China was once a world leader in science and technology up until the Ming dynasty.[399] Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later to Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers.[400][401] By the 17th century, Europe and the Western world surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement.[402] The causes of th...