AbstractDevelopers often struggle with the poor user experience and complexity of current blockchain systems. To address these challenges, Livy is introduced as the universal provenance layer, a language-agnostic execution layer for verifiable computing, leveraging Intel TDX (Trust Domain Extensions) Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) to enable trusted off-chain computation using familiar languages like Rust, Go, and JavaScript. Livy's approach compiles application source code within ...