Fusaka is a new major upgrade to the Ethereum mainnet, scheduled for launch in Q4 2025. It consists of two parts: the "Osaka" upgrade of the Execution Layer + the "Fulu" upgrade of the Consensus Layer.

Fusaka is an important step in Ethereum's long-term roadmap to improve the scalability, security, and user/developer experience of the Ethereum network, following previous upgrades.

Fusaka covers about 12 EIPs (Ethereum Improvement Proposals), the main highlights of which include:：

• Data-Availability Sampling (PeerDAS) – This is Fusaka's headline feature. Previously, when L2 (layer-2) networks published data (so-called "blobs") to Ethereum, each Ethereum full node had to download and store all blobs. As L2 numbers and activity grow, this approach is a huge burden on node hardware and bandwidth. With PeerDAS, each node only needs to store a small portion of the blob data (such as 1/8) and verify data availability through sampling. This theoretically scales up to 8x blob capacity while greatly reducing the burden on nodes.

• Blob-Parameter-Only forks - Fusaka allows you to gradually and securely increase the number of blobs that can be held per block without waiting for the next major upgrade. In other words, Ethereum can more flexibly adapt to the data needs brought about by the expansion of the L2 ecosystem.

• Optimize gas/execution and security mechanisms – Include some limitations and improvements to the execution layer (EVM), such as reasonable limits on gas fees and input ranges for some compute-intensive operations (precompile/MODEXP) to prevent abuse or DoS.

• Improving Mainnet (L1) Scalability and Lightweight - Fusaka also includes a series of optimizations such as historical data storage, block gas-limit, and node storage requirements, allowing the Ethereum mainnet itself to support large-scale L2 ecosystem operations at lower costs and with higher efficiency.

• L2 (Rollup and other scaling solutions) is one of the core paths of Ethereum's mainnet scalability. Fusaka provides the data infrastructure optimization required for L2 - higher blob throughput, lower node resource consumption, and more flexible data submission mechanisms. This way, when L2 activity and transaction volume grow significantly, the Ethereum mainnet will not become a bottleneck.

• For users and developers, this means that transactions and dApp use through L2 networks will be cheaper, faster, and smoother in the future, which is conducive to attracting more people to the Ethereum ecosystem and promoting the popularization of larger-scale applications.

Therefore, it can be said that the Fusaka upgrade is not a simple "performance optimization", but a strategic preparation for the "million/billion users/large-scale applications" of Ethereum and the entire Web3 ecosystem.

Base and Base App: An important component of the Ethereum L2 ecosystem and infrastructure + application portal

What is Base?

• Base is an Ethereum L2 network launched by Coinbase and built on the open-source OP Stack (the same technology stack as Optimism).

• Base's mission is to make Ethereum more accessible to the masses - it provides a cheaper, faster, and more developer-friendly environment for transactions and dApps, while inheriting the security attributes of the Ethereum mainnet (L1).

Compared to using the mainnet directly, Base's advantages are:

• Fast transaction speed + low gas fees - Since most transactions and computations are off-chain, bulk submissions to the mainnet can significantly reduce gas costs.

• EVM compatibility – Developers can easily migrate Ethereum-based dApps to Base without significant code rewrites.

• Developer-friendly + better on-ramp experience - Base is an attractive platform for those who want to push Web3 to a wider range of users with Coinbase's ecosystem and infrastructure.

• Coinbase upgraded its original Coinbase Wallet and renamed it Base App. Base App attempts to expand from a simple infrastructure (L2 network) to a user portal: integrating social networking, payment, mini-apps, chat, and other functions to create a "full-featured super app/portal on the chain".
  

• In other words, Base's strategy has shifted from pure "L2 infrastructure + scaling" to "infrastructure + user layer entrance + application ecosystem". The goal of Base App is to become a "one-stop entry point" for ordinary users to enter the Web3 ecosystem.

Looking at Fusaka and Base together, we can see the synergistic logic between them:

• Fusaka provides L2 with stronger, more efficient, and more scalable data carrying capacity (dynamic scaling through PeerDAS + blob parameters + lower node resource requirements, etc.), laying the foundation for L2 networks, including Base, to move towards greater scale.

• Base is one of the most promising L2s currently and in the future - it not only leverages existing rollup technology, EVM compatibility, and developer-friendly, but also relies on Coinbase's resources and ecosystem, and has the ability to attract a large number of users and developers to settle in.

• The launch of the Base App makes Base not just an infrastructure for developers/crypto-native users, but a platform for mass users that can serve as an "on-ramp" to Web3 - thereby lowering the threshold for ordinary users and increasing the penetration rate of Web3.

In other words, Fusaka provides "underlying scalability + technical infrastructure", while Base / Base App provides "ecosystem + user on-ramp + usability / accessibility". The combination of the two will make Ethereum and its L2 ecosystem more likely to move towards "mainstream popularization".

1. Expansion + Cost Reduction + Speedup: For users and developers, Ethereum mainnet congestion and high gas were once barriers to entry. Once Fusaka + Base is synchronized, the cost & barrier to entry for using Web3 will be significantly reduced.

2. Infrastructure + Application Portal Convergence: Traditional blockchain infrastructure vs application on-ramp are often separated. However, Base App combines the base chain + wallet + application + social portal, making it easier for ordinary users to "go on the chain + use + retain + get used to Web3".

3. Accelerate the expansion of the Ethereum ecosystem — attract developers + ordinary users: EVM-compatible, low-cost, high-performance + large user base + convenient on-ramp, attracting developers to deploy projects on Base, while also reducing the friction of ordinary users trying Web3.

4. Preparing for future large-scale user sizes: If the user size of Web3 reaches "millions/tens of millions/or even billions", it will be difficult to bear the mainnet + traditional L2 alone. The combination of Fusaka + Base is an active deployment of this scale of demand.

The Fusaka upgrade is a key infrastructure investment made by Ethereum for a new round of scaling and the development of the L2 ecosystem—it provides a more efficient and low-resource operating environment for L2 networks through PeerDAS, blob scaling, gas mechanism optimization, and other technical solutions.

Base / Base App is currently one of the most potential and closest to "popular" Ethereum L2s - it is not only a technical base chain, but also a user portal and ecological platform, which is expected to attract ordinary users and developers, thereby promoting the mainstreaming of Web3.

Taken together, the development of Fusaka and Base is both a technical upgrade and a significant milestone in the popularization of Web3. For those who follow the Ethereum ecosystem (developers/investors/ordinary users), this wave of joint development deserves great attention.