用户可以存储、发送和接收令牌。 -像MetaMask等其他流行的钱包一样，交易员可以将钱包添加到Chrome等浏览器中作为扩展。 -除了存储、购买和存储目的外，交易员还使用钱包在Solana区块链上购买nft。 -目前，该钱包并不支持基于以太坊的代币，但开发者正在为此进行更新。 -交易员为他们在区块链上的活动向网络支付很少的佣金，称为交易费用，这意味着无论你想在Solann区块链上进行交易，你应该有足够的SOL来支付你的费用。 -幻影钱包就像DeFi领域的其他非托管钱包一样。这意味着用户要对自己钱包的安全负责。 -这也意味着用户的幻影钱包的安全不属于任何第三方。随着一个新钱包的创建，用户将被要求写下一组12个单词，这被称为种子短语。

Sash — 2022/03/14 COPY TRADING @Neon Student

-Copy trading allows novice traders to automatically copy the strategies of several traders. -It is a technique that consists of automatically copying the strategies of several other traders. It is very popular with novice traders who have very little knowledge of the stock market. -Copy trading is a form of social trading. It is a method that allows traders to share their information about the markets. Thus, they can develop strategies based on the data shared by a "community" of traders. -There are some advantages to this, such as time saving, and simplicity as you don't need to have any trading knowledge. -There are also disadvantages, such as copy trading platforms fees, blindly trusting the traders you are copying, but also the technology. With very little trading knowledge, you can only rely on the analysis and skills of others. You have little or no control over the results of your trades.

-复制交易允许新手交易员自动复制几个交易员的策略。 -这是一种包括自动复制其他几个交易员的策略的技术。它在那些对股票市场知之甚少的新手交易中很受欢迎。 -复印交易是一种社会交易的形式。这是一种允许交易员分享他们的市场信息的方法。因此，他们可以根据交易员的“社区”所共享的数据来制定策略。 -这有一些优点，如节省时间和简单，因为你不需要有任何交易知识。 -也有缺点，如复制交易平台费用，盲目信任你抄袭的交易员，还有技术。由于交易知识很少，你只能依靠他人的分析和技能。你几乎无法控制你的交易结果。

Venice — 2022/03/15 BEAR TRAP @Neon Student

-This is a trick played by a group of traders aimed at manipulating the price of a cryptocurrency. -The bear trap is set by this group all selling their cryptocurrency at the same time, which bluffs the market into thinking there is a drop incoming. -As a result, other traders sell their assets, further driving the price down. -Those who set the trap then release it, buying back their assets, which are now at a lower price. -The overall price then rebounds, allowing them to make a profit.

-这是一群交易员旨在操纵加密货币价格的伎俩。 -熊市陷阱是由这一群同时出售加密货币的组织设置的，这让市场认为价格会下降。 -因此，其他交易员出售了他们的资产，进一步压低了价格。 -那些设下陷阱的人然后释放它，回购他们的资产，现在他们的价格更低。 -然后整体价格就会反弹，让他们能够盈利。

Venice — 2022/03/16 DOUBLE SPENDING @Neon Student

-Double-spending is the risk that a cryptocurrency can be used twice or more. -Double-spending occurs when someone alters a blockchain network and inserts a special one that allows them to reacquire a cryptocurrency. -Double-spending can happen, but it is more likely that a cryptocurrency is stolen from a wallet that wasn't adequately protected and secured. -Many variations of attacks could be used for double-spending - 51% is one of the most commonly cited attacks, while the unconfirmed transaction attack is most commonly seen. -Double spending remains a risk; however, it is minimized by the blockchain. The likelihood of a secret block being inserted into the blockchain is very slim because it has to be accepted and verified by the network of miners. -The only chance a miner with illicit intentions has of inserting an altered block is to attempt to get another user to accept a transaction using their secret block and cryptocurrency. Even then, the likelihood that the modified block will be accepted is very slim. -The blockchain and consensus mechanism move so quickly that the modified block would be outdated before it was accepted. Even if it was accepted, the network would still have passed up the information in the block and would reject it.

-双重支出是指一种加密货币可能被使用两次或更多的风险。 -当有人改变区块链网络并插入一个特殊的网络，允许他们重新获得加密货币时，就会出现双重消费。 -双重支出可能会发生，但更有可能的是，一种加密货币从一个没有得到充分保护和保护的钱包中被盗。 -许多不同类型的攻击可以用于重复支出-51%是最常见的引用攻击之一，而未经确认的交易攻击是最常见的。 -双重支出仍然是一个风险；然而，区块链将其最小化。一个秘密区块被插入区块链的可能性非常小，因为它必须被矿工网络接受和验证。 -一个有非法意图的矿工插入一个修改后的块的唯一机会是试图让另一个用户使用他们的秘密块和加密货币接受一个交易。即便如此，修改后的块被接受的可能性也很小。 -区块链和共识机制进展如此之快，修改后的块在被接受之前就已经过时了。即使它被接受，网络仍然会在块中传递信息并拒绝它。

Venice — 2022/03/17 SPL (SOLANA PROGRAM LIBRARY) TOKEN @Neon Student

-SPL tokens are fungible tokens on the Solana Blockchain. -These tokens are based on the Solana Program Library (SPL). SPL tokens can be stored in Solana compatible wallets such as the Solana SPL token wallet sollet.io.-Fungible tokens were first introduced and made popular by the Ethereum ERC-20 token standard for fungible tokens. -Fungible tokens are a set of tokens which have all identical properties. You can imagine it like a US Dollar bill. Every dollar bill is worth the same and can be used for exactly the same purpose. -The SPL token standard is the requirement that a decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem on Solana can be created and blossom. -And in fact DeFi is currently experiencing a boom cycle on Solana. This is turning Solana into a leading blockchain ecosystem. -Solana users will most likely be interested in SPL tokens for investment purposes. You can acquire the SPL token of a project on Solana if you believe in the value proposition of this project. -Once you hold SPL tokens you can exchange them on decentralized exchanges such as Project Serum.

-NEON will be SPL token as well.

-SPL标记是Solana区块链上的可替代标记。 -这些标记是基于Solana程序库(SPL)。SPL令牌可以存储在Solana兼容的钱包中，如SolanaSPL令牌钱包sollet.io.-Fungible令牌首次引入并由以太坊ERC-20令牌标准流行。 -可替代的令牌是一组具有所有相同属性的令牌。你可以想象它就像一张美元钞票。每一张一美元的钞票都是一样的，可以用于完全相同的目的。 -SPL令牌标准是要求在Solana上创建和开花的去中心化金融(DeFi)生态系统。 -事实上，DeFi目前正在经历一个关于索拉纳的繁荣周期。这将把索拉纳变成了一个领先的区块链生态系统。 -Solana用户很有可能对SPL代币感兴趣。如果您相信这个项目的价值主张，您可以获得在Solana上的一个项目的SPL令牌。 -一旦你持有SPL令牌，你可以在分散交换交换，如项目血清。

-霓虹灯也将是SPL令牌。

Venice — 2022/03/18 ESCROW @Neon Student

-Before making a transaction, tokens are transferred to a third-party smart contract called the escrow. The escrow holds the deposited tokens until the payment conditions are satisfied. -The parties involved in the transaction need to ensure that both the agreed product/service is delivered and payment is made. One party should not be able to default the transaction at the expense of the other party

Benefits: -An escrow smart contract reduces the risk of fraud by acting as a neutral party and ensuring proper escrow logic execution. -Operations happening in the system are trans-parent as relevant transactions are accessible to all blockchain participants. -Blockchain eliminates the need for third parties, which in turn helps to reduce the transaction cost and enhances service efficiency.

Drawbacks: -Cost – Transaction fees need to be paid to deploy and execute the escrow smart contract on public blockchains. -Privacy – As all blockchain transactions are transparent, escrow transactions can potentially leak sensitive business information, e.g., the rate of disputes with customers.

-在进行交易之前，代币被转移到第三方的智能合同。托管持有已存的代币，直到支付条件得到满足。 -参与交易的各方需要确保约定的产品/服务的交付和付款。一方不能以牺牲另一方为代价违约

好处： -托管智能合约通过作为中立方，确保适当的托管逻辑执行，从而降低欺诈的风险。 -在系统中发生的操作是跨父级的，因为所有区块链参与者都可以访问相关的事务。 -区块链消除了对第三方的需求，从而有助于降低交易成本，提高服务效率。

缺点： -成本-在公共区块链上部署和执行托管智能合同需要支付交易费用。 -隐私-由于所有区块链交易都是透明的，第三方托管交易可能会泄露敏感的商业信息，例如，与客户的纠纷率。

Venice — 2022/03/21 FAUCET @Neon Student

-A crypto faucet is an app or a website that distributes small amounts of cryptocurrencies as a reward for completing easy tasks. -They’re given the name “faucets'' because the rewards are small, just like small drops of water dripping from a leaky faucet. However, in the case of crypto faucets, tiny amounts of free or earned cryptocurrency are sent to a user’s wallet. -In order to get free crypto, users need to complete tasks as simple as viewing ads, watching product videos, completing quizzes, clicking links (be careful!) or completing a captcha. -Crypto faucets are certainly not a get rich quick scheme. The simpler the task, the lesser the reward. Most websites offer a minimum payout threshold, so the rewards earned by completing tasks are deposited into an online wallet of the site. -A user can withdraw this reward only after reaching the minimum set threshold. With the best crypto faucets, this might take just a day, but often, it can take longer than a week. -As soon as these micro wallets are filled, the rewards are automatically sent out to the main wallet of the users.

-加密水龙头是一个应用程序或网站，分发少量加密货币作为完成简单任务的奖励。 -它们被命名为“水龙头”，因为奖励很小，就像从漏水的水龙头上滴下来的小水滴一样。然而，在加密水龙头的情况下，少量的免费或获得的加密货币被发送到用户的钱包。 -为了获得免费的加密货币，用户需要完成一些简单的任务，如观看广告，观看产品视频，完成小测验，点击链接（要小心！）或者完成一个验证码。 -加密货币水龙头当然不是一个快速致富的方案。任务越简单，奖励就越少。大多数网站都提供最低支付门槛，所以完成任务获得的奖励会存入网站的在线钱包。 -用户只有在达到最低设定阈值后才能撤回此奖励。有了最好的密码水龙头，这可能只需要一天，但通常，它可能需要超过一周。 -一旦这些微钱包被填满，奖励就会自动发送到用户的主钱包。

Venice — 2022/03/22 SHA-256 @Neon Student

-Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA) -256 is the hash function and mining algorithm of the Bitcoin protocol, referring to the cryptographic hash function that outputs a 256 bits long value. -It moderates the creation and management of addresses, and is also used for transaction verification. Bitcoin uses double SHA-256, meaning that it applies the hash functions twice. -The algorithm is a variant of the SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2), developed by the National Security Agency (NSA). -SHA-256 is also used in popular encryption protocols such as SSL,TLS, SSH and open source operating systems such as Unix/Linux. -The hash algorithm is extremely secure and its workings aren’t known in the public domain. -It’s used by the United States government to protect sensitive information, thanks to its ability to verify a content of data without revealing it due to the use of digital signatures. -Furthermore, it is also utilized for password verification, since it conveniently does not require the storage of exact passwords, as the hash values can be stored and matched with the user entry to verify if it’s correct or not. -In fact, it is nearly impossible to reveal the initial data from a hash value itself. -Moreover, a brute force attack is extremely unlikely to succeed thanks to the astronomical number of potential combinations. -In addition, it’s also severely unlikely that two data values (known as collision) have the same hash.

-安全哈希算法(SHA)-256是比特币协议的哈希函数和挖掘算法，指的是输出256位长值的加密哈希函数。 -它调节地址的创建和管理，也用于事务验证。比特币使用了双SHA-256，这意味着它应用了两次哈希函数。 -该算法是由美国国家安全局(NSA)开发的SHA-2（安全哈希算法2）的一个变体。 -SHA-256也用于流行的加密协议，如SSL、TLS、SSH和开源操作系统，如Unix/Linux。 -哈希算法非常安全，其工作原理在公共领域还不知道。 -它被美国政府用来保护敏感信息，由于它使用了数字签名，能够验证数据内容而不透露数据内容。 -此外，它也被用于密码验证，因为它方便地不需要存储准确的密码，因为哈希值可以存储并与用户条目匹配，以验证它是否正确。 -事实上，几乎不可能从一个哈希值本身中揭示初始数据。 -此外，由于潜在组合的天文数字数量，蛮力的攻击极不太可能成功。 -此外，两个数据值（称为碰撞）也非常不太可能有相同的散列。

Venice — 2022/03/23 LIQUIDITY @Neon Student

-In its most simple form, liquidity refers to how easy it is to convert cryptocurrency into cash quickly — and whether this can be achieved without the asset’s value suffering. -Bitcoin, the world’s first and most actively traded digital asset, is often recognized as being the most liquid virtual currency. -Liquidity can also be used when weighing up which exchanges enable trades between fiat and crypto to be completed instantly and without price slippage. -The levels of liquidity will often depend on how many users that particular platform has. -In a perfectly competitive market, liquidity will erode the ability to charge a discounted price or a premium. This is because active trading of a cryptocurrency or any asset class helps avoid price distortions. -Liquid markets are typically preferred by traders. An illiquid market makes it very difficult for participants to enter and exit positions. -Trading volumes for Bitcoin are now comfortably in the tens of billions on a daily basis, and have grown substantially since 2014. -This is not to say that the bellwether currency has never experienced bouts of illiquidity. Once BTC prices crashed in 2018, volumes plummeted to around $5 billion per day. -The liquidity of cryptocurrencies is likely to increase further if adoption rises, and virtual assets become more widely accepted as mediums of exchange.

-在最简单的形式中，流动性指的是将加密货币快速转换为现金是多么容易，以及这是否可以在不受资产价值的影响的情况下实现。 -比特币是世界上第一个也是交易最活跃的数字资产，通常被认为是流动性最强的虚拟货币。 -流动性也可以用于权衡哪些交易所使法定货币和加密货币之间的交易能够立即完成，而不会出现价格下滑。 -流动性水平通常取决于该特定平台的用户数量。 -在一个竞争非常激烈的市场中，流动性将侵蚀收取折扣价格或溢价的能力。这是因为对加密货币或任何资产类别的积极交易都有助于避免价格扭曲。 -流动性市场通常是交易员的首选。一个流动性不足的市场使得参与者很难进入和退出头寸。 -比特币的交易量每天每天数百亿亿美元，自2014年以来大幅增长。 -这并不是说领头羊货币从未经历过流动性不足的情况。2018年BTC价格暴跌后，成交量暴跌至每天50亿美元左右。 -如果采用率增加，加密货币的流动性很可能会进一步增加，而虚拟资产将被更广泛地接受为交换媒介。

Venice — 2022/03/24 WHITEPAPER @Neon Student

-A whitepaper is a document released by developers that explains the technology and purpose of the project they are working on. -It tells prospective investors how the cryptocurrency was conceived and highlights its purpose. -A crypto whitepaper contains various forms of data like statistics, diagrams, and formulas. -The goal of this data is to convince prospective investors to invest in that cryptocurrency or explain to users/developers what is product ready to provide. -For any crypto start-up, releasing a whitepaper is a way to be considered professional and legitimate. -It helps investors/developers/users understand how the project is different from other projects in the crypto space. -One of the most famous whitepapers, considered the gold standard for crypto whitepapers, was ‘Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System’, published by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. -Reading a whitepaper may be the best way to understand a crypto project you are interested in. But many people are confused about how to go about it, as whitepapers do not make for light reading, especially if you aren't very tech-savvy. -The good news is you do not need to have a background in computer science to understand a whitepaper.

Neon's white paper: https://neon-labs.org/Neon_EVM.pdf

-白皮书是开发人员发布的文档，解释他们正在进行的项目的技术和目的。 -它告诉潜在投资者加密货币是如何构思的，并强调其目的。 -加密的白皮书包含各种形式的数据，如统计数据、图表和公式。 -这些数据的目的是说服潜在投资者投资于该加密货币，或向用户/开发者解释准备提供的产品。 -对于任何加密货币初创公司来说，发布白皮书是一种被认为是专业和合法的方式。 -它可以帮助投资者/开发者/用户了解该项目与加密货币领域的其他项目有何不同。 -最著名的白皮书之一，被认为是加密货币白皮书的金标准，是“比特币：点对点电子现金系统”，由中本聪于2008年出版。 -阅读白皮书可能是理解你感兴趣的加密项目的最好方式。但很多人对如何做感到困惑，因为白皮书不能轻松阅读，尤其是如果你不太懂技术的话。 -好消息是，你不需要有计算机科学的背景来理解一篇白皮书。

霓虹灯的白皮书：https://neon-labs.org/Neon_EVM.pdf

Venice — 2022/03/25 BOUNTY @Neon Student

-Bounty programs are incentives offered to an array of participants for various activities associated with an initial coin offering (ICO). -A company looking to raise money to create a new coin, application, or virtual currency service launches an ICO as a way to raise funds. A bounty program doles out rewards or tokens for participants completing specified tasks that help promote the ICO. -Bounty programs have their origins in the digital video gaming world. Various types of perks are sometimes offered to gamers who help with game development—specifically those that identify bugs in the game. -Bounty program participants are spread across various stages of an ICO, ranging from investors to ICO promoters and developers. -The incentives can take the form of cash rewards (although this is rare) or free (or discounted) tokens that can be cashed in later when the tokens are listed on an exchange. -In the first stage, which is also known as the pre-ICO, the offering is marketed to prospective investors and people willing to do tasks to make the ICO more profitable.

Computer programmers, social media influencers, blog writers, marketers, and other interested parties work to create awareness about the project and the upcoming ICO. In this stage, bounty programs generally focus their resources on social media platforms. -Developers receive a sizeable chunk of tokens as payment for their participation in coding the project. -These tokens can be redeemed for fiat currency when the tokens are listed on an exchange. For example, Ethereum and Zcash both had substantial bounty campaigns in place for developers who helped set up the blockchain.

-赏金计划是为与初始代币发行(ICO)相关的各种活动的参与者提供的奖励。 -希望筹集资金创建新硬币、应用程序或虚拟货币服务的公司推出ICO作为筹集资金的方式。奖励计划为那些完成特定任务的参与者，发放奖励或代币。 -赏金节目起源于数字电子游戏世界。有时会为帮助游戏开发的玩家提供各种类型的奖励——特别是那些识别游戏中漏洞的玩家。 -赏金计划的参与者分布在ICO的不同阶段，从投资者到ICO的推广者和开发商。 -奖励可以是现金奖励（尽管这很少见），也可以是免费（或打折）代币的形式，稍后可以在交易所上市后兑现。 -在第一阶段，也被称为pre-ICO，此次发行是面向潜在投资者和愿意让ICO更有利可图的人。

计算机程序员、社交媒体影响者、博客作家、市场营销人员和其他感兴趣的团体都致力于提高人们对该项目和即将到来的ICO的认识。在这个阶段，奖励计划通常将资源集中在社交媒体平台上。 -开发者获得相当大的代币作为参与项目编码的报酬。 -当这些代币在交易所上市时，这些代币可以兑换为法定货币。例如，以太坊和Zcash都为帮助建立区块链的开发者提供了大量的赏金活动。

Venice — 2022/03/28 SATOSHI NAKAMOTO @Neon Student

-Satoshi Nakamoto is the pseudonym who penned the original Bitcoin whitepaper and is the identity credited with inventing Bitcoin itself. -The founder of Bitcoin remains completely anonymous. -If you see the term ‘satoshis’ thrown around, that refers to a fractional unit of Bitcoin. -While several people have claimed to be Satoshi, the true identity has never been verified nor revealed. -Given the price of BTC today, Satoshi would be a billionaire. -For most people, Satoshi Nakamoto is the most enigmatic character in cryptocurrency. -Nakamoto proposed a decentralized approach to transactions, ultimately culminating in the creation of blockchains. In a blockchain, timestamps for a transaction are added to the end of previous timestamps based on proof-of-work, creating a historical record that cannot be changed. -Communication to and from Nakamoto was conducted electronically, and the lack of personal and background details meant that it was impossible to find out the actual identity behind the name. -Nakamoto’s involvement with Bitcoin, however, ended in 2010. The last correspondence anyone had with Nakamoto was in an email to another crypto developer saying that they had "moved on to other things."

-中本聪是撰写比特币原始白皮书的笔名，也被认为是发明比特币本身的身份。 -比特币的创始人仍然是完全匿名的。 -如果你看到术语“卫星主义”，它指的是比特币的一个小单位。 -虽然有几个人声称自己是清本聪，但其真实身份从未得到证实或披露。 -考虑到今天BTC的价格，新本聪将成为亿万富翁。 -对大多数人来说，中本聪是加密货币中最神秘的角色。 -中本聪提出了一种分散的交易方法，最终最终创建了区块链。在区块链中，事务的时间戳将基于工作证明添加到前一个时间戳的末尾，从而创建一个无法更改的历史记录。 -与中本聪之间的交流是通过电子方式进行的，由于缺乏个人和背景细节，意味着不可能找出这个名字背后的真实身份。 -然而，中本聪与比特币的参与于2010年结束。所有人与中本聪的最后一次通信是在给另一家加密货币开发者的电子邮件中，称他们已经“转向了其他事情”。

Venice — 2022/03/29 ENCRYPTION @Neon Student

-Encryption is a means of securing data by encoding it mathematically such that it can only be read, or decrypted, by those with the correct key or cipher. -Digital encryption processes translate data using an algorithm that makes the original information unreadable except for authorized users. -Encryption is crucial in a digitally-connected world to keep private information, messages, and financial transactions private and secure. -Several general methods exist for encryption. The first is known as Symmetric Encryption Cryptography. It uses the same secret key to encrypt the raw message at source, transmit the encrypted message to the recipient, and then decrypt the message at the destination. -The second method is called Asymmetric Encryption Cryptography, which uses two different keys – one public and one private – to encrypt and decrypt data. The public key can be disseminated openly, like the address of the fund receiver, while the private key is known only to the owner. -A third cryptography method is Hashing, which is used to efficiently verify the integrity of data of transactions on a network or to verify the fidelity of data that has been copied or downloaded against the original. Typical hash functions take inputs of variable lengths to return outputs of a fixed length.

-加密是一种通过数学编码的方法，对数据进行编码，只有使用正确密钥或密码的人才能读取或解密数据。 -数字加密过程使用一种算法翻译数据，使原始信息不可读，除了授权用户。 -在一个与数字连接的世界中，加密对于保持私人信息、信息和金融交易的隐私和安全至关重要。 -有几种通用的加密方法。第一种被称为对称加密密码学。它使用相同的密钥在源处加密原始消息，将加密的消息传输给接收方，然后在目的地解密消息。 第二种方法称为非对称加密加密，它使用两个不同的密钥——一个公共密钥，一个私钥——来加密和解密数据。公钥可以公开传播，比如基金接收人的地址，而私钥只有所有者知道。 -第三种加密方法是哈希，它用于有效地验证网络上事务数据的完整性，或验证已复制或下载的数据与原始数据的保真度。典型的哈希函数采用可变长度的输入来返回固定长度的输出。

Venice — 2022/03/30 CAPITULATION @Neon Student

-Capitulation is the conscious decision to sell all or part of your assets at a loss because the price has dropped so much you don't believe it can go back up. -In the traditional sense of the word, capitulation refers to the process of surrendering power, however in finance and trading, this term gets a rather different meaning. -Cryptocurrency trading is, even more, riskier, according to some, because of the decentralized nature of the market. -A market that is not regulated by a central governing body is much more susceptible to manipulation or huge influences, and therefore, changes in the valuations of crypto tokens can be significant. -Of course, most cryptocurrencies have an intrinsic value that cannot be dismissed with an easy hand. However, since Bitcoin launched in 2009, we have seen not one or two crypto winters and bear markets. -Considering this high volatility in the cryptocurrency sector, capitulation is way more likely to occur with crypto traders. Unfortunately, sometimes crypto tokens lose value quickly, and investors find it hard to believe that they will be able to wait out the drop, and still sell at a profit. -Once a decision is made that an asset should be sold at a loss, regardless of how much its value dropped, this is called a capitulation.

-投降是你有意识地决定亏本出售全部或部分资产，因为价格下跌了很多，你不相信它会回升。 -在传统意义上，投降指的是放弃权力的过程，但在金融和交易中，这个词有一个相当不同的含义。 -据一些人说，由于市场的去中心化性质，加密货币交易的风险甚至更大。 -不受中央管理机构监管的市场更容易受到操纵或巨大影响，因此，加密代币估值的变化可能是重大的。 -当然，大多数加密货币都有内在价值，不能轻易被忽视。然而，自2009年比特币推出以来，我们还没有看到一两个加密货币的冬季和熊市。 -考虑到加密货币行业的高波动性，加密货币交易员更有可能发生投降。不幸的是，有时加密代币很快就会贬值，投资者很难相信它们能够等待下跌，然后继续获利出售。 -一旦决定一个资产应该亏本出售，无论其价值下降了多少，这被称为投降。

Venice — 2022/03/31 BLOCKCHAIN EXPLORER @Neon Student

-A cryptocurrency block explorer is an online blockchain browser that can show the details of all transactions that have ever happened on a blockchain network. A block explorer can be used to find any specific transaction or view the chain's recent history more generally. -Beyond these types of tasks, block explorers can also be used to: Examine the history of any wallet address, Explore change addresses, View blocks that aren’t attached to the main blockchain, Explore the largest transaction that was sent in the last 24 hours, Explore the number of double-spend transactions, Discover the individual or mining pool who mined a specific block, Explore the genesis block, See other information specific to a blockchain, such as average transaction fees, hash rate, mining difficulty, and other data. -A block explorer can be thought of as a search engine for a blockchain — allowing a user to find lots of different information about that blockchain. -To use a block explorer, you simply visit its website and enter the information you’re looking for. To look up a pending transaction currently stored in the Mempool, for example, you could enter the transaction hash ID provided by your wallet or exchange. -Some of the famous examples are Etherescan, Solscan, Blockchain.org.

-加密货币块浏览器是一个在线区块链浏览器，它可以显示在区块链网络上曾经发生过的所有交易的细节。 块资源管理器可以用来查找任何特定的事务或更一般地查看链的近期历史记录。 ——除了这些类型的任务，块探索者还可以用于：检查任何钱包地址的历史，探索更改地址，查看块没有附加到主区块链，探索最大的事务在过去24小时内发送的交易，探索的数量，发现个人或采矿池挖掘特定块，探索起源区块，查看区块链的其他信息，如平均事务费用、哈希率、挖掘困难和其他数据。 -一个块资源管理器可以被认为是一个区块链的搜索引擎-允许用户找到关于该区块链的许多不同的信息。 -要使用一个块浏览器，你只需访问它的网站，并输入你正在寻找的信息。例如，要查找当前存储在Mempool中的挂起事务，您可以输入钱包或交换机提供的事务哈希ID。 -一些著名的例子是以太坊浏览器，Sol浏览器，Blockchain.org。

Venice — 2022/04/01 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE (APR) @Neon Student

-The monetary value or reward that investors may earn by making their crypto tokens accessible for loans, taking into consideration the interest rates and any other fees that borrowers must pay, is referred to as the annual percentage rate (APR). -Customers are encouraged by multiple platforms to stake their crypto assets by offering them a high annual percentage rate (APR). APR is exclusive of compounding interest. -Some cryptocurrency exchanges do not allow you to lend out your coin. However, those exchanges that do, offer different rates. These interest rates fluctuate significantly based on the sort of loan or currency you lend out.

-Fixed and flexible loans are the two major types of loans offered by exchanges:

Fixed lending is similar to a bank CD. It secures your money for a defined length of time, usually seven to ninety days, at a fixed rate. The benefit of not touching your cryptocurrency is that it pays a greater rate of interest.

Flexible lending works in a similar way to a savings account. However, in this case, you have the option of withdrawing your cryptocurrency at any moment. The rates of return offered by this type of lending are lower.

-考虑到利率和借款人必须支付的任何其他费用，投资者可以通过获得加密代币而获得的货币价值或奖励，被称为年利率(APR)。 -多个平台鼓励客户通过提供较高的年利率(APR)来持有其加密资产。4月不包括复利。 -一些加密货币交易所不允许你借出你的硬币。然而，这些这样的交易所提供不同的利率。这些利率会根据你贷款的类型或货币而显著波动。

-固定贷款和灵活贷款是交易所提供的两种主要贷款类型：

固定贷款类似于银行的定期存单。它可以确保你的钱有一段固定的时间，通常是7到90天，以固定的利率。不接触你的加密货币的好处是，它支付了更高的利率。

灵活贷款的运作方式与储蓄账户类似。但是，在这种情况下，您可以选择随时撤出您的加密货币。这种贷款所提供的回报率较低。

Venice — 2022/04/02 ZK SNARKs @Neon Student

-Zk-SNARK is a zero-knowledge proof protocol used in encryption, and is an acronym that stands for "Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge." -This proof was first developed and introduced in the late 1980s, and is now employed by the cryptocurrency Zcash to solve a perceived anonymity problem with Bitcoin-type blockchains. -Zk-SNARK proofs rely on an initial "trust system" setup that has been critiqued as an inherent security flaw. -The idea behind these proofs was first developed in the 1980s. Put simply, a zero-knowledge proof is a situation in which each of two parties in a transaction is able to verify to each other that they have a particular set of information, while at the same time not revealing what that information is. -A zero-knowledge proof version of this situation would involve the user demonstrating to the network (via mathematical proof) that they have the correct password without actually revealing the password itself. The privacy and security advantages in this situation are clear: If the network does not have the password stored somewhere for verification purposes, the password cannot be stolen. -The mathematical basis of zk-SNARKS is complex. Nonetheless, proofs of this type allow one party to demonstrate not only that a particular bit of information exists, but also that the party in question has awareness of that information. In the case of Zcash, zk-SNARKs can be verified nearly instantly, and the protocol does not require any interaction between the prover and the verifier. -There are, of course, concerns related to zk-SNARKs. For instance, if someone was able to access the private key that was used to create the parameters of the proof protocol, they could create false proofs that nonetheless looked valid to verifiers. This would allow that person to create new tokens of Zcash through a counterfeiting process. In order to prevent this from happening, Zcash was designed in such a way as to make the proving protocols elaborate and spread out over multiple parties.

-Zk-snark是一种用于加密的零知识证明协议，是“零知识简洁的非交互式知识论证”的首字母缩写。 -这个证据最初是在20世纪80年代末开发和引入的，现在被加密货币Zcach使用来解决比特币型区块链的匿名问题。 -zk-snark证明依赖于一个初始的“信任系统”设置，这已被批评为一个固有的安全缺陷。 -这些证明背后的想法最早是在20世纪80年代提出的。简单地说，零知识证明是指一种情况，即交易双方都能够相互验证他们有一组特定的信息，同时不透露该信息是什么。 -这种情况的零知识证明版本将涉及到用户向网络证明（通过数学证明），他们有正确的密码，而没有实际透露密码本身。在这种情况下，隐私和安全的优势很明显：如果网络没有存储密码进行验证，密码就不会被盗。 -zk-SNARKS的数学基础是复杂的。尽管如此，这种类型的证明不仅允许一方证明存在特定的信息，而且可以证明相关一方知道该信息。在Zcash的情况下，zk-snark几乎可以立即被验证，并且该协议不需要验证者和验证者之间的任何交互。 -当然，也有与zk-snark有关的担忧。例如，如果有人能够访问用于创建证明协议参数的私钥，他们可能会创建对验证者来说仍然有效的错误证明。这将允许此人通过伪造过程创造出新的新西兰币代币。为了防止这种情况发生，Zcash的设计方式是使证明协议复杂化，并分散到多个方面。

Venice — 2022/04/03 ERC-1155 @Neon Student

-Ethereum is known for its Tokens designed to facilitate the deployment of smart contracts associated with them and their functionalities, and one of the most recent standards in that sense is the ERC-1155. -Like the standards ERC-20 and ERC-721 Of which we have already discussed, ERC-1155 is a basic formulation designed to create useful tokens that make life easier for developers, all while offering them a powerful and dynamic tool to work with. -The ERC-1155 token is a type of standard token that has the ability to store, under its control, tokens that can act as if they were a token. ERC-20 or ERC-721, or both at the same time under the same address. -The idea is simple and seeks to create a smart contract interface that can represent and control any number of fungible and non-fungible token types. In this way, the ERC-1155 token can do the same functions as an ERC-20 and ERC-721 token, and even both at the same time. -And best of all, improving the functionality of both standards, making it more efficient and correcting obvious implementation errors on the ERC-20 and ERC-721 standards. This standard was developed by Witek Radomski, Andrew Cooke, Philippe Castonguay, James Therien, Eric Binet, and Ronan Sandford. -Perhaps one of the most promising features of the ERC-1155 token is the secure token transfer. To do this, the ERC-1155 standard smart contract includes a function that verifies that the transaction has been carried out, and if not, reverts it to return control of the tokens to its issuer. -The ERC-1155 token is fully described in a EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal), more specifically in the EIP-1155, from which it derives its name. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155

-以太坊以其令牌而闻名，旨在促进部署智能合约及其功能，在这个意义上的最新标准之一是ERC-1155。 -就像我们已经讨论过的标准ERC-20和ERC-721标准一样，ERC-1155是一个基本公式，旨在创建有用的令牌，使开发人员更轻松，同时为他们提供一个强大和动态的工具。 -ERC-1155令牌是一种标准令牌，它能够在其控制下存储类似于令牌的令牌。ERC-20或ERC-721，或两者同时在同一地址下使用。 -这个想法很简单，并试图创建一个智能合约接口，可以表示和控制任意数量的可替代和不可替代的令牌类型。通过这种方式，ERC-1155令牌可以执行与ERC-20和ERC-721令牌相同的功能，甚至可以同时执行两者。 -最重要的是，改进了这两个标准的功能，使其更有效，并纠正了ERC-20和ERC-721标准上明显的实现错误。这个标准是由威特克·拉多姆斯基、安德鲁·库克、菲利普·卡斯通盖、詹姆斯·塞里恩、埃里克·比奈和罗南·桑福德开发的。 -也许ERC-1155令牌最有前途的特性之一是安全的令牌传输。为此，ERC-1155标准智能合约包括一个功能，该功能验证交易是否已执行，如果没有执行，则将代币的控制权归还给发行者。 -ERC-1155令牌在EIP（以太坊改进建议）中被充分描述，更具体地说，在EIP-1155中，它由此得名。 https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155

Venice — 2022/04/04 PAPER WALLET @Neon Student

-A paper wallet is a piece of paper with your private and public keys printed out. -Some paper wallets might also have a scannable barcode created by an app. It is a way to store and take access to your cryptocurrency offline. -When you print your keys, they are removed from the cryptocurrency network, but the tokens remain; however, they are inaccessible without your keys. -Paper wallets were generally used before cryptocurrency became popular. Storage technology has improved since the method was popular, but it remains a valid way to store your keys in certain circumstances. -You might encounter a time when you need to store your cryptocurrency on paper; therefore, it's essential to understand what a paper wallet is, how it works, and the risks if your circumstances require you to create one. -A cryptocurrency wallet is a place where you store your public and private keys. A paper wallet is a piece of paper with your keys printed out on it. -Removing them from your digital wallet also means that if you lose your paper wallet, you'll not be able to gain access to those cryptocurrencies again. -Paper wallets are generally created by paper wallet generator apps. These programs should be able to be used while you're disconnected from the internet. Ideally, also you'd use the program on a device with up-to-date antivirus and malware detection software. -This won't always be feasible, but at the very least, you should run a free malware check on your computer before generating the keys. The keys and QR codes are printed out, and the paper wallet is created. To use the codes, the wallet app on your device should be able to scan—or sweep—the paper wallet, which "transfers" the coins to the software wallet.

-纸钱包是一张印出你的私钥匙和公钥匙的纸。 -一些纸质钱包也可能有一个由应用程序创建的可扫描的条形码。这是一种离线存储和访问您的加密货币的方式。 -当您打印密钥时，它们将从加密货币网络中删除，但令牌仍然存在；但是，没有您的密钥无法访问。 -在加密货币流行之前，纸质钱包通常被使用。自该方法流行以来，存储技术得到了改进，但在某些情况下，它仍然是存储密钥的有效方法。 -你可能会遇到你需要将加密货币存储在纸上的时候；因此，了解什么是纸质钱包，它是如何工作的，以及如果你的情况需要你创建一个纸质钱包的风险，这是很重要的。 -加密货币钱包是一个你存储公钥和私钥的地方。纸钱包是一张印上钥匙的纸。 -将它们从你的数字钱包中移除也意味着，如果你丢失了你的纸钱包，你将无法再次获得这些加密货币。 -纸钱包通常是由纸钱包生成器应用程序创建的。这些程序应该能够在你与互联网断开连接时被使用。理想情况下，你还可以在带有最新的防病毒和恶意软件检测软件的设备上使用该程序。 -这并不总是可行的，但至少，你应该在生成密钥之前，在你的电脑上运行一个免费的恶意软件检查。 钥匙和二维码被打印出来，纸质钱包也被创建出来。要使用这些代码，你设备上的钱包应用程序应该能够扫描或扫描纸钱包，从而将硬币“转移”到软件钱包中。

Venice — 2022/04/05 AAVE @Neon Student

-One of a number of emerging DeFi cryptocurrencies, Aave is a decentralized lending system that allows users to lend, borrow and earn interest on crypto assets, all without middlemen. -Running on the Ethereum blockchain, Aave instead is a system of smart contracts that enables these assets to be managed by a distributed network of computers running its software. -This means Aave users do not need to trust a particular institution or person to manage their funds. They need only trust that its code will execute as written. -At its core, the Aave software enables the creation of lending pools that enable users to lend or borrow 17 different cryptocurrencies including ETH, BAT and MANA. -Like other decentralized lending systems on Ethereum, Aave borrowers must post collateral before they can borrow. Further, they can only borrow up to the value of the collateral they post. -Borrowers receive funds in the form of a special token known as an aToken, which is pegged to the value of another asset. This token is then encoded so lenders receive interest on deposits -A borrower may post collateral in DAI, for example, and borrow in ETH. This allows a borrower to gain exposure to different cryptocurrencies without owning them outright. -Aave can also introduce additional features, such as instant loans, and other forms of issuing debt and credit that take advantage of the unique design properties of blockchains.

AAVE god connected to Neon EVM back in November. Mainnet is really close, let's see how situation develops.

-作为众多新兴的DeFi加密货币之一，Aave是一个去中心化的贷款系统，允许用户通过加密资产放贷、借入和赚取利息，而无需中间人。 -它运行在以太坊区块链上，而它是一个智能合约系统，使这些资产能够由运行其软件的分布式计算机网络进行管理。 -这意味着Aave用户不需要信任一个特定的机构或个人来管理他们的资金。他们只需要相信它的代码将按写入的方式执行。 -在其核心上，Aave软件能够创建贷款池，使用户能够借入17种不同的加密货币，包括ETH、BAT和MANA。 -与以太坊上的其他去中心化贷款系统一样，Aave借款人在借款前必须发放抵押品。此外，他们只能借到他们所张贴的抵押品的价值。 -借款人以一种被称为atoken的特殊代币的形式获得资金，它与另一种资产的价值挂钩。然后对这个代币进行编码，使贷款人获得存款利息 -例如，借款人可以在DAI发放抵押品，并在ETH借款。这使得借款人可以在不完全拥有不同加密货币的情况下获得不同的加密货币。 -Aave还可以引入额外的功能，如即时贷款，以及其他形式的发行债务和信贷，利用区块链的独特设计特性。

AAVE神在11月与NeonEVM联系。主网非常接近，让我们看看情况是如何发展的。

Venice — 2022/04/06 SMART CONTRACT AUDIT @Neon Student

-A smart contract audit is an extensive methodical examination and analysis of a smart contract’s code that is used to interact with a cryptocurrency or blockchain. -This process is conducted to discover errors, issues and security vulnerabilities in the code in order to suggest improvements and ways to fix them. Generally, smart contract audits are necessary, because most of the contracts deal with financial assets and/or valuable items. -Such checks are complex, as smart contracts often interact with each other and any integrations with third-party systems can also result in making the system vulnerable. -Because of this, the checks are often expanded to other smart contracts involved in any interactions, and even those that the ones it interacts with are interacting with. Such checks usually include both running tests and manual code analysis. -Smart contracts often manage huge quantities of funds and a single bug or vulnerability can result in great losses. More precisely, the users and stakeholders of the decentralized application in question could lose all the assets that are part of the ecosystem. -The recommendations made by the auditors are conveyed in advance to the project team and their actions in response are noted in the final report. It is considered a mark of authenticity and integrity for the project. For that reason, teams are keen on getting an audit to win user confidence and raise the project’s credibility. These audits are typically carried out in several steps. -Automated bug detection and analysis tools are also used to look for commonly known vulnerabilities in the contracts. Finally, auditors manually inspect the code to understand the developer’s intentions and interpret the findings in that context. Finally, the report is issued with the findings and the applied fixes by the team. -Smart code audits are increasingly important in the burgeoning DeFi industry, where bug-filled smart contracts are often rushed out to meet investor demand.

-Example of famous Audit company is Neodyme.

-智能合约审计是对用于与加密货币或区块链交互的智能合约代码的广泛的系统检查和分析。 -此过程是为了发现代码中的错误、问题和安全漏洞，以便提出改进和修复它们的方法。一般来说，智能合同审计是必要的，因为大多数合同都涉及金融资产和/或有价值的项目。 -这种检查是复杂的，因为智能合同经常相互交互，任何与第三方系统的集成都可能导致系统容易受到攻击。 -正因为如此，检查通常会扩展到涉及任何交互的其他智能契约，甚至是那些与之交互的契约正在交互的契约。这种检查通常包括运行测试和手动代码分析。 -智能合约通常会管理大量的资金，而一个漏洞或漏洞就会导致巨大的损失。更准确地说，所讨论的分散应用程序的用户和利益相关者可能会失去作为生态系统一部分的所有资产。 -审计员提出的建议将事先传达给项目组，并在最终报告中记录了他们的应对行动。它被认为是该项目的真实性和完整性的标志。因此，团队热衷于获得审计，以赢得用户的信心，并提高项目的可信度。这些审计通常分几个步骤进行。 -自动错误检测和分析工具也被用于寻找合同中通常已知的漏洞。最后，审计人员会手动检查代码，以理解开发人员的意图，并在该上下文中解释研究结果。最后，报告中发布了团队的调查结果和应用的修复程序。 -智能代码审计在蓬勃发展的DeFi行业越来越重要，在这个行业，充满漏洞的智能合约经常被推出，以满足投资者的需求。

-著名的审计公司的例子就是Neodyme。

Venice — 2022/04/07 BLOCKCHAIN BRIDGE @Neon Student

-A blockchain bridge, otherwise known as a cross-chain bridge, connects two blockchains and allows users to send cryptocurrency from one chain to the other. -Basically, if you have bitcoin but want to spend it like Ethereum, you can do that through the bridge. -One of the biggest problems of blockchain was the inability to work together. While fluid and somewhat efficient as single entities, each blockchain is limited by the walls of its own domain. Most often this can lead to high transaction costs and congestion. -Blockchain bridges solve this problem by enabling token transfers, smart contracts and data exchange, and other feedback and instructions between two independent platforms. -These blockchains mint different coins and operate on different sets of rules; the bridge serves as a neutral zone so users can smoothly switch between one and the other. -Having access to multiple blockchains through the same network greatly enhances the crypto experience for most of us. -This concept is a lot similar to Layer 2 solutions even though the two systems have different purposes. Layer 2 is built on top of an existing blockchain so while it does improve speed, the lack of interoperability remains. Cross-chain bridges are also independent entities that don’t belong to any blockchain. -Decentralization has always been a defining factor of blockchain, which also makes it a priority over other operative improvements, such as scalability. Naturally, developers are reluctant towards big changes, lest deviating from the decentralizing philosophy. Blockchain bridges are a sign they’re growing past that notion. We may be inching toward an innovative and normalized crypto economy, but any progress is better than limiting ourselves to what already exists.

-区块链桥，也被称为跨链桥，连接两个区块链，并允许用户将加密货币从一个链发送到另一个链。 -基本上，如果你有比特币，但又想像以太坊一样消费，你可以通过桥来做。 -区块链最大的问题之一是无法合作。虽然每个区块链作为单一实体具有流动性和效率，但每个区块链都受到自己域的墙的限制。这通常会导致较高的交易成本和交通拥堵。 -区块链桥梁通过支持令牌传输、智能合约和数据交换，以及两个独立平台之间的其他反馈和指令来解决这个问题。 -这些区块链铸造不同的硬币，并操作不同的规则；这座桥是一个中立区，所以用户可以平稳地在两者之间切换。 -通过同一个网络访问多个区块链，极大地提高了我们大多数人的加密体验。 -这个概念与第2层的解决方案非常相似，尽管这两个系统有不同的目的。第2层是建立在现有的区块链之上的，所以虽然它确实提高了速度，但互操作性仍然缺乏。跨链桥也是不属于任何区块链的独立实体。 -去中心化一直是区块链的一个决定性因素，这也使其优先于其他操作改进，如可伸缩性。 当然，开发人员不愿意做出大的改变，以免偏离分散的理念。区块链桥梁是它们正在超越这一概念的一个标志。我们可能正在逐步走向一个创新和标准化的加密经济，但任何进展都比将我们自己局限于已经存在的东西要好。

Venice — 2022/04/08 CENTRALIZED EXCHANGE (CEX) @Neon Student

-A centralized market is a financial market structure that consists of having all orders routed to one central exchange with no other competing market. -A centralized market functions to keep trades fair, do more business, and speed up the buying/selling process. -Centralized markets are good for stockholders as the lack of a competing price model for an individual stock ensures that price movements become somewhat more predictable. -One key aspect of centralized markets is that pricing is fully transparent and available for anyone to see. Potential investors are able to see all quotes and trades and consider how those trades move in formulating their strategies. -Another key component of centralized markets is the existence of a clearinghouse, which sits between buyers and sellers and guarantees the integrity of the transactions as both buyers and sellers, in effect, transact with the exchange and not with each other.

The resulting benefit of reduced risk from not dealing with variable counterparties is also a key aspect of a centralized market.

-In opposition to the centralized market model, decentralized markets are growing in step with the evolution of computer technology that is giving people the ability to participate in online commerce without the benefit of a centralized market. -Instead of visiting a website that offers a central meeting place for buyers and sellers, the emerging style of decentralized markets work by connecting buyers and sellers directly to each other to trade.

-集中式市场是一种金融市场结构，包括将所有订单发送到一个中央交易所，而没有其他竞争市场。 -一个集中的市场功能，以保持交易公平，做更多的业务，并加快买卖过程。 -集中化的市场对股东有利，因为缺乏针对个股的竞争价格模型，可以确保价格波动在某种程度上变得更加可预测。 -集中式市场的一个关键方面是，定价是完全透明的，任何人都可以看到。潜在投资者能够看到所有的报价和交易，并考虑这些交易在制定策略时如何行动。 -集中市场的另一个关键组成部分是一个清算所的存在，它位于买卖双方之间，保证买卖双方交易的完整性，实际上是与交易所交易，而不是相互交易。

不与可变对手方交易而降低风险的好处也是集中市场的一个关键方面。

-与集中式市场模式相反，去中心化市场正随着计算机技术的发展而同步发展，计算机技术使人们能够在没有集中式市场利益的情况下参与在线商务。 -去中心化市场的新兴风格不是访问一个为买家和卖家提供中心会议场所的网站，而是通过将买家和卖家直接联系起来进行交易。

Venice — 2022/04/11 SOLIDITY @Neon Student

-Solidity is an object-oriented programming language created specifically by the Ethereum Network team for constructing and designing smart contracts on Blockchain platforms. -It's used to create smart contracts that implement business logic and generate a chain of transaction records in the blockchain system. -It acts as a tool for creating machine-level code and compiling it on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). -It has a lot of similarities with C and C++ and is pretty simple to learn and understand. For example, a “main” in C is equivalent to a “contract” in Solidity. -Like other programming languages, Solidity programming also has variables, functions, classes, arithmetic operations, string manipulation, and many other concepts. -Solidity is a relatively new language that is rapidly growing. -Solidity is currently the core language on Ethereum and other private blockchains operating on competing platforms, such as Monax and its Hyperledger Burrow blockchain which uses Tendermint for consensus. -SWIFT has created a proof of concept that runs on Burrow and uses Solidity.

-Solidity will be the main language amongst Ethereum developers that will be deploying their smart contracts to Solana over Neon.

-可靠性是一种面向对象的编程语言，由以太坊网络团队专门创建，用于在区块链平台上构建和设计智能合同。 -它用于创建实现业务逻辑的智能合约，并在区块链系统中生成交易记录链。 -它可以作为一个创建机器级代码并在以太坊虚拟机(EVM)上编译它的工具。 -它与C和C++有很多相似之处，而且非常容易学习和理解。例如，C中的“主契约”等同于可靠性中的“契约”。 -像其他编程语言一样，固性编程也有变量、函数、类、算术运算、字符串操作，和许多其他概念。 -坚固性是一种相对较新的语言，它正在快速发展。 -稳固性是目前以太坊和其他在竞争平台上运行的私有区块链的核心语言，如Monax和它的超级账本区块链，后者使用天客薄荷来达成共识。 -swift创造了一个概念证明，运行在洞穴和使用坚固。

-可靠性将是以太坊开发者的主要语言，他们将把他们的智能合同部署到Solana，而不是Neon。

Venice — 2022/04/12 @Neon Student special thanks to our Neoner @technopoint2020 for this template that we will be using from now on for titles :neon_transpffarent:

-Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language that was designed with performance as well as safety in mind.-This is especially the case for safe concurrency.-Rust is synthetically similar to C++ and it can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker in order to validate the references.-The programming language was designed by Graydon Hoare at Mozilla Research, but it also had contributions from Dave Herman, Brendan Eich as well as other people throughout its development cycle.-This language ended up being refined while writing the Servo layout or browser engine as well as the Rust compiler.-Throughout the years, it has gained a lot of use within the industry, with companies such as Microsoft experimenting with it in order to secure safety-critical software components.-Rust has a reputation for being one of the most beloved languages since 2016. -Rust has an entire ecosystem built around it. In fact, aside from the compiler, it features many aspects when it comes to creating as well as maintaining production-quality software.-Multiple concurrent Rust toolchains can be installed as well as managed through "rustup" and the Rust installations come with Cargo, which is a command-line tool used to manage dependencies, rust nets, generate documentation, and a lot more.-Rust became the main programming language on Solana blockchain and is now in high demand amongst projects looking for developers.

特别感谢我们的Neoner@技术专家2020提供的这个模板，我们将从现在开始用于标题：neon_transpffarent： -生锈是一种多范式编程语言，在设计时考虑到了性能和安全性。 -对于安全并发性尤其如此。 -生锈在综合上类似于C++，它可以通过使用借用检查器来验证引用来保证内存安全。 -编程语言是由莫兹拉研究中心的格雷登·霍尔设计的，但它在整个开发周期中也有来自戴夫·赫尔曼、布伦丹·艾奇以及其他人的贡献。 -这种语言最终在编写伺服布局或浏览器引擎以及生锈的编译器时被改进。 -多年来，它在行业中获得了很多应用，微软等公司对其进行了试验，以确保安全关键软件组件。 -自2016年以来，锈一直是最受欢迎的语言之一。 -锈围绕它建立了一个完整的生态系统。事实上，除了编译器之外，它在创建和维护生产质量的软件方面具有许多方面。 -多个并发的锈工具链可以通过“锈”安装和管理，锈安装附带货物，这是一个命令行工具，用于管理依赖关系、锈网、生成文档等等。 -Rust成为Solana区块链上的主要编程语言，现在在寻找开发人员的项目中需求量很大。

Venice — 2022/04/13@Neon Student https://www.coinbase.com/

-Coinbase was the first major crypto business to go public in the U.S. when it began trading at $381 in April on the Nasdaq, giving the cryptocurrency exchange an initial market cap of $99.6 billion on a fully diluted basis. -Coinbase is an app that lets you buy and sell all sorts of cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin and about 50 others. -You can also use Coinbase to convert one cryptocurrency to another, or to send and receive cryptocurrency to and from other people. -Like stock trading apps you may already be familiar with, Coinbase shows you the current price and trends for cryptocurrencies, a look at your portfolio of holdings, and news stories about the industry. -Coinbase is easy to set up but requires some information, including your legal name, home address, date of birth, last four digits of your Social Security number, and how you plan to use Coinbase. That’s to comply with federal regulations.

-Coinbase是第一家在美国上市的主要加密货币业务，今年4月在纳斯达克上市的交易价格为381美元，在完全稀释的基础上，该加密货币交易所的初始市值为996亿美元。 -Coinbase是一款应用程序，可以让你买卖各种加密货币，如比特币、以太坊、莱特币和其他大约50种货币。 -您也可以使用Coinbase将一种加密货币转换为另一种加密货币，或者向其他人发送和接收加密货币。 -就像你可能已经熟悉的股票交易应用程序一样，Coinbase会向你展示加密货币的当前价格和趋势，看看你的持股投资组合，以及有关该行业的新闻报道。 -Coinbase很容易设置，但需要一些信息，包括你的合法姓名，家庭地址，出生日期，你的社会安全号码的后四位数字，以及你计划如何使用Coinbase。这是为了符合联邦法规。