Bitcoin, often referred to as digital gold, is built on a revolutionary technology called blockchain. At its core, Bitcoin serves as both a blockchain network and a cryptocurrency. The blockchain acts as a decentralized ledger, akin to a hard drive, but it’s distributed across thousands of computers globally. This ledger currently holds approximately 630 GB of transaction data and is maintained by nodes running specialized software known as Bitcoin Core.
Each block in the Bitcoin blockchain contains transaction data for Bitcoin (BTC) and has a capacity to store roughly 2,000 transactions, enabling a throughput of about three transactions per second. Blocks are added sequentially, with each one linked to its predecessor. This chaining mechanism ensures that altering past blocks is nearly impossible. Fraudulent changes are typically detected and rejected by the network.
Mining is the process that guarantees the integrity of new transactions and coins. Miners use computer power to solve complex mathematical puzzles, essentially guessing a random number that validates a block. Once solved, this block is added to the blockchain. Miners employ specialized computers called ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) for this task, as they can perform an immense number of calculations rapidly.
With millions of ASICs in operation globally, mining has become highly competitive and resource intensive. A single mining operation may use thousands of ASICs, consuming substantial amounts of energy and incurring high costs for equipment and electricity. Despite these expenses, mining plays a critical role: ensuring all prior transactions are valid and maintaining the network’s security.
Each mined block rewards miners with newly minted Bitcoin and transaction fees paid by users. Users can tip miners to prioritize their transactions, speeding up their inclusion in a block. These incentives offset the energy and operational costs of mining, ensuring the network remains robust. In countries like Kenya, companies harness mining operations to repurpose the energy used for powering local homes and industries.
Bitcoin’s monetary policy is built into its blockchain protocol. The total supply is capped at 21 million BTC, and new coins are introduced to the system through mining. To prevent inflation or market crashes, Bitcoin’s network includes a difficulty adjustment mechanism. This ensures that mining puzzles are always solved approximately every 10 minutes, regardless of the number of miners competing.
Every 210,000 blocks (roughly every four years), the mining reward undergoes a “halving,” reducing the number of new bitcoins issued by half. Initially, the reward was 50 BTC per block, which has since been reduced to 6.25 BTC. By 2028, the reward will drop to 1.5 BTC per block. This gradual reduction ensures that the last Bitcoin will be mined around the year 2140. As supply decreases and demand increases, Bitcoin’s price historically rises, doubling approximately every four years.
The increasing difficulty of mining means only the most efficient miners remain profitable. Mining pools have emerged as a solution, allowing smaller miners to combine their computational power. Rewards are then split among participants. Solo mining, by contrast, is akin to gambling, with an extremely low probability of success.
Cloud mining—where third parties handle mining on behalf of users—has gained popularity but is often fraught with scams. Unlike Bitcoin, some other cryptocurrencies require less computational effort to mine, making them more accessible to individuals with limited resources.
While Bitcoin is primarily used for financial transactions, its blockchain can also store text, audio, and video, preserving data indefinitely. Storing such data, however, comes with higher transaction fees due to the larger block space required. Despite 15 years of continuous attacks and manipulation attempts, Bitcoin has proven remarkably resilient, solidifying its reputation as a robust and decentralized system.
As mining becomes increasingly difficult, only the most efficient operations will remain profitable. However, the decentralized nature of Bitcoin ensures that mining activities cannot be censored or controlled. Miners can switch to different pools or locations as needed, preserving the network’s resilience.
In conclusion, Bitcoin’s unique architecture and monetary policy have made it a pioneer in digital assets, often likened to gold for its scarcity and value. Mining not only secures the network but also ensures its continuous operation. As Bitcoin evolves, its role as a decentralized and censorship-resistant asset remains pivotal, shaping the future of finance and technology.
Fabian Owuor
