The promise of an open decentralized internet has been challenged by performance, usability, and energy efficiency problems of the first generation crypto-networks Bitcoin, Ethereum, and their variants. While the development of Ethereum’s new version and its Layer 2 solutions aim to remedy the current performance problems, a new generation of projects Cosmos, Polkadot, and Avalanche have already released extraordinary infrastructures. They aim to scale horizontally with an asynchronous hetero...