Similar to earlier post on decline of Indian civilization and constrast to that, I theorize that the seeds of Indian civilizational decline were not sown on the battlefield of 1001 AD, but centuries earlier, coinciding with the intellectual and institutional collapse of Shramanic cultures (Buddhism and Jainism). The fall of the Gupta Empire (c. 550 AD) marked the beginning of a transition from a dynamic, cosmopolitan society to a "feudal," caste-rigid order. The subsequent dominance of Purani...