Sin7Y reviews the optimization of Multi-Scalar Multiplication in terms of two methods: the optimization based on the windowing technique and the optimization based on group endomorphism. Details of this report can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.About Sin7Y Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM...

Sin7Y reviews the optimization of Multi-Scalar Multiplication in terms of two methods: the optimization based on the windowing technique and the optimization based on group endomorphism. Details of this report can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel.About Sin7Y Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the crypto industry. Powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y analyzes the most cutting-edge technologies, including EVM...

Summary: For the FRI protocol, the complexity of the verification satisfies the logarithmic relationship. The algorithm ensures that the round consistency verifications can be passed if and only if the initial polynomial satisfies . The actual implementation may vary slightly. For more information, please refer to the DEEP-FRI paper. In comparison to FRI, DEEP-FRI increases the system’s reliability while maintaining an optimal level of proof and verification complexity. The ZK-STARK algorithm...

Summary: For the FRI protocol, the complexity of the verification satisfies the logarithmic relationship. The algorithm ensures that the round consistency verifications can be passed if and only if the initial polynomial satisfies . The actual implementation may vary slightly. For more information, please refer to the DEEP-FRI paper. In comparison to FRI, DEEP-FRI increases the system’s reliability while maintaining an optimal level of proof and verification complexity. The ZK-STARK algorithm...

Series 17The previous paper PLONK-Circuit investigates a critical part of the PLONK protocol — using the permutation check to prove the consistency among the circuit gates. In this report, Sin7Y will analyze the details of the protocol and elaborate on how the constraint relationship of the gate is valid. Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel. About Sin7Y Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the cry...

Series 17The previous paper PLONK-Circuit investigates a critical part of the PLONK protocol — using the permutation check to prove the consistency among the circuit gates. In this report, Sin7Y will analyze the details of the protocol and elaborate on how the constraint relationship of the gate is valid. Details of this article can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel. About Sin7Y Sin7Y is a research community dedicated to delivering insightful research reports and technical reviews of the cry...

We are researching the design concept and solution plan for ZKEVM, which requires a custom gate. As a result, we spent some time researching it and hope you will gain some insight after reading this paper: 1. Why use the custom gate? 2. What is a custom gate?Why?Layer 2 scalability on Ethereum is always a hot topic. At present, the rollup solution is the most acceptable, as it combines off-chain calculation and on-chain verification. In short, the state transition will occur off-chain. The pr...

We are researching the design concept and solution plan for ZKEVM, which requires a custom gate. As a result, we spent some time researching it and hope you will gain some insight after reading this paper: 1. Why use the custom gate? 2. What is a custom gate?Why?Layer 2 scalability on Ethereum is always a hot topic. At present, the rollup solution is the most acceptable, as it combines off-chain calculation and on-chain verification. In short, the state transition will occur off-chain. The pr...

In the previous article, we discussed using halo2 for circuit development. This article will illustrate what we need to pay attention to when developing circuits. When writing this article, we referred to the halo2 code, version f9b3ff2aef09a5a3cb5489d0e7e747e9523d2e6e. Before we begin, let’s review the most critical content, namely the circuit definition. The halo2 circuit development consists of two critical functions: configure and synthesize. The former establishes the gate and defines th...

In the previous article, we discussed using halo2 for circuit development. This article will illustrate what we need to pay attention to when developing circuits. When writing this article, we referred to the halo2 code, version f9b3ff2aef09a5a3cb5489d0e7e747e9523d2e6e. Before we begin, let’s review the most critical content, namely the circuit definition. The halo2 circuit development consists of two critical functions: configure and synthesize. The former establishes the gate and defines th...

Cairo is a practically-efficient Turing-complete STARK-friendly CPU architecture. In this article, we introduce the CPU architecture of Cairo in terms of instruction structure and state transition and provide some examples of instruction. Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel. About us Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge tech...

Cairo is a practically-efficient Turing-complete STARK-friendly CPU architecture. In this article, we introduce the CPU architecture of Cairo in terms of instruction structure and state transition and provide some examples of instruction. Details of this review can be found in Sin7Y’s HackMD channel. About us Founded in 2021 and powered by top-notch blockchain developers, Sin7Y is a project incubator and blockchain technology research team that explores the most important and cutting-edge tech...