
zkSNARKs vs zkSTARKs: a primer
Trying out a longer form article this time to allow a deeper dive into some areas of blockchain research. There are a lot of articles on zero knowledge proofs, and a lot of research papers on SNARKs or STARKs, but very little bridging the intermediate gap. If you haven’t read my introduction to zero knowledge proofs Twitter thread, I strongly recommend it before going further, as a lot of this article builds on top of it. pseudo 🇺🇦 @pseudotheos all these zk terms... what do they mean? what'...

PBS: Neutralizing the Dark Forest
Domothy and I co-authored this article. PBS is still an active area of research, but this comprehensive post aims to aggregate and summarize where research is so far- and where it’s headed. In the existing architecture, block proposers (previously miners) select transactions in the mempool to build a block. On Ethereum, these consist of validators running a consensus and execution client in tandem. Theoretically, a block builder would select transactions paying the highest fee- but this is no...

Distinguishing zkEVMs
The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the virtual machine that manages state and executes smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. zkEVMs, which aim to prove EVM execution through zero-knowledge (ZK) circuitry, have seen significant growth and expansion as an industry over the past year. Many different projects and community efforts have emerged in this space, each taking its own unique approach to the challenges and opportunities presented by the intersection of these two technologies. On...
zk maxi helping bring research into the mainstream.



zkSNARKs vs zkSTARKs: a primer
Trying out a longer form article this time to allow a deeper dive into some areas of blockchain research. There are a lot of articles on zero knowledge proofs, and a lot of research papers on SNARKs or STARKs, but very little bridging the intermediate gap. If you haven’t read my introduction to zero knowledge proofs Twitter thread, I strongly recommend it before going further, as a lot of this article builds on top of it. pseudo 🇺🇦 @pseudotheos all these zk terms... what do they mean? what'...

PBS: Neutralizing the Dark Forest
Domothy and I co-authored this article. PBS is still an active area of research, but this comprehensive post aims to aggregate and summarize where research is so far- and where it’s headed. In the existing architecture, block proposers (previously miners) select transactions in the mempool to build a block. On Ethereum, these consist of validators running a consensus and execution client in tandem. Theoretically, a block builder would select transactions paying the highest fee- but this is no...

Distinguishing zkEVMs
The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the virtual machine that manages state and executes smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. zkEVMs, which aim to prove EVM execution through zero-knowledge (ZK) circuitry, have seen significant growth and expansion as an industry over the past year. Many different projects and community efforts have emerged in this space, each taking its own unique approach to the challenges and opportunities presented by the intersection of these two technologies. On...
zk maxi helping bring research into the mainstream.
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The most monumental update in blockchain history since the Bitcoin genesis block is upon us: at TTD 58750000000000000000000, Ethereum is switching to Proof-of-Stake. With it comes a 99.5% energy use reduction, finalization of the dynamic supply mechanism introduced by EIP-1559, as well as setting the stage for future updates, including sharding.

This migration to Proof-of-Stake is nothing short of groundbreaking. Nearly a decade of decentralized coordination and work from researchers, developers, community stewards, and operators is culminating in a near-seamless swap of consensus mechanisms on the largest smart contract platform in history.
The sun is setting on the era of Bitcoin dominance. While this is a net positive for the industry, it’s also important to acknowledge the contributions, especially in the early days that Bitcoin (and, by extension, early Bitcoin pioneers) trailblazed. Without them, Ethereum would not exist. Many current Ethereum researchers (myself included) had their first foray into crypto through Bitcoin. It served as an important ideological proving ground and catalyst for much of the research implemented into blockchain systems today. Ethereum’s Proof-of-Stake upgrade will be marked as the shift towards a more efficient and sustainable blockchain future.
Ethereum development is far from over. Next comes Sharding, Verkle tries (KZG polynomial commitments), statelessness, light clients, and more, which will be explored in future Mirror articles. Let’s use this milestone as a time to reflect, see how far we’ve come, and turn our eyes to the future.
Thanks for reading! Collect this article, Retweet this post, and Follow me on Twitter to get notified about future posts. My content will remain 100% free forever and is licensed under CC BY-SA unless otherwise specified.
The most monumental update in blockchain history since the Bitcoin genesis block is upon us: at TTD 58750000000000000000000, Ethereum is switching to Proof-of-Stake. With it comes a 99.5% energy use reduction, finalization of the dynamic supply mechanism introduced by EIP-1559, as well as setting the stage for future updates, including sharding.

This migration to Proof-of-Stake is nothing short of groundbreaking. Nearly a decade of decentralized coordination and work from researchers, developers, community stewards, and operators is culminating in a near-seamless swap of consensus mechanisms on the largest smart contract platform in history.
The sun is setting on the era of Bitcoin dominance. While this is a net positive for the industry, it’s also important to acknowledge the contributions, especially in the early days that Bitcoin (and, by extension, early Bitcoin pioneers) trailblazed. Without them, Ethereum would not exist. Many current Ethereum researchers (myself included) had their first foray into crypto through Bitcoin. It served as an important ideological proving ground and catalyst for much of the research implemented into blockchain systems today. Ethereum’s Proof-of-Stake upgrade will be marked as the shift towards a more efficient and sustainable blockchain future.
Ethereum development is far from over. Next comes Sharding, Verkle tries (KZG polynomial commitments), statelessness, light clients, and more, which will be explored in future Mirror articles. Let’s use this milestone as a time to reflect, see how far we’ve come, and turn our eyes to the future.
Thanks for reading! Collect this article, Retweet this post, and Follow me on Twitter to get notified about future posts. My content will remain 100% free forever and is licensed under CC BY-SA unless otherwise specified.
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