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Privacy and Scaling ExplorationsZero to Start: Applied Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) Part 2
Part 2: Fundamental Concepts, FHE Development, Applied FHE, Challenges and Open Problems, FHE Resources.This post was written by 0xZoey. Special thanks to Janmajaya, Enrico, and Owen who generously gave their time and expertise to review this piece. Your valuable contributions and feedback have greatly enhanced the quality and depth of this work. This is an extension of Part 1: An Introduction to FHE, ZKPs & MPC, and The State of FHE Development.Fundamental ConceptsThreshold FHEThreshold cryp...
Privacy and Scaling ExplorationsThe next chapter for zkEVM Community Edition
We are excited to share some updates on our road to building a zkEVM, as we generalize our exploration towards the design and implementation of a general-purpose zkVM. Zero-knowledge research and development in the broader Ethereum ecosystem has been bearing wholesome fruits over the past three years. That came after years of vibrant ideation with an uncompromising approach to security, building on the shoulders of giants of the prover-verifier computational model in computer science and cryp...
Privacy and Scaling ExplorationszkEVM Community Edition Part 3: Logic and Structure
This series intends to provide an overview of the zkEVM Community Edition in a way that is broadly accessible. Part 3 reviews the general logic and structure of the zkEVM Community Edition. Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Components The zkEVM Community Edition has the challenge of creating proofs to validate EVM execution as it is today. To make this feasible, a system of interconnected circuits has been designed to prove the correctness of EVM opcodes while dealing with the inefficiencies of co...
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Privacy and Scaling ExplorationsZero to Start: Applied Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) Part 2
Part 2: Fundamental Concepts, FHE Development, Applied FHE, Challenges and Open Problems, FHE Resources.This post was written by 0xZoey. Special thanks to Janmajaya, Enrico, and Owen who generously gave their time and expertise to review this piece. Your valuable contributions and feedback have greatly enhanced the quality and depth of this work. This is an extension of Part 1: An Introduction to FHE, ZKPs & MPC, and The State of FHE Development.Fundamental ConceptsThreshold FHEThreshold cryp...
Privacy and Scaling ExplorationsThe next chapter for zkEVM Community Edition
We are excited to share some updates on our road to building a zkEVM, as we generalize our exploration towards the design and implementation of a general-purpose zkVM. Zero-knowledge research and development in the broader Ethereum ecosystem has been bearing wholesome fruits over the past three years. That came after years of vibrant ideation with an uncompromising approach to security, building on the shoulders of giants of the prover-verifier computational model in computer science and cryp...
Privacy and Scaling ExplorationszkEVM Community Edition Part 3: Logic and Structure
This series intends to provide an overview of the zkEVM Community Edition in a way that is broadly accessible. Part 3 reviews the general logic and structure of the zkEVM Community Edition. Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Components The zkEVM Community Edition has the challenge of creating proofs to validate EVM execution as it is today. To make this feasible, a system of interconnected circuits has been designed to prove the correctness of EVM opcodes while dealing with the inefficiencies of co...
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Originally published on Apr 12, 2021:
Zkopru Ceremony: Final Call and Failed Contributions tl;dr: We will end the ceremony on Friday. It was largely a success but we had a few cases of failed contributions. If your first run didn't ...
tl;dr: We will end the ceremony on Friday. It was largely a success but we had a few cases of failed contributions. If your first run didn’t succeed you can now head back to our website to fix it.
Our trusted ceremony for Zkopru has attracted a large number of contributors, second only to tornado.cash with their sub-minute contribution time. If you have not yet participated you can do so here.
As mentioned in our previous post, we will wrap up the ceremony and announce a random beacon to seal the ceremony. But before we do that we want to make sure that everybody has a chance to add a valid contribution. We will close the ceremony for contributions on Friday April 16th 2021.
We found three causes for failures and enabled affected accounts to do a second run on these circuits. Participants may not be aware that something went wrong in scenario 1&2 so it’s worth heading to our website to see if it allows you a second run.
Note that the ceremony is secure as long as at least one participant was not malicious. We provide the option for a second run to make sure no one feels censored.
1. Conflicting ContributionsWe found that most cases occurred during initial periods of high traffic when two or more contributors joined at around the same time. The rate of contribution slowed after that, and we deployed a fix. A contributor may have failures in one or more circuits, but have successful contributions in others. Only the failed contributions have been reset to allow re-run. Each contribution builds on the latest verified contribution, but in this case, both contributors built on the same one. So the contribution looks valid but doesn’t appear in the verification transcript. Similar to an uncle block in Ethereum.
2. Chaining from 0In a small number of cases a contributor chained from contribution 0, effectively restarting the chain. These cases have also been identified and reset. The code now has a sanity check to prevent this from occurring.
3. TimeoutsContributions have in some cases also been excluded because of timeouts. This isby design, and happens when a contribution is taking too long and others are waiting in the queue. These cases have not been reset, unless they happen to also have been in the above set.
Please join our telegram channel to ask any questions and follow us on twitter @ZkopruNetwork.
Originally published on Apr 12, 2021:
Zkopru Ceremony: Final Call and Failed Contributions tl;dr: We will end the ceremony on Friday. It was largely a success but we had a few cases of failed contributions. If your first run didn't ...
tl;dr: We will end the ceremony on Friday. It was largely a success but we had a few cases of failed contributions. If your first run didn’t succeed you can now head back to our website to fix it.
Our trusted ceremony for Zkopru has attracted a large number of contributors, second only to tornado.cash with their sub-minute contribution time. If you have not yet participated you can do so here.
As mentioned in our previous post, we will wrap up the ceremony and announce a random beacon to seal the ceremony. But before we do that we want to make sure that everybody has a chance to add a valid contribution. We will close the ceremony for contributions on Friday April 16th 2021.
We found three causes for failures and enabled affected accounts to do a second run on these circuits. Participants may not be aware that something went wrong in scenario 1&2 so it’s worth heading to our website to see if it allows you a second run.
Note that the ceremony is secure as long as at least one participant was not malicious. We provide the option for a second run to make sure no one feels censored.
1. Conflicting ContributionsWe found that most cases occurred during initial periods of high traffic when two or more contributors joined at around the same time. The rate of contribution slowed after that, and we deployed a fix. A contributor may have failures in one or more circuits, but have successful contributions in others. Only the failed contributions have been reset to allow re-run. Each contribution builds on the latest verified contribution, but in this case, both contributors built on the same one. So the contribution looks valid but doesn’t appear in the verification transcript. Similar to an uncle block in Ethereum.
2. Chaining from 0In a small number of cases a contributor chained from contribution 0, effectively restarting the chain. These cases have also been identified and reset. The code now has a sanity check to prevent this from occurring.
3. TimeoutsContributions have in some cases also been excluded because of timeouts. This isby design, and happens when a contribution is taking too long and others are waiting in the queue. These cases have not been reset, unless they happen to also have been in the above set.
Please join our telegram channel to ask any questions and follow us on twitter @ZkopruNetwork.
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