Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain that serves as a platform for digital assets and applications known as smart contracts. At its core, Ethereum allows value and data to be transferred in a transparent yet pseudonymous fashion.
Users interact with Ethereum through wallet addresses called Externally Owned Accounts, or EOAs. EOAs function like online bank accounts, enabling users to send and receive digital assets and interact with smart contracts. However, EOAs currently have limited capabilities compared to smart contracts, which can carry out complex programmed logic. Wallets have user experience issues like needing separate transactions for token approvals and having no protection against lost private keys.
Smart contracts are lines of code that autonomously execute transactions or controls assets when predetermined conditions are met. They allow for sophisticated decentralized applications to be built. Yet migrating existing wallet users to smart contract wallets imposes switching costs and friction.
Enter Ethereum Improvement Proposal 3074, or EIP-3074. Recently approved for implementation, EIP-3074 aims to enhance wallet functionality without requiring migration. Through two new opcodes that allow wallets to act on behalf of other accounts, EIP-3074 effectively upgrades standard wallets into smart contracts. This paves the way for single transaction approvals, batch payments, and more seamless interactions across Ethereum.
By streamlining transactions and empowering individual users, EIP-3074 could drive further adoption of Ethereum and evolution of digital ownership rights on the blockchain. Its impact on applications and user experience also holds promise to enrich the Ethereum ecosystem for years to come.
New Capabilities
Single Transaction Approvals
EIP-3074 allows wallets to conduct transaction approvals through a single transaction rather than separate transactions. Currently, decentralized applications often require users to carry out an approval transaction to grant a smart contract permission to transfer assets on their behalf. Then a separate execution transaction is needed to actually complete the transfer. This two-transaction process disrupts the seamless experience applications aim to provide.
By enabling approvals and executions to occur in a single atomic transaction, EIP-3074 streamlines interactions between users and applications. It maintains the same security and permissioning model while improving efficiency. Users benefit from a simpler experience where approvals and transfers occur simultaneously with one confirmation. Developers gain by having transactions compose into logical user actions, making applications more intuitive to operate.
Batch Transactions
Another capability unlocked is batch transactions, where multiple transfers can be bundled into a single atomic transaction. This enhances efficiency by allowing users to combine multiple payments or interactions with a single signature. For example, users could distribute assets to several recipients, tip multiple content creators, or execute trades across exchanges - all in one transaction.
Batching preserves user control and security while reducing transaction costs like gas fees that would be incurred if each transfer required its own individual transaction. It streamlines the movement of value on Ethereum in a way that maintains separation of duties through atomicity.
Wallet Asset Recovery
EIP-3074 facilitates wallet asset recovery through its upgraded smart contract capabilities for EOAs. If a user loses access to their private key, currently their digital assets remain inaccessible forever, locked within an account they can no longer unlock. However, with EIP-3074 a recovery mechanism can be built directly into wallets using the new opcodes.
For example, a recovery partner like an exchange could be designated. Upon confirming the user's identity, the partner could retrieve assets from the inaccessible account through its smart contract functions. This increases security by providing a way for users to still access funds even if they lose their private keys. Asset recovery avoids permanent losses and gives users greater peace of mind.
Sponsored Transactions
By enabling wallets to act as smart contracts, new transaction models like sponsored transactions become possible. A sponsor could cover the gas fees of transactions initiated by other users. This could encourage greater blockchain participation by reducing barriers to access. Project developers may sponsor transactions that drive network usage or application adoption. Even transaction relay services that batch and fast-track transactions could sponsor users on a voluntary basis. EIP-3074 opens the door for innovative transaction models to emerge.
Technical Implementation
EIP-3074 introduces two new Ethereum Virtual Machine opcodes that serve as the technical backbone for upgrading EOAs. The AUTH opcode allows an EOA to authorize another account, and AUTHCALL permits the authorized account to then execute calls on the authorizing account's behalf.
Together, these opcodes facilitate EOAs acting as smart contracts would. AUTHCALL validates transactions by verifying the caller was authorized by the original EOA using the AUTH opcode. This maintains separation of duties and the permissioning model of Ethereum. Yet it enables EOAs to carry out complex multi-step logic like smart contracts can.
Compared to migrating users to dedicated smart contract wallets, the opcode approach retrofits enhanced functionality directly into existing EOAs without switching costs. No application or user changes are needed. EOAs written years ago continue functioning while gaining new smart abilities.
However, EOAs turned smart through opcodes cannot leverage the full programmability of low-level languages like Solidity. Capabilities remain limited compared to specialized smart contracts. Still, for streamlining basic wallet interactions, the opcodes hit the sweet spot between simplicity and power.
Through its ingenious use of new opcodes, EIP-3074 upgrades EOAs with minimal disruption. Its technical elegance promises a smoother future for both wallets and all that interact with them on Ethereum.
User Experience Impacts
By upgrading EOAs with smart contract-like abilities, EIP-3074 sets the stage for a new generation of wallet interfaces. Approvals and transfers can integrate seamlessly into the natural flow of applications. Batching assets and calling multiple functions become simple, self-contained actions.
This refined user experience could invite mainstream adoption of Ethereum. To newcomers, the frictionless movement of value through intuitive wallets may offer their first exposure to digital ownership and all it enables. Existing users gain supercharged capabilities without burdensome changes to how they manage accounts.
Still, challenges remain to fully realize this vision. Standardization across wallets remains nascent. Further enhancements may streamline sponsored transactions or introduce new models like multisignature support. Developers face opportunities to reimagine the user onramp and integrate EIP-3074's upgrades into novel applications.
While progress continues, EIP-3074 already empowers users with control befitting the sophisticated possibilities of blockchain. Its impacts may prove the catalyst for an explosion of innovation across the Ethereum ecosystem.
All that being said, there are some in the Ethereum community that have expressed concern about the direction that EIP-3074 is taking things.
With slight modifications it could be so much better 
Very much agree with this take. Smart contract accounts made tremendous progress but 3074 unfortunately doesn’t allow a transition to those but rather some wired thing in between EOAs and smart accounts.
2
I have mixed feelings about EIP-3074 finally on path to reaching mainnet, almost 4 years after we originally proposed it. We fought so hard for it back in 2021, to no avail. Now that we are much further on the account abstraction roadmap, not sure this is the right strategy.
Conclusion: A Brighter Future
EIP-3074 represents an milestone on Ethereum's evolutionary path. By upgrading EOAs with smart abilities, it lays a foundation for more seamless experiences across the burgeoning world of decentralized applications. Wallets become platforms in their own right, with sophisticated logic enabling novel transaction models and enhanced security features. Users gain greater control befitting the rich possibilities of blockchain technology.
However, realizing EIP-3074's full potential will require ongoing work. Standardization and further wallet enhancements can improve usability. Novel applications may emerge to demonstrate previously unimagined interactions. As Ethereum marches forward, future proposals may build upon this upgrade to EOAs, refining how all interact with and benefit from the blockchain.
If the innovative vision of EIP-3074 inspires you to participate in this emerging future, consider exploring Ethereum and its applications. Also spread this essay by sharing with others, and subscribe to receive updates on upcoming developments that push the boundaries of digital ownership. Together, through open discussion and technical progress, we can advance this technology for the benefit of all.
