
Geth 源码系列:存储设计及实现
在区块链的世界中,状态存储是每一个节点的「记忆核心」 — — 它记录着亿万账户的余额、合约的代码、交易的痕迹,甚至决定着一笔交易能否被正确执行。作为以太坊生态的基石,Geth 客户端如何以精密的架构设计承载海量状态数据?其存储系统如何在性能、安全与可扩展性之间找到平衡? 这篇文章是 Geth 源码系列的第二篇,通过这个系列,我们将搭建一个研究 Geth 实现的框架,开发者可以根据这个框架深入自己感兴趣的部分研究。这个系列共有六篇文章,在这第二篇文章中,将系统讲解 Geth 的存储结构设计与相关源码,介绍其数据库层次划分并详细分析各个层次中相应模块的核心功能。 以太坊作为全球最大的区块链平台,其主流客户端 Geth(Go-Ethereum)承担了绝大部分节点运行与状态管理的职责。Geth 的状态存储系统,是理解以太坊运行机制、优化节点性能、以及推动未来客户端创新的基础。 本文作者: po Web3buidler.tech Core Contributor, EthStorage Engineer Geth 底层数据库总览 自 Geth v1.9.0 版本起,Geth 将其数据库分为...

以太坊单独质押实战教程:手把手教你完成部署
内容丨Ray 编辑 & 排版丨Yewlne、环环 以太坊的单独质押(Solo Staking)是保护网络安全和去中心化的黄金标准。通过运行自己的验证者节点,您可以直接参与网络共识,获得完整的质押奖励,并保持对资金的完全控制。本教程将为您提供详细的指导,帮助您在家中部署以太坊单独质押节点,确保安全性和稳定性。前提概要首先,我们需要有这样的一个基本概念:要处理来自执行层的传入验证器存款,您需要运行执行客户端以及共识客户端。这意味着我们至少需要部署两个客户端程序(在本教程中,为三个,共识客户端按照功能进行了拆分)。如果想了解更多执行客户端和共识客户端的差异及功能职责,可以点击阅读: https://ethereum.org/zh/developers/docs/networking-layer/一、选择执行客户端以太坊生态的客户端种类非常丰富,执行客户端和共识客户端都有多种不同语言的实现,如使用 Go 语言实现的 Geth, 使用 Rust 语言实现的 Reth 等。你可以根据自己喜好,选择不同的客户端,整体流程是类似的,只是不同客户端实现涉及的命令不同。在这里,我们不能对所有的客户端...

残酷共学申请指南独家速递!
在知识爆炸的时代,面对海量且拥杂的学习资源、松散且淡薄的学习氛围,如何在工作之余合理安排以有效坚持学习,俨然已是一个艰巨的挑战。为此,LXDAO 特别发起了——残酷共学,旨在通过以自主、开源的学习方式,严格的残酷共学计划和互助的学习氛围,帮助每一位参与者有序可持续的学习,更进一步地实现自我提升。残酷共学是什么残酷共学是由 LXDAO 发起的围绕某个「共学主题」共学活动,具体如下:参与者必须每天围绕某个「共学主题」进行学习,每周只有两次请假机会,通常每天至少需要花费半个小时(最好一个小时)来学习。参与者必须提交你的学习证明(按照共学内容设计)到 GitHub 所对应的「仓库」来证明你今天学习了。如果参与者没有完成上面两点,将会立刻被踢掉并且标记为 ❌ 失败。每期残酷共学以 4 周为一个周期,第一周为共学启动报名和熟悉共学规则,第二周到第四周将正式启动共学,为期 21 天,中途不得加入。共学方向包括不限于:英语、以太坊、Web3 技术、DAO、加密思潮等,自由自主发起,内容包括不限于:视频、书籍、文章、实战。如何残酷共学基于 GitHub 的流程,残酷共学发起人在 Github上创建...
LXDAO 是一个专注研发的 DAO 组织,致力于构建支持有价值的公共物品和开源项目的无限循环。 LXDAO is an R&D-focused DAO dedicated to building an Infinite Cycle that supports valuable

Geth 源码系列:存储设计及实现
在区块链的世界中,状态存储是每一个节点的「记忆核心」 — — 它记录着亿万账户的余额、合约的代码、交易的痕迹,甚至决定着一笔交易能否被正确执行。作为以太坊生态的基石,Geth 客户端如何以精密的架构设计承载海量状态数据?其存储系统如何在性能、安全与可扩展性之间找到平衡? 这篇文章是 Geth 源码系列的第二篇,通过这个系列,我们将搭建一个研究 Geth 实现的框架,开发者可以根据这个框架深入自己感兴趣的部分研究。这个系列共有六篇文章,在这第二篇文章中,将系统讲解 Geth 的存储结构设计与相关源码,介绍其数据库层次划分并详细分析各个层次中相应模块的核心功能。 以太坊作为全球最大的区块链平台,其主流客户端 Geth(Go-Ethereum)承担了绝大部分节点运行与状态管理的职责。Geth 的状态存储系统,是理解以太坊运行机制、优化节点性能、以及推动未来客户端创新的基础。 本文作者: po Web3buidler.tech Core Contributor, EthStorage Engineer Geth 底层数据库总览 自 Geth v1.9.0 版本起,Geth 将其数据库分为...

以太坊单独质押实战教程:手把手教你完成部署
内容丨Ray 编辑 & 排版丨Yewlne、环环 以太坊的单独质押(Solo Staking)是保护网络安全和去中心化的黄金标准。通过运行自己的验证者节点,您可以直接参与网络共识,获得完整的质押奖励,并保持对资金的完全控制。本教程将为您提供详细的指导,帮助您在家中部署以太坊单独质押节点,确保安全性和稳定性。前提概要首先,我们需要有这样的一个基本概念:要处理来自执行层的传入验证器存款,您需要运行执行客户端以及共识客户端。这意味着我们至少需要部署两个客户端程序(在本教程中,为三个,共识客户端按照功能进行了拆分)。如果想了解更多执行客户端和共识客户端的差异及功能职责,可以点击阅读: https://ethereum.org/zh/developers/docs/networking-layer/一、选择执行客户端以太坊生态的客户端种类非常丰富,执行客户端和共识客户端都有多种不同语言的实现,如使用 Go 语言实现的 Geth, 使用 Rust 语言实现的 Reth 等。你可以根据自己喜好,选择不同的客户端,整体流程是类似的,只是不同客户端实现涉及的命令不同。在这里,我们不能对所有的客户端...

残酷共学申请指南独家速递!
在知识爆炸的时代,面对海量且拥杂的学习资源、松散且淡薄的学习氛围,如何在工作之余合理安排以有效坚持学习,俨然已是一个艰巨的挑战。为此,LXDAO 特别发起了——残酷共学,旨在通过以自主、开源的学习方式,严格的残酷共学计划和互助的学习氛围,帮助每一位参与者有序可持续的学习,更进一步地实现自我提升。残酷共学是什么残酷共学是由 LXDAO 发起的围绕某个「共学主题」共学活动,具体如下:参与者必须每天围绕某个「共学主题」进行学习,每周只有两次请假机会,通常每天至少需要花费半个小时(最好一个小时)来学习。参与者必须提交你的学习证明(按照共学内容设计)到 GitHub 所对应的「仓库」来证明你今天学习了。如果参与者没有完成上面两点,将会立刻被踢掉并且标记为 ❌ 失败。每期残酷共学以 4 周为一个周期,第一周为共学启动报名和熟悉共学规则,第二周到第四周将正式启动共学,为期 21 天,中途不得加入。共学方向包括不限于:英语、以太坊、Web3 技术、DAO、加密思潮等,自由自主发起,内容包括不限于:视频、书籍、文章、实战。如何残酷共学基于 GitHub 的流程,残酷共学发起人在 Github上创建...
LXDAO 是一个专注研发的 DAO 组织,致力于构建支持有价值的公共物品和开源项目的无限循环。 LXDAO is an R&D-focused DAO dedicated to building an Infinite Cycle that supports valuable

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Author: Shanni
Last month, the WorldCoin Foundation announced the launch of a blockchain based on the OP Stack called World Chain. This blockchain will join Optimism's Superchain network and will interact with other chains such as Base, Mode, OP Mainnet, and Zora.
You might have heard about OP, OP Stack, and the Superchain. Curious folks might be asking - what? why? where? This article will answer all those questions about the current state of the Superchain, its vision, and more. At the end of the article, there is also a handy guide on how to publish on Layer 2/Layer 3 platforms.
Optimism is well-known as a Layer 2 solution based on Ethereum, aimed at providing fast, stable, scalable, and cost-effective blockchain services. It operates on top of Ethereum's main chain (Layer 1), helping to alleviate network congestion, and thereby reducing transaction costs and processing times
Optimism utilizes Optimistic Rollups, which package a large amount of transaction data together, processing and paying fees on the Ethereum main chain only once. This method not only speeds up transactions and reduces costs but also maintains the high security that relies on Ethereum as its base. Later, the Optimistic Rollup was made open source, becoming the OP Stack - an open-source blockchain framework published by the Optimism Collective.
The OP Stack can be understood as a toolkit for launching Layer 2 chains with one click, significantly simplifying the construction of Layer 2 chains. These decentralized chains developed based on the OP Stack share security, communication layers, and the open-source technology stack, forming the vision of the Op Superchain.
Current Status: Using Op Stacks in Various Domains
Currently, Op Stacks has been adopted by multiple well-known projects, including Base, a Layer 2 developed by Coinbase that leads in various Layer 2 NFT trading data, Debank Chain launched by asset management application Debank, and Farcaster Stack from the leading social protocol Farcaster. The diversity of these applications reflects the concept of the Op Superchain that Op Stack was intended to support from its inception.
A "Superchain" is a multi-chain network architecture based on Layer 2 (L2) technology, designed to address the challenges of horizontal scalability in traditional blockchains. Traditional multi-chain architectures often face difficulties in collaboration and high overhead costs. The "Superchain," by treating each chain as an "interchangeable computational resource," essentially commodifies blockchain technology, thereby allowing developers to build cross-chain applications without increasing systemic risk.
In the "Superchain" model, individual chains (like the OP chain) are standardized and integrated into a network formally managed by the Optimism Collective. These chains not only share security and communication layers, but also a common open-source technology stack. This design allows developers to focus more on building applications across the entire superchain without worrying about the specific technical details of individual chains.

Additionally, this design concept means that the very concept of blockchain can become more abstract, allowing developers to view the entire interoperable blockchain network as a unified entity. This enables more efficient development and deployment of new solutions. In this way, the "Superchain" not only optimizes resource utilization but also opens up new possibilities for the future development of blockchain technology.
In the "Superchain" bridge security model, security (i.e., validity) and liveness (i.e., resistance to censorship) are ensured. Security is guaranteed by the proof system, while liveness is ensured by the ability to submit transactions directly to Layer 1 (L1). The combination of security and liveness means that if the OP Chain sequencer fails, users can always submit their transactions to L1, which will then migrate their usage to a new OP Chain with a correctly functioning sequencer.
Here is the official Optimism definition of a "Superchain," which meets the following criteria:
Property Purpose Shared L1 blockchain Provides a total ordering of transactions across all OP Chains. Shared bridge for all OP Chains Enables OP Chains to have standardized security properties. Cheap OP Chain deployment Enables deploying and transacting on OP Chains without the high fees of transacting on L1. Configuration options for OP Chains Enables OP Chains to configure their data availability provider, sequencer address, etc. Secure transactions and cross-chain messages Enables users to safely migrate state between OP Chains.

OP Labs, as a framework support entity, has done much work aimed at enabling broader technological decentralization for the OP Stack. For example, the Bedrock version supports multiple proof schemes and several clients. Multi-client fault proofing is a fundamental component of technological decentralization, and Bedrock’s modular framework significantly influences the community's decentralized capabilities in actual development of the OP Stack.
Strategy - Maintain Honesty
In the pursuit of decentralization, maintaining intellectual honesty in facing challenges is important. Specifically, writing complex and error-free code is very difficult but crucial because any vulnerability could have catastrophic consequences for any Layer 2 solution.
Tactic - Parallel Development of Protocol Upgrades
OP advocates for purposeful, pragmatic, and cautious maintenance in the steps of on-chain fault proofing. Achieving full proofing takes time, but Optimism believes that several protocol upgrades can be developed in parallel, allowing for meaningful further development of the OP Stack in decentralization without waiting for fault proofs to be ready.
Constantly updating technical solutions actually led to OP being discovered to have two bugs by the Arbitrum team. As a technology provider, such a widely used open-source framework is also constantly under the scrutiny of the market and community, necessitating greater responsibility.

OP Stacks Superchain's Success in the CryptoMarket
According to data from L2beat, as of May 4, 2024, the total value locked (TVL) in Layer 2 solutions is $39.98 billion, with OP Stack accounting for $18.61 billion—nearly half of the total TVL and ranking first. The services of Optimism's Stack have been widely adopted, and an increasing number of projects are using the OP Stack framework to quickly establish new L2 solutions, such as Optimism, Base, Mode, Zora, Frax, Lyra, Ancient, Redstone, Worldcoin, Mint, Lisk. This underscores the value of Stack services in the market narrative.
How did OP Stacks evolve into a Superchain?
From a technical perspective, we can explain by discussing a specific part of the code and official information:
Introduction of the SystemConfig Contract The technical platform behind OP Stack, Bedrock, introduced the SystemConfig contract, which starts defining L2 chains directly through L1 smart contracts. This can be expanded to include all information defining L2 chains on the blockchain, including creating unique chain IDs, block gas limits, and other key configuration values.
An excerpt of the SystemConfig contract is as follows
/** * @title SystemConfig * @notice The SystemConfig contract is used to manage configuration of an Optimism network. All * configuration is stored on L1 and picked up by L2 as part of the derviation of the L2 * chain. */ contract SystemConfig is OwnableUpgradeable, Semver { /** * @notice Enum representing different types of updates. * * @custom:value BATCHER Represents an update to the batcher hash. * @custom:value GAS_CONFIG Represents an update to txn fee config on L2. * @custom:value GAS_LIMIT Represents an update to gas limit on L2. * @custom:value UNSAFE_BLOCK_SIGNER Represents an update to the signer key for unsafe * block distrubution. */ /* * @notice Minimum gas limit. This should not be lower than the maximum deposit gas resource * limit in the ResourceMetering contract used by OptimismPortal, to ensure the L2 * block always has sufficient gas to process deposits. */ uint64 pubic constant MINIMUM_GAS_LIMIT = 8_000_000; /** * @notice Identifier for the batcher. For version 1 of this configuration, this is represented * as an address left-padded with zeros to 32 bytes. */ bytes32 public batcherHash; /** * @notice L2 gas limit. */ uint64 public gasLimit;
CREATE2 for Deterministic Chain Addresses
With the SystemConfig design, once data is fully placed on the blockchain, a factory (Chain Factory) can be created to deploy configurations and all other necessary contracts for each chain. By using CREATE2 to generate corresponding contract addresses, this step is further extended: this means that given a chain configuration, we can determine all the bridge addresses associated with that chain. This also allows us to interact with the chain without deploying bridge contracts, making the deployment of chains almost free and allowing chains to inherit standard security properties.
Author: Shanni
Last month, the WorldCoin Foundation announced the launch of a blockchain based on the OP Stack called World Chain. This blockchain will join Optimism's Superchain network and will interact with other chains such as Base, Mode, OP Mainnet, and Zora.
You might have heard about OP, OP Stack, and the Superchain. Curious folks might be asking - what? why? where? This article will answer all those questions about the current state of the Superchain, its vision, and more. At the end of the article, there is also a handy guide on how to publish on Layer 2/Layer 3 platforms.
Optimism is well-known as a Layer 2 solution based on Ethereum, aimed at providing fast, stable, scalable, and cost-effective blockchain services. It operates on top of Ethereum's main chain (Layer 1), helping to alleviate network congestion, and thereby reducing transaction costs and processing times
Optimism utilizes Optimistic Rollups, which package a large amount of transaction data together, processing and paying fees on the Ethereum main chain only once. This method not only speeds up transactions and reduces costs but also maintains the high security that relies on Ethereum as its base. Later, the Optimistic Rollup was made open source, becoming the OP Stack - an open-source blockchain framework published by the Optimism Collective.
The OP Stack can be understood as a toolkit for launching Layer 2 chains with one click, significantly simplifying the construction of Layer 2 chains. These decentralized chains developed based on the OP Stack share security, communication layers, and the open-source technology stack, forming the vision of the Op Superchain.
Current Status: Using Op Stacks in Various Domains
Currently, Op Stacks has been adopted by multiple well-known projects, including Base, a Layer 2 developed by Coinbase that leads in various Layer 2 NFT trading data, Debank Chain launched by asset management application Debank, and Farcaster Stack from the leading social protocol Farcaster. The diversity of these applications reflects the concept of the Op Superchain that Op Stack was intended to support from its inception.
A "Superchain" is a multi-chain network architecture based on Layer 2 (L2) technology, designed to address the challenges of horizontal scalability in traditional blockchains. Traditional multi-chain architectures often face difficulties in collaboration and high overhead costs. The "Superchain," by treating each chain as an "interchangeable computational resource," essentially commodifies blockchain technology, thereby allowing developers to build cross-chain applications without increasing systemic risk.
In the "Superchain" model, individual chains (like the OP chain) are standardized and integrated into a network formally managed by the Optimism Collective. These chains not only share security and communication layers, but also a common open-source technology stack. This design allows developers to focus more on building applications across the entire superchain without worrying about the specific technical details of individual chains.

Additionally, this design concept means that the very concept of blockchain can become more abstract, allowing developers to view the entire interoperable blockchain network as a unified entity. This enables more efficient development and deployment of new solutions. In this way, the "Superchain" not only optimizes resource utilization but also opens up new possibilities for the future development of blockchain technology.
In the "Superchain" bridge security model, security (i.e., validity) and liveness (i.e., resistance to censorship) are ensured. Security is guaranteed by the proof system, while liveness is ensured by the ability to submit transactions directly to Layer 1 (L1). The combination of security and liveness means that if the OP Chain sequencer fails, users can always submit their transactions to L1, which will then migrate their usage to a new OP Chain with a correctly functioning sequencer.
Here is the official Optimism definition of a "Superchain," which meets the following criteria:
Property Purpose Shared L1 blockchain Provides a total ordering of transactions across all OP Chains. Shared bridge for all OP Chains Enables OP Chains to have standardized security properties. Cheap OP Chain deployment Enables deploying and transacting on OP Chains without the high fees of transacting on L1. Configuration options for OP Chains Enables OP Chains to configure their data availability provider, sequencer address, etc. Secure transactions and cross-chain messages Enables users to safely migrate state between OP Chains.

OP Labs, as a framework support entity, has done much work aimed at enabling broader technological decentralization for the OP Stack. For example, the Bedrock version supports multiple proof schemes and several clients. Multi-client fault proofing is a fundamental component of technological decentralization, and Bedrock’s modular framework significantly influences the community's decentralized capabilities in actual development of the OP Stack.
Strategy - Maintain Honesty
In the pursuit of decentralization, maintaining intellectual honesty in facing challenges is important. Specifically, writing complex and error-free code is very difficult but crucial because any vulnerability could have catastrophic consequences for any Layer 2 solution.
Tactic - Parallel Development of Protocol Upgrades
OP advocates for purposeful, pragmatic, and cautious maintenance in the steps of on-chain fault proofing. Achieving full proofing takes time, but Optimism believes that several protocol upgrades can be developed in parallel, allowing for meaningful further development of the OP Stack in decentralization without waiting for fault proofs to be ready.
Constantly updating technical solutions actually led to OP being discovered to have two bugs by the Arbitrum team. As a technology provider, such a widely used open-source framework is also constantly under the scrutiny of the market and community, necessitating greater responsibility.

OP Stacks Superchain's Success in the CryptoMarket
According to data from L2beat, as of May 4, 2024, the total value locked (TVL) in Layer 2 solutions is $39.98 billion, with OP Stack accounting for $18.61 billion—nearly half of the total TVL and ranking first. The services of Optimism's Stack have been widely adopted, and an increasing number of projects are using the OP Stack framework to quickly establish new L2 solutions, such as Optimism, Base, Mode, Zora, Frax, Lyra, Ancient, Redstone, Worldcoin, Mint, Lisk. This underscores the value of Stack services in the market narrative.
How did OP Stacks evolve into a Superchain?
From a technical perspective, we can explain by discussing a specific part of the code and official information:
Introduction of the SystemConfig Contract The technical platform behind OP Stack, Bedrock, introduced the SystemConfig contract, which starts defining L2 chains directly through L1 smart contracts. This can be expanded to include all information defining L2 chains on the blockchain, including creating unique chain IDs, block gas limits, and other key configuration values.
An excerpt of the SystemConfig contract is as follows
/** * @title SystemConfig * @notice The SystemConfig contract is used to manage configuration of an Optimism network. All * configuration is stored on L1 and picked up by L2 as part of the derviation of the L2 * chain. */ contract SystemConfig is OwnableUpgradeable, Semver { /** * @notice Enum representing different types of updates. * * @custom:value BATCHER Represents an update to the batcher hash. * @custom:value GAS_CONFIG Represents an update to txn fee config on L2. * @custom:value GAS_LIMIT Represents an update to gas limit on L2. * @custom:value UNSAFE_BLOCK_SIGNER Represents an update to the signer key for unsafe * block distrubution. */ /* * @notice Minimum gas limit. This should not be lower than the maximum deposit gas resource * limit in the ResourceMetering contract used by OptimismPortal, to ensure the L2 * block always has sufficient gas to process deposits. */ uint64 pubic constant MINIMUM_GAS_LIMIT = 8_000_000; /** * @notice Identifier for the batcher. For version 1 of this configuration, this is represented * as an address left-padded with zeros to 32 bytes. */ bytes32 public batcherHash; /** * @notice L2 gas limit. */ uint64 public gasLimit;
CREATE2 for Deterministic Chain Addresses
With the SystemConfig design, once data is fully placed on the blockchain, a factory (Chain Factory) can be created to deploy configurations and all other necessary contracts for each chain. By using CREATE2 to generate corresponding contract addresses, this step is further extended: this means that given a chain configuration, we can determine all the bridge addresses associated with that chain. This also allows us to interact with the chain without deploying bridge contracts, making the deployment of chains almost free and allowing chains to inherit standard security properties.
Communication Between OP Chains - “Chain Factory” Utilizes OP Chain Data
Bedrock introduced a method to establish L2 chains from the L1 chain, where all chain data can be synchronized with L1 blocks. As the L1 chain factory expands to put all configurations on the blockchain, Optimism nodes are able to deterministically synchronize any OP chain using just an L1 address and its connection to L1
🌟 It’s important to note that when an OP chain is synchronized, the chain state is computed locally. This means determining the state of the OP chain is permissionless and secure. Since all invalid transactions are ignored by the local computation process performed by the nodes, derived chains do not require a proof system. However, to ensure withdrawals on the Superchain, a proof system is still needed.
Using SystemConfig for Modular Sequencer Design
In Bedrock, the SystemConfig contract has been introduced to set the sequencer address. With multiple chains each having their own SystemConfig contracts, it allows deployers of OP chains to configure the sequencer addrsses. This configurable sequencer design is known as modular sequencing. This allows different entities to sequence OP chains while maintaining the standard [Superchain Bridge] security model—a crucial step towards sequencer decentralization.
Modular sequencing allows for the permissionless experimentation of different sequencing models. Developers can adopt various sequencing protocols, such as round-robin sequencing, consensus among sequencers, price-competitive sequencing (PGA sequencing), or first-in-first-out sequencing (FIFO sequencing). Over time, we can expect more user-friendly sequencing standards to emerge.
OP Chains Share a Unified Path for Technological Upgrades
To launch the initial Superchain with high confidence in security and decentralization, a decentralized security committee should be introduced to manage upgrades. The security committee should be able to update the set of chain provers, initiate contract upgrades with delays, and in emergencies, press the bridge pause button, while canceling ongoing upgrades.
The ability to pause the bridge in emergencies means that in the worst-case scenario, where the private keys of security committee members are compromised, the result would be an indefinite suspension of withdrawals, and the bridge upgrade would be permanently canceled. In other words, the L1 bridge would be frozen. This follows the design principle of prioritizing security over liveness—always preventing the loss of ETH or tokens (i.e., enforced security), even if it means locking up ETH or tokens (i.e., sacrificing liveness).
Pain Points on the Path to Becoming a 'Superchain':
Of course, before fully realizing the vision of a scalable blockchain, there are significant pain points to address. Anticipated pain points include:
Withdrawal requests depend on a set of trusted chain provers.
Slow cross-chain transaction speeds, requiring a waiting period for challenges.
Insufficient scalability in submitting transactions to the Superchain, with transaction data needing to be submitted to a limited-capacity L1.
Cross-chain transactions are asynchronous, disrupting the ability to execute atomic cross-chain transactions (like flash loans).
This has improved following EIP-4844.
Lack of a user-friendly framework for building scalable applications that utilize multiple OP chains.
Absence of a simple wallet to manage tokens and applications across multiple OP chains.
We envision that addressing these pain points could lead to the creation of decentralized alternatives capable of replacing the most complex web2 applications.
The rollout of EIP-4844 and the Delta upgrade in the Optimism ecosystem are perfectly synchronized.
Data availability (DA) solutions like Celestia mainly aim to reduce the costs of rollups submitting data to L1, and EIP-4844 offers a native solution that reduces the operational costs (OPEX) of OP chains by over 90%.
Before EIP-4844, the main expenses of the OP Stack were concentrated on L1 gas costs, as follows:
OP Stack Chain On-Chain L1 Activity (Chain / L2 Revenue / L1 Costs / Gross Margin / L1 Cost Ratio):
OP Mainnet: 2k ETH / 1.97k ETH / 30 ETH / 98.5%
Base: 1.7k ETH / 1.37k ETH / 330 ETH / 80%
After EIP-4844, the Superchain ecosystem is a positive development for OP Stack, and more projects will be willing to use L2 as a technological solution. We also hope to see reduced blockchain solution costs, providing more business opportunities for project developers, and enabling mass adoption.
How to operate it? The Superchain offers a platform called Superchain Dev Console, which supports chains like Ethereum, Base, Fraxtel, Mode, OP Mainnet, Redstone, Lisk, Zora as L1 or L2.

https://docs.optimism.io/builders/app-developers/quick-start
Additionally, the Superchain community also features tools for one-click deployment of Layer 3 solutions, such as the Mode Flare developed by the Mode team. The architecture incorporates technologies like Pyth, Blockscout, and Goldsky.
https://www.mode.network/mode-flare-l3
Some final thoughts: We observe Optimism's strategy and the commercial success of the Superchain. OP Stacks greatly reduces the barriers to launching a blockchain, with more and more teams benefiting from the convenience and speed of deploying their own L2 and L3 solutions. In the future, could OP Stack become a leading industry platform like AWS or Alibaba Cloud, providing infrastructure that facilitates developers in building their own projects? Indeed, this type of decentralized technology solution can ensure a degree of openness and security of technology. From a design perspective, is there a potential risk of industry monopolization with the Superchain?
Time will tell.
https://optimism.mirror.xyz/2jk3D1Y8-hid8YOCUUa6yXmsyzNCYYyFJP0Nhaey9x0
https://blog.oplabs.co/decentralization-roadmap/
https://www.chaincatcher.com/article/2088168

Communication Between OP Chains - “Chain Factory” Utilizes OP Chain Data
Bedrock introduced a method to establish L2 chains from the L1 chain, where all chain data can be synchronized with L1 blocks. As the L1 chain factory expands to put all configurations on the blockchain, Optimism nodes are able to deterministically synchronize any OP chain using just an L1 address and its connection to L1
🌟 It’s important to note that when an OP chain is synchronized, the chain state is computed locally. This means determining the state of the OP chain is permissionless and secure. Since all invalid transactions are ignored by the local computation process performed by the nodes, derived chains do not require a proof system. However, to ensure withdrawals on the Superchain, a proof system is still needed.
Using SystemConfig for Modular Sequencer Design
In Bedrock, the SystemConfig contract has been introduced to set the sequencer address. With multiple chains each having their own SystemConfig contracts, it allows deployers of OP chains to configure the sequencer addrsses. This configurable sequencer design is known as modular sequencing. This allows different entities to sequence OP chains while maintaining the standard [Superchain Bridge] security model—a crucial step towards sequencer decentralization.
Modular sequencing allows for the permissionless experimentation of different sequencing models. Developers can adopt various sequencing protocols, such as round-robin sequencing, consensus among sequencers, price-competitive sequencing (PGA sequencing), or first-in-first-out sequencing (FIFO sequencing). Over time, we can expect more user-friendly sequencing standards to emerge.
OP Chains Share a Unified Path for Technological Upgrades
To launch the initial Superchain with high confidence in security and decentralization, a decentralized security committee should be introduced to manage upgrades. The security committee should be able to update the set of chain provers, initiate contract upgrades with delays, and in emergencies, press the bridge pause button, while canceling ongoing upgrades.
The ability to pause the bridge in emergencies means that in the worst-case scenario, where the private keys of security committee members are compromised, the result would be an indefinite suspension of withdrawals, and the bridge upgrade would be permanently canceled. In other words, the L1 bridge would be frozen. This follows the design principle of prioritizing security over liveness—always preventing the loss of ETH or tokens (i.e., enforced security), even if it means locking up ETH or tokens (i.e., sacrificing liveness).
Pain Points on the Path to Becoming a 'Superchain':
Of course, before fully realizing the vision of a scalable blockchain, there are significant pain points to address. Anticipated pain points include:
Withdrawal requests depend on a set of trusted chain provers.
Slow cross-chain transaction speeds, requiring a waiting period for challenges.
Insufficient scalability in submitting transactions to the Superchain, with transaction data needing to be submitted to a limited-capacity L1.
Cross-chain transactions are asynchronous, disrupting the ability to execute atomic cross-chain transactions (like flash loans).
This has improved following EIP-4844.
Lack of a user-friendly framework for building scalable applications that utilize multiple OP chains.
Absence of a simple wallet to manage tokens and applications across multiple OP chains.
We envision that addressing these pain points could lead to the creation of decentralized alternatives capable of replacing the most complex web2 applications.
The rollout of EIP-4844 and the Delta upgrade in the Optimism ecosystem are perfectly synchronized.
Data availability (DA) solutions like Celestia mainly aim to reduce the costs of rollups submitting data to L1, and EIP-4844 offers a native solution that reduces the operational costs (OPEX) of OP chains by over 90%.
Before EIP-4844, the main expenses of the OP Stack were concentrated on L1 gas costs, as follows:
OP Stack Chain On-Chain L1 Activity (Chain / L2 Revenue / L1 Costs / Gross Margin / L1 Cost Ratio):
OP Mainnet: 2k ETH / 1.97k ETH / 30 ETH / 98.5%
Base: 1.7k ETH / 1.37k ETH / 330 ETH / 80%
After EIP-4844, the Superchain ecosystem is a positive development for OP Stack, and more projects will be willing to use L2 as a technological solution. We also hope to see reduced blockchain solution costs, providing more business opportunities for project developers, and enabling mass adoption.
How to operate it? The Superchain offers a platform called Superchain Dev Console, which supports chains like Ethereum, Base, Fraxtel, Mode, OP Mainnet, Redstone, Lisk, Zora as L1 or L2.

https://docs.optimism.io/builders/app-developers/quick-start
Additionally, the Superchain community also features tools for one-click deployment of Layer 3 solutions, such as the Mode Flare developed by the Mode team. The architecture incorporates technologies like Pyth, Blockscout, and Goldsky.
https://www.mode.network/mode-flare-l3
Some final thoughts: We observe Optimism's strategy and the commercial success of the Superchain. OP Stacks greatly reduces the barriers to launching a blockchain, with more and more teams benefiting from the convenience and speed of deploying their own L2 and L3 solutions. In the future, could OP Stack become a leading industry platform like AWS or Alibaba Cloud, providing infrastructure that facilitates developers in building their own projects? Indeed, this type of decentralized technology solution can ensure a degree of openness and security of technology. From a design perspective, is there a potential risk of industry monopolization with the Superchain?
Time will tell.
https://optimism.mirror.xyz/2jk3D1Y8-hid8YOCUUa6yXmsyzNCYYyFJP0Nhaey9x0
https://blog.oplabs.co/decentralization-roadmap/
https://www.chaincatcher.com/article/2088168

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