Blockchain transaction technology is one of the core technologies that support blockchain ecosystems such as cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications (DApps). The following is an analysis of the technical principles of blockchain transactions to help understand how blockchain records and confirms transactions:

1、Transaction generation and signature

Blockchain transactions start with user initiation. Users need to create a transaction, which usually includes the following:

Sender address: the public key of the transaction initiator.

Receiver address: the public key of the transaction receiver.

Transaction amount: the number of tokens sent (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.).

Transaction fee: the fee charged by miners/validators, which is usually related to the complexity of the transaction and the network load.

Transactions require digital signatures when they are generated. The transaction initiator will sign the transaction with his or her private key to ensure that only users holding the private key can initiate the transaction. This signing process ensures that the transaction cannot be forged.

2、Transaction broadcast and verification

After the transaction is generated, it will be broadcast to the blockchain node through the network. A node is a computer or server in a blockchain network that is responsible for processing transactions and verifying the status of the blockchain.

Transaction verification: Each node verifies whether the transaction is legitimate, ensures that there is enough balance in the sender's account to carry out the transaction, and checks the validity of the digital signature. This is a solution to the "double payment" problem in blockchain transactions, ensuring that no forged transactions occur.

3、Miners/validators package transactions

In consensus mechanisms such as proof of work (PoW), miners are responsible for packaging verified transactions into new blocks. Miners compete for the right to create new blocks through the "mining" process (solving complex mathematical problems). In the proof of stake (PoS) mechanism, validators verify blocks based on the amount of tokens they hold and the stake.

Each block contains multiple transactions. The transactions in the block are packaged and recorded in sequence in a specific order.

4、Blockchain consensus mechanism

Once a miner or validator creates a new block and successfully solves the puzzle (PoW) or reaches consensus through verification (PoS, etc.), the block will be added to the blockchain. At this point, other nodes in the network will verify and confirm the new block.

Proof of Work (PoW): Miners compete with each other to solve complex hash problems through computing power, and those who succeed receive block rewards. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators participate in validating new blocks according to the number of tokens they hold and the status of their stake.

After reaching a consensus, the new block will be added to the existing blockchain. Once the transaction is confirmed by the blockchain, it means that the transaction has been permanently recorded and cannot be changed.

5、Final Confirmation of Transaction

There are different levels of transaction confirmation in blockchain. Every time a new block is added to the chain, the transaction on the existing block is further confirmed. For example, after a transaction is confirmed in the first block, the confirmation of the transaction is more reliable when the second block is added. As new blocks are added, the number of confirmations of the transaction increases. Usually, the transaction is considered "finally confirmed" after 6 confirmations.

6、Immutability and Transparency

One of the core characteristics of blockchain is immutability and transparency. Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, anyone can view the transaction content (for example, through a blockchain browser), and due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain, it is almost impossible to tamper with the transaction record. Each block is linked to the previous block through a hash, ensuring the integrity of the blockchain.

7、Smart contracts and decentralized transactions

In addition to basic transfer transactions, blockchain also supports smart contracts, which are protocols that can be automatically executed and cannot be changed. Smart contracts make blockchain not only used for currency transactions, but also can execute complex logic, supporting applications such as decentralized exchanges (DEX) and decentralized finance (DeFi).

Smart contracts: programs that are automatically executed based on conditions, without the need for third-party intermediaries. Decentralized exchanges (DEX): Users can trade assets directly without trusting centralized exchanges.

Summary ：The technical principles of blockchain transactions include transaction creation, signing, broadcasting, verification, packaging, consensus mechanism achievement, and blockchain immutability and transparency. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology makes transactions unnecessary to rely on third-party institutions, while ensuring the security, transparency and immutability of transactions. The introduction of smart contracts further expands the scope of application of blockchain, from simple currency transactions to more complex decentralized applications can be implemented on blockchain

Blockchain transaction technology is one of the core technologies that support blockchain ecosystems such as cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications (DApps). The following is an analysis of the technical principles of blockchain transactions to help understand how blockchain records and confirms transactions:

1、Transaction generation and signature

Blockchain transactions start with user initiation. Users need to create a transaction, which usually includes the following:

Sender address: the public key of the transaction initiator.

Receiver address: the public key of the transaction receiver.

Transaction amount: the number of tokens sent (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.).

Transaction fee: the fee charged by miners/validators, which is usually related to the complexity of the transaction and the network load.

Transactions require digital signatures when they are generated. The transaction initiator will sign the transaction with his or her private key to ensure that only users holding the private key can initiate the transaction. This signing process ensures that the transaction cannot be forged.

2、Transaction broadcast and verification

After the transaction is generated, it will be broadcast to the blockchain node through the network. A node is a computer or server in a blockchain network that is responsible for processing transactions and verifying the status of the blockchain.

Transaction verification: Each node verifies whether the transaction is legitimate, ensures that there is enough balance in the sender's account to carry out the transaction, and checks the validity of the digital signature. This is a solution to the "double payment" problem in blockchain transactions, ensuring that no forged transactions occur.

3、Miners/validators package transactions

In consensus mechanisms such as proof of work (PoW), miners are responsible for packaging verified transactions into new blocks. Miners compete for the right to create new blocks through the "mining" process (solving complex mathematical problems). In the proof of stake (PoS) mechanism, validators verify blocks based on the amount of tokens they hold and the stake.

Each block contains multiple transactions. The transactions in the block are packaged and recorded in sequence in a specific order.

4、Blockchain consensus mechanism

Once a miner or validator creates a new block and successfully solves the puzzle (PoW) or reaches consensus through verification (PoS, etc.), the block will be added to the blockchain. At this point, other nodes in the network will verify and confirm the new block.

Proof of Work (PoW): Miners compete with each other to solve complex hash problems through computing power, and those who succeed receive block rewards. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators participate in validating new blocks according to the number of tokens they hold and the status of their stake.

After reaching a consensus, the new block will be added to the existing blockchain. Once the transaction is confirmed by the blockchain, it means that the transaction has been permanently recorded and cannot be changed.

5、Final Confirmation of Transaction

There are different levels of transaction confirmation in blockchain. Every time a new block is added to the chain, the transaction on the existing block is further confirmed. For example, after a transaction is confirmed in the first block, the confirmation of the transaction is more reliable when the second block is added. As new blocks are added, the number of confirmations of the transaction increases. Usually, the transaction is considered "finally confirmed" after 6 confirmations.

6、Immutability and Transparency

One of the core characteristics of blockchain is immutability and transparency. Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, anyone can view the transaction content (for example, through a blockchain browser), and due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain, it is almost impossible to tamper with the transaction record. Each block is linked to the previous block through a hash, ensuring the integrity of the blockchain.

7、Smart contracts and decentralized transactions

In addition to basic transfer transactions, blockchain also supports smart contracts, which are protocols that can be automatically executed and cannot be changed. Smart contracts make blockchain not only used for currency transactions, but also can execute complex logic, supporting applications such as decentralized exchanges (DEX) and decentralized finance (DeFi).

Smart contracts: programs that are automatically executed based on conditions, without the need for third-party intermediaries. Decentralized exchanges (DEX): Users can trade assets directly without trusting centralized exchanges.

Summary ：The technical principles of blockchain transactions include transaction creation, signing, broadcasting, verification, packaging, consensus mechanism achievement, and blockchain immutability and transparency. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology makes transactions unnecessary to rely on third-party institutions, while ensuring the security, transparency and immutability of transactions. The introduction of smart contracts further expands the scope of application of blockchain, from simple currency transactions to more complex decentralized applications can be implemented on blockchain