KLAVAHow Gelato Network is redefining Web3 with its invisible infrastructure
IntroductionIf you're not familiar with Gelato Network, you've likely used it unknowingly, much like driving a car to work without understanding the Otto cycle or the laws of thermodynamics. This is what makes Gelato's innovations so fascinating: they are seamless and interoperable without your awareness. Gelato has become a hub for web3 services, all within a single platform; currently offering:Rollup as a Service (RaaS)Web3's cloud platformGasless transactionsSmart contr...
KLAVADecoding NFT standards: A practical guide through the history of metadata
It's undeniable that NFTs have contributed to legitimizing blockchain and cryptocurrencies in the mainstream world, attracting an entirely new audience that primarily sees NFTs and digital art as a great opportunity to get rich. This is why I actually think that this, at present, is absolute digital garbage, as are the metaverses: spectacles of speculation devoid of any concrete use cases or aspirations. But my subjective opinion is debatable to those who loudly demand bored monkeys or, ...
Web3 ̶m̶r̶k̶t̶g̶ mavens | 🟣 decoding web3, one layer at a time
KLAVAHow Gelato Network is redefining Web3 with its invisible infrastructure
IntroductionIf you're not familiar with Gelato Network, you've likely used it unknowingly, much like driving a car to work without understanding the Otto cycle or the laws of thermodynamics. This is what makes Gelato's innovations so fascinating: they are seamless and interoperable without your awareness. Gelato has become a hub for web3 services, all within a single platform; currently offering:Rollup as a Service (RaaS)Web3's cloud platformGasless transactionsSmart contr...
KLAVADecoding NFT standards: A practical guide through the history of metadata
It's undeniable that NFTs have contributed to legitimizing blockchain and cryptocurrencies in the mainstream world, attracting an entirely new audience that primarily sees NFTs and digital art as a great opportunity to get rich. This is why I actually think that this, at present, is absolute digital garbage, as are the metaverses: spectacles of speculation devoid of any concrete use cases or aspirations. But my subjective opinion is debatable to those who loudly demand bored monkeys or, ...
Web3 ̶m̶r̶k̶t̶g̶ mavens | 🟣 decoding web3, one layer at a time
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⚠️ Disclaimer: Eth maxis may trigger themselves 😅
In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology, a groundbreaking innovation is setting the stage for a transformative leap in decentralized finance (DeFi) and blockchain scalability. At the forefront of this revolution is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), a cornerstone of Ethereum's architecture, enabling the seamless execution of smart contracts. However, the EVM's scalability and privacy limitations have long been a bottleneck for the broader adoption of blockchain technology. Enter zk-Rollups and, more recently, Polygon's Type 1 Prover — a solution that not only addresses these challenges but also seamlessly integrates with the emerging concepts of modular blockchains and the aggregated layer, heralding a new era for DeFi.
The EVM is the execution engine that powers the Ethereum network, providing a secure and isolated environment for running smart contracts. This isolation ensures that code executed within the EVM cannot interfere with the host machine or access the broader network, maintaining the integrity and security of the blockchain. But how it works? Let’s dive in 👇
Execution of Bytecode: Smart contracts, often written in high-level languages like Solidity, are compiled into EVM bytecode, which the EVM executes.
Stack-Based Architecture: The EVM functions as a stack machine, capable of storing 1024 items, each 256 bits in size. This design is optimized for compatibility with 256-bit cryptographic operations.
zk-Rollups have emerged as a pivotal solution to the scalability and privacy challenges facing blockchains. By bundling numerous off-chain transactions into a single batch and validating them on-chain through Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), zk-Rollups significantly reduce the strain on the network, a true game-changer that pushed EVM so far, with projects and degens giving thanks.
Enhanced Scalability: zk-Rollups increase the network's transaction throughput by aggregating multiple transactions into a single on-chain validation process.
Improved Privacy: The use of ZKPs allows the verification of transaction validity without disclosing the transaction's details.
As the blockchain ecosystem is rapidly evolving, new chains and protocols emerging to address various use cases and challenges. However, this creates a problem of fragmentation, as different chains operate in isolation and lack interoperability.
This limits the potential of blockchain technology, as users and developers face barriers to access the diverse and decentralized services and assets across the ecosystem. To overcome this problem, cross-chain interoperability is essential.
Interoperability enables seamless communication and interaction between different blockchains, allowing users to transfer data and value across chains without friction. Achieving cross-chain interoperability is not trivial, as it involves several technical and security challenges.
For instance, how can we ensure that cross-chain transactions are fast, secure, and reliable?
How can we guarantee that the data and state of different chains are consistent and available?
How can we ensure that cross-chain transactions are atomic, meaning that they either succeed or fail as a whole?
AggLayer is a protocol developed by Polygon Labs that aims to solve these challenges and enable near-instant and secure cross-chain transactions. AggLayer is a core component of Polygon 2.0, a vision to create a multi-chain system that combines the best of both monolithic and modular blockchain architectures.
AggLayer leverages zero-knowledge proofs and optimistic rollups to integrate disparate blockchain networks into a cohesive, secure web by aggregating zero-knowledge proofs from all connected chains and submits them to Ethereum, ensuring the safety and finality of cross-chain transactions.
AggLayer empowers layer 1 and layer 2 blockchains to access a unified liquidity pool while retaining their independence, enhancing transaction efficiency and capital utilization. Another features is the ability to improve user experience by enabling near-instant cross-chain atomic transactions, without compromising on security or decentralization.
How AggLayer achieves fast and secure cross-chain transactions by using optimistic rollups and zero-knowledge proofs? Let’s explore Plonky2!
AggLayer uses two processes, Batch Confirmation and Batch Finalization, to verify and settle cross-chain transactions.
Batch Confirmation confirms that a cross-chain transaction has been executed correctly on the source and destination chains. This is achieved using Optimistic Rollups, a layer 2 scaling solution that assumes transactions are valid unless proven otherwise. If a transaction is invalid, anyone can submit a proof of fraud to challenge it.
Batch Finalization finalizes the state and data of different chains after a cross-chain transaction has been confirmed. This is achieved using Zero-Knowledge Proofs, which allow AggLayer to aggregate and verify state updates from all connected chains and submit them to Ethereum, ensuring the finality and security of cross-chain transactions.
👉 This way, AggLayer ensures that users can safely process messages from different chains, without compromising on scalability or security.
This is possible via Plonky2, a zero-knowledge proving system developed by Polygon Labs. It’s 100 times faster than existing alternatives and is natively compatible with Ethereum.
The system uses a technique called recursion, which allows SNARKs (a type of zero-knowledge proof) to verify other SNARKs, making proofs for blockchain transactions faster and more scalable.
The system is designed to adapt its proof sizes based on context. When speed is important, it uses larger proofs. When size is important (for efficient verification on Ethereum), it uses smaller proofs. This makes Plonky2 a promising solution for scaling Ethereum to a billion users without compromising decentralization or security.
With Plonky3 and additional zkEVM improvements, there will be a 30 to 50X reduction in cost over the next year.
And then Polygon dropped the bomb! The introduction of the Type 1 Prover marks a significant milestone, enabling any EVM chain to upgrade to a ZK Layer 2 (L2) solution. This innovation promises to bring the benefits of zk-Rollups to existing EVM chains without necessitating substantial modifications. We think that this implementation will be the DeFi’s killer application without any doubts.
“The Type 1 prover allows any existing EVM chain to become a ZK L2 and connect to the entire Polygon ecosystem via the Aggregation Layer” -- Link
EVM Compatibility: Ensures that existing contracts can run without any changes.
Superior Performance: Leverages advanced zero-knowledge proof techniques to offer lower costs and reduced latencies.
Open-Source Framework: Facilitates widespread adoption and community-driven enhancements.
"Going modular" was once the prevailing paradigm, heralding a new era of blockchain efficiency and scalability through the division of blockchain functions into specialized layers. This approach significantly enhanced system performance and flexibility, setting a new standard in blockchain architecture.
However, the landscape is evolving once again with the shift towards "going aggregated". The introduction of modular blockchains marked a pivotal moment, but the advent of the aggregated layer is shaping up to be a transformative leap forward. This innovative concept doesn't just compartmentalize; it synergizes, bringing together disparate blockchain functions into a cohesive, integrated framework. The aggregated layer aims to foster a more interconnected and efficient ecosystem, where the sum is greater than its parts.
For professionals and enthusiasts keen to explore the nuances of this architectural evolution, Polygon Labs offers a comprehensive full article here.We wrote an in-depth discussion of monolithic and aggregated blockchains here:
Seamless Integration: The Type 1 Prover is designed to integrate effortlessly with modular blockchains, enhancing their scalability and privacy features.
Enhanced through the Aggregated Layer: The aggregated layer, which unifies various blockchain functionalities, can leverage the Type 1 Prover to streamline and secure cross-chain interactions and transactions.
The integration of the Type 1 Prover with modular blockchains and the aggregated layer has the potential to redefine the DeFi landscape by:
Broadening DeFi Adoption: By addressing scalability and privacy concerns, the Type 1 Prover can attract a wider user base to DeFi platforms.
Fostering Innovation: The enhanced capabilities provided by the Type 1 Prover encourage the development of new and innovative DeFi applications.
Economic and Speculative Opportunities: The increased efficiency and capabilities introduced by the Type 1 Prover are likely to create new economic models and speculative opportunities within the DeFi sector.
Polygon's Type 1 Prover isn't just stepping onto the innovation stage in the blockchain arena with a full-blown revolution, ready to shake up the status quo. Picture this: when you throw modular architecture and the aggregated layer into the mix, you're not just setting the stage for a new blockchain era; you're cranking up the volume on a whole new symphony. Scalability, privacy and iteroperability at its highest.
To all the DeFi degens out there, get ready to have your minds blown. Oh wait, NFA, DYOR.
Written by Danilo Giudice & Alessio Infante, big thanks to Sebastiano Cataudo for the review.
⚠️ Disclaimer: Eth maxis may trigger themselves 😅
In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology, a groundbreaking innovation is setting the stage for a transformative leap in decentralized finance (DeFi) and blockchain scalability. At the forefront of this revolution is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), a cornerstone of Ethereum's architecture, enabling the seamless execution of smart contracts. However, the EVM's scalability and privacy limitations have long been a bottleneck for the broader adoption of blockchain technology. Enter zk-Rollups and, more recently, Polygon's Type 1 Prover — a solution that not only addresses these challenges but also seamlessly integrates with the emerging concepts of modular blockchains and the aggregated layer, heralding a new era for DeFi.
The EVM is the execution engine that powers the Ethereum network, providing a secure and isolated environment for running smart contracts. This isolation ensures that code executed within the EVM cannot interfere with the host machine or access the broader network, maintaining the integrity and security of the blockchain. But how it works? Let’s dive in 👇
Execution of Bytecode: Smart contracts, often written in high-level languages like Solidity, are compiled into EVM bytecode, which the EVM executes.
Stack-Based Architecture: The EVM functions as a stack machine, capable of storing 1024 items, each 256 bits in size. This design is optimized for compatibility with 256-bit cryptographic operations.
zk-Rollups have emerged as a pivotal solution to the scalability and privacy challenges facing blockchains. By bundling numerous off-chain transactions into a single batch and validating them on-chain through Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), zk-Rollups significantly reduce the strain on the network, a true game-changer that pushed EVM so far, with projects and degens giving thanks.
Enhanced Scalability: zk-Rollups increase the network's transaction throughput by aggregating multiple transactions into a single on-chain validation process.
Improved Privacy: The use of ZKPs allows the verification of transaction validity without disclosing the transaction's details.
As the blockchain ecosystem is rapidly evolving, new chains and protocols emerging to address various use cases and challenges. However, this creates a problem of fragmentation, as different chains operate in isolation and lack interoperability.
This limits the potential of blockchain technology, as users and developers face barriers to access the diverse and decentralized services and assets across the ecosystem. To overcome this problem, cross-chain interoperability is essential.
Interoperability enables seamless communication and interaction between different blockchains, allowing users to transfer data and value across chains without friction. Achieving cross-chain interoperability is not trivial, as it involves several technical and security challenges.
For instance, how can we ensure that cross-chain transactions are fast, secure, and reliable?
How can we guarantee that the data and state of different chains are consistent and available?
How can we ensure that cross-chain transactions are atomic, meaning that they either succeed or fail as a whole?
AggLayer is a protocol developed by Polygon Labs that aims to solve these challenges and enable near-instant and secure cross-chain transactions. AggLayer is a core component of Polygon 2.0, a vision to create a multi-chain system that combines the best of both monolithic and modular blockchain architectures.
AggLayer leverages zero-knowledge proofs and optimistic rollups to integrate disparate blockchain networks into a cohesive, secure web by aggregating zero-knowledge proofs from all connected chains and submits them to Ethereum, ensuring the safety and finality of cross-chain transactions.
AggLayer empowers layer 1 and layer 2 blockchains to access a unified liquidity pool while retaining their independence, enhancing transaction efficiency and capital utilization. Another features is the ability to improve user experience by enabling near-instant cross-chain atomic transactions, without compromising on security or decentralization.
How AggLayer achieves fast and secure cross-chain transactions by using optimistic rollups and zero-knowledge proofs? Let’s explore Plonky2!
AggLayer uses two processes, Batch Confirmation and Batch Finalization, to verify and settle cross-chain transactions.
Batch Confirmation confirms that a cross-chain transaction has been executed correctly on the source and destination chains. This is achieved using Optimistic Rollups, a layer 2 scaling solution that assumes transactions are valid unless proven otherwise. If a transaction is invalid, anyone can submit a proof of fraud to challenge it.
Batch Finalization finalizes the state and data of different chains after a cross-chain transaction has been confirmed. This is achieved using Zero-Knowledge Proofs, which allow AggLayer to aggregate and verify state updates from all connected chains and submit them to Ethereum, ensuring the finality and security of cross-chain transactions.
👉 This way, AggLayer ensures that users can safely process messages from different chains, without compromising on scalability or security.
This is possible via Plonky2, a zero-knowledge proving system developed by Polygon Labs. It’s 100 times faster than existing alternatives and is natively compatible with Ethereum.
The system uses a technique called recursion, which allows SNARKs (a type of zero-knowledge proof) to verify other SNARKs, making proofs for blockchain transactions faster and more scalable.
The system is designed to adapt its proof sizes based on context. When speed is important, it uses larger proofs. When size is important (for efficient verification on Ethereum), it uses smaller proofs. This makes Plonky2 a promising solution for scaling Ethereum to a billion users without compromising decentralization or security.
With Plonky3 and additional zkEVM improvements, there will be a 30 to 50X reduction in cost over the next year.
And then Polygon dropped the bomb! The introduction of the Type 1 Prover marks a significant milestone, enabling any EVM chain to upgrade to a ZK Layer 2 (L2) solution. This innovation promises to bring the benefits of zk-Rollups to existing EVM chains without necessitating substantial modifications. We think that this implementation will be the DeFi’s killer application without any doubts.
“The Type 1 prover allows any existing EVM chain to become a ZK L2 and connect to the entire Polygon ecosystem via the Aggregation Layer” -- Link
EVM Compatibility: Ensures that existing contracts can run without any changes.
Superior Performance: Leverages advanced zero-knowledge proof techniques to offer lower costs and reduced latencies.
Open-Source Framework: Facilitates widespread adoption and community-driven enhancements.
"Going modular" was once the prevailing paradigm, heralding a new era of blockchain efficiency and scalability through the division of blockchain functions into specialized layers. This approach significantly enhanced system performance and flexibility, setting a new standard in blockchain architecture.
However, the landscape is evolving once again with the shift towards "going aggregated". The introduction of modular blockchains marked a pivotal moment, but the advent of the aggregated layer is shaping up to be a transformative leap forward. This innovative concept doesn't just compartmentalize; it synergizes, bringing together disparate blockchain functions into a cohesive, integrated framework. The aggregated layer aims to foster a more interconnected and efficient ecosystem, where the sum is greater than its parts.
For professionals and enthusiasts keen to explore the nuances of this architectural evolution, Polygon Labs offers a comprehensive full article here.We wrote an in-depth discussion of monolithic and aggregated blockchains here:
Seamless Integration: The Type 1 Prover is designed to integrate effortlessly with modular blockchains, enhancing their scalability and privacy features.
Enhanced through the Aggregated Layer: The aggregated layer, which unifies various blockchain functionalities, can leverage the Type 1 Prover to streamline and secure cross-chain interactions and transactions.
The integration of the Type 1 Prover with modular blockchains and the aggregated layer has the potential to redefine the DeFi landscape by:
Broadening DeFi Adoption: By addressing scalability and privacy concerns, the Type 1 Prover can attract a wider user base to DeFi platforms.
Fostering Innovation: The enhanced capabilities provided by the Type 1 Prover encourage the development of new and innovative DeFi applications.
Economic and Speculative Opportunities: The increased efficiency and capabilities introduced by the Type 1 Prover are likely to create new economic models and speculative opportunities within the DeFi sector.
Polygon's Type 1 Prover isn't just stepping onto the innovation stage in the blockchain arena with a full-blown revolution, ready to shake up the status quo. Picture this: when you throw modular architecture and the aggregated layer into the mix, you're not just setting the stage for a new blockchain era; you're cranking up the volume on a whole new symphony. Scalability, privacy and iteroperability at its highest.
To all the DeFi degens out there, get ready to have your minds blown. Oh wait, NFA, DYOR.
Written by Danilo Giudice & Alessio Infante, big thanks to Sebastiano Cataudo for the review.
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