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Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsSpermidine: what it is, what it does, and how it extends lifespan
Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsAlpha-ketoglutarate (Calcium AKG)
A key molecule for energy, epigenetics, cancer, and the slowing of aging
Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsEpigenetic Self-Test: What’s Your Methylation Status (and What to Do Next)
A practical, evidence-based guide to SAMe/SAH, homocysteine, and a safe action plan.
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Evidence, dosing ranges, and a new Harvard clue on Alzheimer’s risk
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(This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Lithium can interact with medications and is not appropriate for everyone. Do not start, stop, or change any treatment without talking to your healthcare professional.)
***
If this helped you, collect this post on Paragraph to support my work. Thank you!
***
Today I want to talk to you about one of my favorite molecules in the field of health and longevity: spermidine. It’s so compelling that it appears in all three books I’ve published, each time from a different angle. But it was about time I gave it a space of its own—a deeper dive—to explain what it is, what it does, and why more and more studies link it to healthy aging.
The story of spermidine begins in 1678, though it wasn’t known by that name. It all started with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a pioneer of microscopy, who, while examining human semen, found some curious crystals. That substance was later named spermine, in reference to its origin (from Latin sperma, “semen”).
Then in 1878, the German chemist Ludwig Brieger formally identified that molecule, and in the process he also isolated another related compound: spermidine, a simpler version of spermine (hence the suffix -idine). That’s how this molecule got the name that’s now back in the spotlight.
Spermidine is a molecule that belongs to the family of natural polyamines. Put simply, polyamines are small compounds that contain several amino groups (–NH₂), something like “chemical claws” that let them latch onto other molecules with ease.
Thanks to its small size and those amino groups, spermidine carries a positive charge under normal conditions in the human body—what’s known as physiological pH. This allows it to interact stably with negatively charged molecules such as DNA and RNA, which are responsible for storing and transmitting our genetic information.
For this reason, spermidine is often described as an “ionic glue”: it sticks to genetic material and other relevant molecules to stabilize them or regulate their activity. In addition, because of their structure, polyamines—including spermidine—are quite stable and tolerate both acidic and alkaline environments.
Although it was originally discovered in semen, spermidine is present in virtually all living cells, from bacteria and yeast to plants and human cells. And that’s no coincidence: it performs functions essential to cellular life, as we’ll see next.
One of the most studied effects of spermidine is its ability to activate autophagy, an essential process that works like our cells’ internal recycling system.
Imagine a cell as a small city. Over time, waste piles up: broken parts, tools no longer in use, damaged machinery. Autophagy collects that old material (such as misfolded proteins or deteriorated structures) and turns it into reusable pieces. This way, the cell rebuilds what it needs with its own resources. It’s cleaning, thrift, and sustainability in one.
Spermidine acts like a switch that turns this system on. When it’s present, cells clear out waste more efficiently. And here’s the interesting part: if autophagy is blocked, many of its benefits disappear. This indicates that autophagy isn’t a side effect but the core of its action.
That said, recent studies have shown that spermidine only boosts this pathway—and extends cellular lifespan—when a glycine-dependent enzyme (GNMT) is active. In other words, we need available glycine for spermidine to express its full potential.
In short, when there’s enough glycine, spermidine helps our cells “take out the trash” and reuse what’s useful—a fundamental strategy to keep them young and efficient.
Spermidine plays a dual, pivotal role inside our cells: it protects DNA and supports healthy cellular growth.
On one hand, it acts like a molecular architect. It binds to DNA and RNA—the genetic blueprint and its working copy—to maintain the compact, orderly structure of chromatin, the way DNA is organized within the nucleus. This shields it from damage and ensures that genes function properly.
It also helps stabilize cell membranes, the “walls” that separate the inside of the cell from the outside. That stability is essential for integrity and proper function.
On the other hand, spermidine also works like a skilled builder on the protein assembly line. It participates in a crucial modification of a factor called eIF5A, indispensable for making new proteins. This process is directly tied to cells’ ability to grow, divide, and repair tissues.
When spermidine levels drop, cellular growth slows and regeneration suffers. By contrast, with adequate levels, cells renew themselves more effectively and cope with stress more efficiently.
In recent years, spermidine has gained prominence in the longevity field. Why? Because it may act as a geroprotector: a molecule that not only helps you age better but might also let you live longer.
It all started with studies in simple organisms like yeast, worms, and flies, which lived longer when given spermidine. Later, human immune cells in culture also survived longer when exposed to this molecule. Even in older mice, spermidine supplementation improved overall health and extended median lifespan.
How does it do that? Researchers have observed that it reduces cellular damage caused by oxidative stress—something like the internal “rust” we accumulate with age—and it also activates genes involved in autophagy, the cellular recycling system we discussed earlier. This happens because it alters how DNA is packaged, making it easier to switch on beneficial genes. The result: less cellular debris and greater survival.
Many experts compare its effect to caloric restriction, a low-calorie diet that has been shown to extend lifespan in animals. But with a major advantage: spermidine delivers similar results without going hungry.
And not everything stays in the lab. Some human studies have found that people who eat more spermidine-rich foods have a lower risk of dying from any cause than those who eat less. A promising sign.
Spermidine not only appears to benefit longevity in general, it also looks after the heart—that engine that never stops.
A study published in Nature Medicine in 2016 showed that mice treated with spermidine throughout their lives not only lived longer but also kept their hearts in better shape. These animals exhibited less cardiac hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle) and better preserved diastolic function—that is, the heart’s ability to relax between beats—something that tends to deteriorate with age.
The secret? Once again, autophagy—this time activated in the heart’s own cells. Spermidine helped clear damaged components and reduce low-grade chronic inflammation, two key factors in cardiovascular aging.
And it’s not all about mice. The same researchers analyzed human data and found that people who consumed more spermidine through their diet had lower blood pressure and a lower incidence of heart disease as they aged.
That’s why some scientists already propose spermidine as a promising dietary strategy against hypertension and heart failure in later life.
That said, as with all animal studies or observational data, caution is warranted. Even so, the pieces fit: spermidine switches on key mechanisms like autophagy, protects mitochondria, and reduces inflammation. Everything points to a cleaner, more efficient heart that’s more resilient to the passage of time.
The brain also benefits from spermidine. In animal studies, older mice given this molecule improved their memory—both for remembering places and for placing events in time. No small finding when we’re talking about aging.
What explains these effects? Primarily, spermidine activates autophagy in neurons, helping remove waste that builds up with age: damaged mitochondria, toxic proteins, and other debris that hampers brain function. It’s as if it sweeps away the cobwebs that form over time.
Most promisingly, these benefits haven’t been limited to mice. In 2018, a small study in older adults with subjective cognitive decline—an early stage that can precede dementia—gave one group a spermidine-rich supplement and another a placebo for three months. The result? Those who took spermidine improved significantly on memory tests, while the placebo group showed no change.
Researchers believe these effects may come from autophagy or reduced neuroinflammation, two key processes in brain aging.
Although it was a preliminary, small study, it opens an encouraging door. Larger, longer trials are already underway, such as the one known as SmartAge, to determine whether the effects persist and are consistent.
One of the silent enemies of aging is low-grade chronic inflammation—also known as inflammaging. This isn’t acute inflammation—the kind that causes fever or redness—but a slow burn that damages tissues over time.
Spermidine comes into play here as well. Although it doesn’t act as a direct anti-inflammatory, it promotes autophagy, which helps clear cellular debris that might otherwise trigger unnecessary immune responses. Less molecular junk, less immune alarm.
In animal studies, spermidine also shifted the behavior of certain immune cells, such as macrophages. It helped them adopt a calmer, M2-like state instead of the more aggressive, proinflammatory M1. It also reduced levels of inflammatory molecules like TNF-α, suggesting it contributes to a more stable, less inflamed cellular environment.
Polyamine synthesis depends on SAMe, the second most-used molecule in the body. Without SAMe, there’s no spermidine. And with age, its availability declines.
On top of that, the body needs SAMe for many other essential functions, so its “allocation” is limited.
How to increase SAMe is beyond the scope of this article, but I cover it in depth in my book Nutritional Epigenetics.
Beyond SAMe, a healthy gut microbiota is key to producing spermidine.
Some bacteria synthesize it when they digest pectin, a fiber found in the albedo (the white part of the peel) of citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. It’s also abundant in the skin of green apples (such as Granny Smith) and in fresh quince (not supermarket processed versions).
In short: a diet with enough pectin and a healthy microbial balance activates our gut’s “bacterial factory” of spermidine. And if we also keep the intestinal mucosa free of inflammation, absorption of the polyamines produced will improve.
Intermittent fasting, in addition to its metabolic benefits, also appears to raise intracellular spermidine levels. This effect has been observed in yeast, flies, mice, and even humans.
Why does it happen? Because when external nutrients are scarce, cells switch on survival pathways, including increased polyamine production to induce autophagy and protect themselves.
In laboratory models, blocking this synthesis reduced the fasting-related benefits on longevity. Everything points to spermidine as a key part of fasting’s pro-longevity mechanism.
The surge of scientific interest has led to the arrival of spermidine dietary supplements, usually made from wheat germ extract. They typically provide between 2 and 5 mg per capsule.
Higher doses, such as 10 mg, don’t markedly raise circulating levels because of absorption limits and the molecule’s rapid metabolism.
That said, I don’t recommend spending money on supplements: they aren’t cheap, their purity isn’t guaranteed, and you can easily get the same amounts from certain foods. Let’s see which ones.
Spermidine is found mainly in fermented or aged foods. Standouts include:
• Wheat germ
• Natto (cooked and fermented soybeans)
• Dried peas
• Shiitake mushrooms
• Very aged cheeses: cheddar, Parmesan, and blue cheeses
To reach an amount equivalent to a supplement (5 mg), it’s enough to consume, for example:
• 20 g (0.71 oz) of wheat germ
• 25 g (0.88 oz) of aged cheddar (at least 1 year)
• 55 g (1.94 oz) of shiitake mushrooms
Yes. One—and a significant one: cancer. Let me explain.
Spermidine plays a dual role in cancer:
• Protective: By activating autophagy, exerting anti-inflammatory effects, regulating oxidative stress, modulating the cell cycle, and selectively inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, it can protect against cancer—especially its onset and in early stages—by slowing tumor growth and preventing metastasis.
• Potentially harmful: Very high levels—especially when they originate from tumor cells—can create an immunosuppressive environment and promote the proliferation and progression of cancer. This has been observed particularly in advanced stages or in specific types, such as glioblastomas and gastrointestinal cancers.
The most prudent advice:
Avoid direct supplementation in people with active or advanced cancer, especially in the types mentioned. It could promote tumor progression and inhibit the immune response.
That doesn’t mean spermidine-rich foods, which are part of many healthy diets, must be eliminated entirely. The recommendation is to avoid large amounts or concentrated supplements and, above all, always consult your oncologist before making dietary decisions in this context.
Definitely, yes. Spermidine isn’t a passing fad; it’s a molecule with a solid and expanding scientific track record. Its ability to activate autophagy, stabilize cellular structures, and modulate key processes like inflammation and oxidative stress puts it in a privileged place within longevity research.
From cardiovascular health to brain function—and its potential as a geroprotector—its benefits are broad, though we still need more human studies to confirm its efficacy as a supplement.
The good news is you don’t need to rely on costly supplements of uncertain purity. We can obtain meaningful amounts of spermidine from food—wheat germ, aged cheeses, shiitake mushrooms—and boost its synthesis with strategies like intermittent fasting, a healthy microbiota, and adequate SAMe levels (which I cover in my book Nutritional Epigenetics).
And as always in health, context matters. In cases of active or advanced cancer, it’s wise to act with caution and avoid turning to supplements.
Tending to your spermidine levels is another piece of the cellular health and longevity puzzle. And as you’ve seen, there are simple, natural, accessible ways to do it.
Get Nutritional Epigenetics on Amazon
***
Enjoyed this? Collect this post on Paragraph to support more research like this.
***
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00108/full
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncb1975
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6397830
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673770
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5806691
https://www.aging-us.com/article/103035/text
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010945218303137?via%3Dihub
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10143675
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10117651
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11735101
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9339478/#S10
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5783676
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673770/#:~:text=,Google
(This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Lithium can interact with medications and is not appropriate for everyone. Do not start, stop, or change any treatment without talking to your healthcare professional.)
***
If this helped you, collect this post on Paragraph to support my work. Thank you!
***
Today I want to talk to you about one of my favorite molecules in the field of health and longevity: spermidine. It’s so compelling that it appears in all three books I’ve published, each time from a different angle. But it was about time I gave it a space of its own—a deeper dive—to explain what it is, what it does, and why more and more studies link it to healthy aging.
The story of spermidine begins in 1678, though it wasn’t known by that name. It all started with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a pioneer of microscopy, who, while examining human semen, found some curious crystals. That substance was later named spermine, in reference to its origin (from Latin sperma, “semen”).
Then in 1878, the German chemist Ludwig Brieger formally identified that molecule, and in the process he also isolated another related compound: spermidine, a simpler version of spermine (hence the suffix -idine). That’s how this molecule got the name that’s now back in the spotlight.
Spermidine is a molecule that belongs to the family of natural polyamines. Put simply, polyamines are small compounds that contain several amino groups (–NH₂), something like “chemical claws” that let them latch onto other molecules with ease.
Thanks to its small size and those amino groups, spermidine carries a positive charge under normal conditions in the human body—what’s known as physiological pH. This allows it to interact stably with negatively charged molecules such as DNA and RNA, which are responsible for storing and transmitting our genetic information.
For this reason, spermidine is often described as an “ionic glue”: it sticks to genetic material and other relevant molecules to stabilize them or regulate their activity. In addition, because of their structure, polyamines—including spermidine—are quite stable and tolerate both acidic and alkaline environments.
Although it was originally discovered in semen, spermidine is present in virtually all living cells, from bacteria and yeast to plants and human cells. And that’s no coincidence: it performs functions essential to cellular life, as we’ll see next.
One of the most studied effects of spermidine is its ability to activate autophagy, an essential process that works like our cells’ internal recycling system.
Imagine a cell as a small city. Over time, waste piles up: broken parts, tools no longer in use, damaged machinery. Autophagy collects that old material (such as misfolded proteins or deteriorated structures) and turns it into reusable pieces. This way, the cell rebuilds what it needs with its own resources. It’s cleaning, thrift, and sustainability in one.
Spermidine acts like a switch that turns this system on. When it’s present, cells clear out waste more efficiently. And here’s the interesting part: if autophagy is blocked, many of its benefits disappear. This indicates that autophagy isn’t a side effect but the core of its action.
That said, recent studies have shown that spermidine only boosts this pathway—and extends cellular lifespan—when a glycine-dependent enzyme (GNMT) is active. In other words, we need available glycine for spermidine to express its full potential.
In short, when there’s enough glycine, spermidine helps our cells “take out the trash” and reuse what’s useful—a fundamental strategy to keep them young and efficient.
Spermidine plays a dual, pivotal role inside our cells: it protects DNA and supports healthy cellular growth.
On one hand, it acts like a molecular architect. It binds to DNA and RNA—the genetic blueprint and its working copy—to maintain the compact, orderly structure of chromatin, the way DNA is organized within the nucleus. This shields it from damage and ensures that genes function properly.
It also helps stabilize cell membranes, the “walls” that separate the inside of the cell from the outside. That stability is essential for integrity and proper function.
On the other hand, spermidine also works like a skilled builder on the protein assembly line. It participates in a crucial modification of a factor called eIF5A, indispensable for making new proteins. This process is directly tied to cells’ ability to grow, divide, and repair tissues.
When spermidine levels drop, cellular growth slows and regeneration suffers. By contrast, with adequate levels, cells renew themselves more effectively and cope with stress more efficiently.
In recent years, spermidine has gained prominence in the longevity field. Why? Because it may act as a geroprotector: a molecule that not only helps you age better but might also let you live longer.
It all started with studies in simple organisms like yeast, worms, and flies, which lived longer when given spermidine. Later, human immune cells in culture also survived longer when exposed to this molecule. Even in older mice, spermidine supplementation improved overall health and extended median lifespan.
How does it do that? Researchers have observed that it reduces cellular damage caused by oxidative stress—something like the internal “rust” we accumulate with age—and it also activates genes involved in autophagy, the cellular recycling system we discussed earlier. This happens because it alters how DNA is packaged, making it easier to switch on beneficial genes. The result: less cellular debris and greater survival.
Many experts compare its effect to caloric restriction, a low-calorie diet that has been shown to extend lifespan in animals. But with a major advantage: spermidine delivers similar results without going hungry.
And not everything stays in the lab. Some human studies have found that people who eat more spermidine-rich foods have a lower risk of dying from any cause than those who eat less. A promising sign.
Spermidine not only appears to benefit longevity in general, it also looks after the heart—that engine that never stops.
A study published in Nature Medicine in 2016 showed that mice treated with spermidine throughout their lives not only lived longer but also kept their hearts in better shape. These animals exhibited less cardiac hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle) and better preserved diastolic function—that is, the heart’s ability to relax between beats—something that tends to deteriorate with age.
The secret? Once again, autophagy—this time activated in the heart’s own cells. Spermidine helped clear damaged components and reduce low-grade chronic inflammation, two key factors in cardiovascular aging.
And it’s not all about mice. The same researchers analyzed human data and found that people who consumed more spermidine through their diet had lower blood pressure and a lower incidence of heart disease as they aged.
That’s why some scientists already propose spermidine as a promising dietary strategy against hypertension and heart failure in later life.
That said, as with all animal studies or observational data, caution is warranted. Even so, the pieces fit: spermidine switches on key mechanisms like autophagy, protects mitochondria, and reduces inflammation. Everything points to a cleaner, more efficient heart that’s more resilient to the passage of time.
The brain also benefits from spermidine. In animal studies, older mice given this molecule improved their memory—both for remembering places and for placing events in time. No small finding when we’re talking about aging.
What explains these effects? Primarily, spermidine activates autophagy in neurons, helping remove waste that builds up with age: damaged mitochondria, toxic proteins, and other debris that hampers brain function. It’s as if it sweeps away the cobwebs that form over time.
Most promisingly, these benefits haven’t been limited to mice. In 2018, a small study in older adults with subjective cognitive decline—an early stage that can precede dementia—gave one group a spermidine-rich supplement and another a placebo for three months. The result? Those who took spermidine improved significantly on memory tests, while the placebo group showed no change.
Researchers believe these effects may come from autophagy or reduced neuroinflammation, two key processes in brain aging.
Although it was a preliminary, small study, it opens an encouraging door. Larger, longer trials are already underway, such as the one known as SmartAge, to determine whether the effects persist and are consistent.
One of the silent enemies of aging is low-grade chronic inflammation—also known as inflammaging. This isn’t acute inflammation—the kind that causes fever or redness—but a slow burn that damages tissues over time.
Spermidine comes into play here as well. Although it doesn’t act as a direct anti-inflammatory, it promotes autophagy, which helps clear cellular debris that might otherwise trigger unnecessary immune responses. Less molecular junk, less immune alarm.
In animal studies, spermidine also shifted the behavior of certain immune cells, such as macrophages. It helped them adopt a calmer, M2-like state instead of the more aggressive, proinflammatory M1. It also reduced levels of inflammatory molecules like TNF-α, suggesting it contributes to a more stable, less inflamed cellular environment.
Polyamine synthesis depends on SAMe, the second most-used molecule in the body. Without SAMe, there’s no spermidine. And with age, its availability declines.
On top of that, the body needs SAMe for many other essential functions, so its “allocation” is limited.
How to increase SAMe is beyond the scope of this article, but I cover it in depth in my book Nutritional Epigenetics.
Beyond SAMe, a healthy gut microbiota is key to producing spermidine.
Some bacteria synthesize it when they digest pectin, a fiber found in the albedo (the white part of the peel) of citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. It’s also abundant in the skin of green apples (such as Granny Smith) and in fresh quince (not supermarket processed versions).
In short: a diet with enough pectin and a healthy microbial balance activates our gut’s “bacterial factory” of spermidine. And if we also keep the intestinal mucosa free of inflammation, absorption of the polyamines produced will improve.
Intermittent fasting, in addition to its metabolic benefits, also appears to raise intracellular spermidine levels. This effect has been observed in yeast, flies, mice, and even humans.
Why does it happen? Because when external nutrients are scarce, cells switch on survival pathways, including increased polyamine production to induce autophagy and protect themselves.
In laboratory models, blocking this synthesis reduced the fasting-related benefits on longevity. Everything points to spermidine as a key part of fasting’s pro-longevity mechanism.
The surge of scientific interest has led to the arrival of spermidine dietary supplements, usually made from wheat germ extract. They typically provide between 2 and 5 mg per capsule.
Higher doses, such as 10 mg, don’t markedly raise circulating levels because of absorption limits and the molecule’s rapid metabolism.
That said, I don’t recommend spending money on supplements: they aren’t cheap, their purity isn’t guaranteed, and you can easily get the same amounts from certain foods. Let’s see which ones.
Spermidine is found mainly in fermented or aged foods. Standouts include:
• Wheat germ
• Natto (cooked and fermented soybeans)
• Dried peas
• Shiitake mushrooms
• Very aged cheeses: cheddar, Parmesan, and blue cheeses
To reach an amount equivalent to a supplement (5 mg), it’s enough to consume, for example:
• 20 g (0.71 oz) of wheat germ
• 25 g (0.88 oz) of aged cheddar (at least 1 year)
• 55 g (1.94 oz) of shiitake mushrooms
Yes. One—and a significant one: cancer. Let me explain.
Spermidine plays a dual role in cancer:
• Protective: By activating autophagy, exerting anti-inflammatory effects, regulating oxidative stress, modulating the cell cycle, and selectively inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, it can protect against cancer—especially its onset and in early stages—by slowing tumor growth and preventing metastasis.
• Potentially harmful: Very high levels—especially when they originate from tumor cells—can create an immunosuppressive environment and promote the proliferation and progression of cancer. This has been observed particularly in advanced stages or in specific types, such as glioblastomas and gastrointestinal cancers.
The most prudent advice:
Avoid direct supplementation in people with active or advanced cancer, especially in the types mentioned. It could promote tumor progression and inhibit the immune response.
That doesn’t mean spermidine-rich foods, which are part of many healthy diets, must be eliminated entirely. The recommendation is to avoid large amounts or concentrated supplements and, above all, always consult your oncologist before making dietary decisions in this context.
Definitely, yes. Spermidine isn’t a passing fad; it’s a molecule with a solid and expanding scientific track record. Its ability to activate autophagy, stabilize cellular structures, and modulate key processes like inflammation and oxidative stress puts it in a privileged place within longevity research.
From cardiovascular health to brain function—and its potential as a geroprotector—its benefits are broad, though we still need more human studies to confirm its efficacy as a supplement.
The good news is you don’t need to rely on costly supplements of uncertain purity. We can obtain meaningful amounts of spermidine from food—wheat germ, aged cheeses, shiitake mushrooms—and boost its synthesis with strategies like intermittent fasting, a healthy microbiota, and adequate SAMe levels (which I cover in my book Nutritional Epigenetics).
And as always in health, context matters. In cases of active or advanced cancer, it’s wise to act with caution and avoid turning to supplements.
Tending to your spermidine levels is another piece of the cellular health and longevity puzzle. And as you’ve seen, there are simple, natural, accessible ways to do it.
Get Nutritional Epigenetics on Amazon
***
Enjoyed this? Collect this post on Paragraph to support more research like this.
***
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00108/full
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncb1975
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6397830
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673770
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5806691
https://www.aging-us.com/article/103035/text
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010945218303137?via%3Dihub
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10143675
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10117651
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11735101
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9339478/#S10
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5783676
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673770/#:~:text=,Google
Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsAlpha-ketoglutarate (Calcium AKG)
A key molecule for energy, epigenetics, cancer, and the slowing of aging
Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsEpigenetic Self-Test: What’s Your Methylation Status (and What to Do Next)
A practical, evidence-based guide to SAMe/SAH, homocysteine, and a safe action plan.
Curro Clavero — Nutritional EpigeneticsLithium and the Brain
Evidence, dosing ranges, and a new Harvard clue on Alzheimer’s risk
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