1-After WWII, Japan ___ land from landlords to tenants.

a) transfer

b) transferred

c) transfers

d) transferring

2-Families began to ___ their children to school.

a) send

b) sending

c) sent

d) sends

3-Land ___ a force for positive social change.

a) can be

b) could be

c) may be

d) must be

4-Large estates ___ from wealthy landowners in the 1800s.

a) are seizing

b) were seized

c) have seize

d) seize

5-The land was taken from ___.

a) they

b) their

c) them

d) theirs

6-The farmers protested for ___ rights.

a) they

b) them

c) their

d) theirs

7-___ of the land was redistributed.

a) Many

b) Much

c) Few

d) Several

8-This is a problem for ___ of us.

a) each

b) every

c) all

d) whole

9-The land was poor, ___ they still managed to grow crops.

a) and

b) but

c) because

d) so

10-They fought hard ___ they were afraid.

a) although

b) because

c) when

d) unless

11-___ they receive help, they will not survive.

a) Unless

b) Since

c) Because

d) While

12-They stayed ___ the conditions were harsh.

a) even if

b) as if

c) so that

d) although

13-The reforms failed ___ they lacked support.

a) because

b) although

c) if

d) unless

14-___ the land was returned, they began rebuilding.

a) Since

b) Because

c) If

d) Unless

15-They could stay ___ they followed the rules.

a) if

b) unless

c) although

d) while

16-The land reforms worked, ___ not perfectly.

a) so

b) but

c) and

d) while

17-___ they had the land, they still struggled.

a) Even though

b) So

c) Because

d) Unless

18-She was ___ honest politician.

a) a

b) the

c) an

d) Ø

19-___ revolution changed their lives.

a) A

b) An

c) Ø

d) The

20-If implemented correctly, the new land law ___ significantly improve farmers' lives.

a) can

b) has to

c) was

d) did

21-They ___ have planned the redistribution more carefully to avoid conflict.

a) could

b) may

c) must

d) do

22-The authorities ___ not ignore the voices of displaced communities any longer.

a) may

b) should

c) have

d) did

23-The land ___ have been taken by force, judging from the records we found.

a) would

b) has

c) may

d) was

24-Farmers ___ land was seized protested.

a) who

b) whose

c) that

d) whom

25-They visited the area ___ the new system was applied.

a) when

b) where

c) who

d) what

26-The communities ___ received land improved economically.

a) which

b) who

c) where

d) when

27-The policy ___ was introduced in 1948 changed everything.

a) where

b) who

c) that

d) whom

28-The man ___ led the revolution was arrested.

a) who

b) whose

c) which

d) that’s

29-1. Had they known about the consequences of their decision, ________.

a) they would have acted differently.

b) they would act differently now.

c) they acted according to their beliefs.

d) they would not be faced with this situation now.

30-It is essential that the report, ________.

a) will be submitted by the end of the day.

b) is revised thoroughly before submission.

c) has been revised properly before it is handed in.

d) was revised thoroughly before submission.

31- By the time the committee arrives, ________.

a) the presentation will have already been prepared.

b) the presentation had been prepared.

c) the presentation would be prepared.

d) the presentation has already been prepared.

32-Despite having been warned about the risks, ________.

a) they decided to proceed with the project.

b) they had decided to proceed with the project.

c) they will decide to proceed with the project.

d) they decide to proceed with the project.

33-Despite the substantial evidence against him, ________.

a) the defendant was acquitted on all charges,

b) the defendant had been acquitted on all charges,

c) the defendant will be acquitted on all charges,

d) the defendant would have been acquitted on all charges.

Cloze Test:

In 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin initiated a program to encourage settlement in Russia's Far East, an area expected to benefit from climate change. The Far-Eastern Hectare program, akin to the US __ (34) Act of 1862 but covering twice the land, opened up hundreds of millions of acres of public land to prospective settlers. As long as settlers remain for five years, they are granted a small plot of land along with financial support to develop it. Although the program began slowly, by 2023, more than 100,000 Russians had received grants, and in 2021, Putin launched a similar initiative, the Arctic Hectare program, aimed at settling Arctic regions. These programs may expand in the future, potentially reshaping land ownership in Russia's peripheral areas, but they also __ (35) a challenge to Indigenous territorial rights.In the United States, a similar situation is unfolding in Alaska, where the federal government owns 61 percent of the land. Much of this land is expected to become __ (36) within the coming decades, and as it grows more desirable for settlement and economic activity, there will be increased efforts to redistribute it. Indigenous groups already have claims to large portions of this land, leading to debates over land privatization and __ (37).Alongside these changes in the north, governments, private entities, and Indigenous groups are set to compete for land in sparsely populated regions such as Greenland and Antarctica, where sovereignty is either __ (38), non-existent, or in transition. Under President Donald Trump, this process has already begun.While the impending land reshuffles in northern regions will attract significant attention, climate change will also drive internal __ (39) on the land in countries worldwide. These changes could be destabilizing, but they also offer a rare opportunity to use land more effectively for the benefit of society. Shifting land rights and migration patterns due to climate change might allow for land distribution models that have seldom been pursued in human history.The upcoming global land reshuffle will create both winners and losers, but it could be beneficial for all if managed correctly. Rethinking property rights should be at the heart of these efforts.Over the past few centuries, Western concepts of individual, exclusive, and transferable property have spread across the globe through colonialism and globalization, replacing more complex and conditional forms of land rights. However, in recent years, a range of different approaches have ______ (40).

One such approach involves ‘layered’ property rights, as seen in countries like Mexico and Peru. These countries now recognize community territorial claims over large land areas while also allowing private __ (41). In my conversations with members of communal lands in southern Mexico’s Oaxaca and Chiapas states, they clearly distinguish between communal and private property, understanding the different values and purposes of each. A similar understanding exists in remote Indigenous villages in the Peruvian Andes, where people recognize the dual nature of land __ (42).

34-

A) Homestead

B) Civil

C) Emancipation

D) Property

35-

A) Aid

B) Support

C) Compromise

D) Threat

36-

A) Undeveloped

B) Arable

C) Uninhabited

D) Overpopulated

37-

A) Redistribution

B) Relocation

C) Expropriation

D) Privatization

38-

A) Abundant

B) Transitional

C) Complete

D) Strong

39-

A) Shifts

B) Complications

C) Restitutions

D) Agreements

40-

A) Ended

B) Emerged

C) Cancelled

D) Replaced

41-

A) Government

B) Individual

C) Community

D) Landlord

42-

A) Ownership

B) Production

C) Access

D) Conservation

In recent decades, Australia has acknowledged the concept of ‘native title’ over land for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, allowing this concept to coexist with government leases to private landholders. Similarly, in the landmark 2020 case McGirt v. Oklahoma, the United States recognized tribal jurisdiction over certain criminal cases in a large portion of eastern Oklahoma. These instances highlight the flexibility in allocating various rights and autonomies to different land users and stakeholders.Another approach to land ownership involves limiting individual property rights for broader societal benefits. For example, landowners can voluntarily enter into conservation easements, legal agreements that restrict land use for specific activities, such as draining wetlands or clearing land for livestock grazing. Government agencies and organizations like land trusts, such as the Nature Conservancy, are increasingly entering these agreements with private landowners, covering over 30 million acres in the U.S. alone.While challenges and mistakes are inevitable in these approaches, they are becoming increasingly important for managing future land redistributions in ways that benefit society as a whole and avoid large-scale conflict. Leaders from Aboriginal Australia to farmers in Minnesota have shared their optimism about a future shaped by these new land arrangements.Looking to the 22nd century, we can expect another dramatic shift in land use. Significant changes in population size, climate, technology, and politics will transform human relationships with the land, potentially creating scenarios far different from what we know today. The mainstream adoption of innovative property rights systems will be necessary to address the challenges of climate change and shifting populations in an organized and fair manner.While predicting population trends beyond 2100 is uncertain, if current fertility rates continue to fall, the long-standing global population growth trend could come to an end. Should the world align with East Asia’s low fertility rates, the 22nd century might witness rapid depopulation, reducing the global population to around 2 billion.Having grown up in Detroit's suburbs, I’ve personally witnessed how population decline can decimate a city. At its peak in 1950, Detroit had 1.85 million residents, but that number has since dwindled to just over 600,000. This population loss contributed to the city’s bankruptcy in 2013, marking the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. Today, the Detroit Land Bank Authority owns vast amounts of vacant property, which it is trying to sell, sometimes for as little as $250 per vacant lot.In the 22nd century, many cities might follow Detroit’s path. As urban populations continue to shrink, city footprints will likely have to contract drastically. Meanwhile, rural areas may see an abundance of available land, though much of it could be degraded if not properly preserved.

43-What is the main purpose of conservation easements mentioned in the passage?

A) To allow landowners to use land for commercial purposes

B) To protect land from overuse by restricting certain activities

C) To encourage population growth in rural areas

D) To privatize public land for individual ownership

44- According to the passage, what is one possible consequence of population decline in cities like Detroit?

A) An increase in urban sprawl and population density

B) The rapid expansion of government-owned land

C) A dramatic shrinkage of city footprints and empty lots

D) A shift toward agricultural practices in urban centers

45- The term “native title” in the context of the passage refers to:

A) Government control over land allocation to private corporations

B) Legal recognition of Indigenous peoples’ land rights

C) The concept of granting land to new settlers in rural areas

D) The ownership rights of private landholders over government land

46- What does the author suggest is a necessary step to address future land redistribution and climate change?

A) The implementation of stricter laws for land privatization

B) Limiting property rights to individuals only

C) The widespread adoption of new property rights systems

D) Returning all land to government control for better management

The climate scenario in the 22nd century will significantly reshape human settlement patterns and our relationship with the land. Even if emissions decrease dramatically, global temperatures and sea levels will still rise, leading to more extreme weather events. As discussed earlier, the thawing of the North will make it more suitable for agriculture, but other regions will face significant challenges. Areas prone to arid conditions and drought, such as northeastern Brazil, the US Southwest, and the African Sahel, will become increasingly inhospitable for human life. Crop yields are already falling in the US Southwest, and farmers are struggling to secure enough water for their crops, with some abandoning their fields. Additionally, low-lying coastal regions, including Florida, Bangladesh, and entire island nations like the Maldives, will be submerged by rising sea levels.These shifts in land use will also influence the political climate. Some countries, like Canada, might embrace immigration to stimulate their economies, with initiatives like the Century Initiative aiming to triple the population by 2100, largely through increased immigration. However, other nations might take a more isolationist approach, seeking to protect their land, resources, and wealth from foreign influence.Growing wealth inequality will also have a direct impact on land ownership. Multinational corporations are increasingly acquiring land to secure their supply chains, pushing out local populations. If wealthy individuals and corporations continue to purchase large tracts of land, many people could end up as renters, echoing past patterns of large land holdings and widespread landlessness that existed before the great reshuffling.Amid these climatic and economic shifts, future generations will again face the choice of whether to spread across the land or concentrate in shrinking urban areas. In either case, the land will undergo yet another dramatic reshuffle.To ensure a prosperous future, the coming century will demand a reevaluation of our relationship with land. The concepts of exclusive, individual, and transferable private property, which have been deeply intertwined with population growth and land redistribution over the past few centuries, will no longer be sustainable in light of population pressures and climate change.

For the next chapter of the great reshuffle to be successful, we must consider community, prosperity, dignity, and the environment in our approach to land. This may not be as radical as it seems. Signs of this shift are already visible, with advocates of new land concepts emerging. As the ground beneath our feet continues to shift, rethinking traditional ideas about land ownership will help us face the future with greater stability.

47-According to the passage, what is one of the primary consequences of climate change for agriculture?

A) Crop yields will increase in arid regions.

B) Coastal regions will become more suitable for agriculture.

C) Some agricultural areas will become unproductive due to water scarcity.

D) All regions will experience the same agricultural challenges.

48-What is Canada’s Century Initiative aiming to achieve by 2100?

A) Reduce immigration.

B) Triple the country’s population largely through immigration.

C) Limit its population growth to current levels.

D) Focus on rural development only.

49-How might growing wealth inequality impact land ownership according to the passage?

A) It will lead to more widespread land ownership among the poor.

B) Multinational companies will give up their landholdings.

C) Wealthy individuals and corporations may buy up large tracts of land, increasing landlessness.

D) The government will provide land to the poor.

50-What does the author suggest is necessary for the future of land relationships?

A) Rethinking traditional notions of land ownership to focus on community, prosperity, dignity, and the environment.

B) Continuing the current system of private land ownership without any changes.

C) Focusing solely on increasing private land ownership to combat wealth inequality.

D) Moving towards more urbanization and less rural settlement.

51-In the future, real communities – people near you who can actually help you reliably access food, water, warmth, electricity, repairs, early warnings against disasters, etc – will again become increasingly important. _____________. Our society became individualistic to some extent simply because it was able to, because of a fossil-fuel pulse in the stable conditions of the Holocene.

A) Our future will be marked by innovation

B) This reliance on technology will be unsustainable

C) We will return to more self-sufficient, community-oriented living

D) Individualism will dominate societal structures

52-The second reason adaptation has been largely overlooked in climate discussions and actions is more subtle. It’s this: when we truly commit to adaptation, we can no longer ignore the urgency and severity of our climate crisis. While this could be seen as an advantage of focusing on adaptation (and indeed, it is!), it feels more like a disadvantage if one is still unconsciously trying to avoid acknowledging the seriousness of the situation. And the tendency to deny what is happening is not limited to the extreme Right; it is something most of us experience, often unknowingly, and is a well-known psychological defense mechanism. As long as decarbonisation remains our main focus, we can (wrongly) reassure ourselves that everything will be fine, that we will successfully transition to alternative energy sources, and then call it ‘mission accomplished.’ However, we are now being forced to confront the reality of the situation, a process that we are not exactly eager to embrace. _____________.

A) This makes adaptation a highly uncomfortable but necessary process.

B) Denying the problem will make the situation worse in the long run.

C) Alternative energy sources will eventually solve the problem without further effort.

D) We will never reach a point where adaptation is no longer needed.

53-In the coming years, there will be growing pressure from citizens for adaptation and protection. At first, most of this demand will likely manifest as requests for reactive, defensive, incremental, high-carbon, and fragile solutions—such as the construction of higher flood barriers. ___________ This adaptation should not only address the immediate issues but also take a broader, upstream approach. We need to implement solutions that are sustainable, enhance our well-being, and reduce carbon emissions at the same time. Regarding flooding, we must focus on improving upland land management, restoring wetlands and peatlands, and creating urban spaces that can better absorb water.

A) The key task ahead of us is to shift this demand over time, as quickly as possible, toward a push for deep, transformative, and strategic adaptation at the community level.

B) The government should focus on creating immediate, simple solutions without considering long-term impact.

C) Adaptation will only be successful if we ignore the needs of the environment and focus on technology.

D) In the coming years, the focus should be solely on building more flood barriers without considering the environment.

53-Adaptation work fosters a sense of agency. It challenges the mindset of "There's nothing I can do" or "I'm too insignificant to make a difference." Unlike decarbonisation, which often feels distant and abstract, adaptation is inherently focused, localized, concrete, and actionable. __________.Therefore, adaptation – building resilience, collective readiness (or 'presilience') – resonates directly and deeply with ordinary people, particularly those who have been overlooked by the climate movement until now.

a) This shift makes it a universally appealing solution.

b) People start to believe their efforts can have a real impact.

c) It aligns with the aspirations of large corporations.

d) The idea of a global transformation becomes central.

54-Investigating the roots of insecurity in Nigeria aligns with Shivji’s observation about the NGO space that geopolitical realities are all too often ignored. For our campaign, the geopolitical realities were highly complex, with the politics of West Africa and the Sahel largely stemming from the Cold War, foreign military bases and their implications for sovereignty, the proliferation of illegal arms, a decades-long conflict with jihadists in northeast Nigeria, and the impact of global warming on traditional economic activity. __________

a) We quickly adapted to the situation and moved forward with our actions without fully analyzing the underlying issues.

b) These realities, although difficult to comprehend, had to be acknowledged, yet they were beyond our immediate capacity to address.

c) The immediate crisis, though urgent, allowed us time to reflect on the historical context of the Nigerian state's issues.

d) Despite recognizing the urgency, we took several months to gain a deeper understanding of the global context before acting.

55-We encountered deceit, competition for attention and recognition, co-option, and infiltration. In this regard, Shivji is correct in pointing out that NGOs often overlook the existing power structures that underpin society. Reflecting on our efforts, our attempt to involve the Catholic Women Organization (CWO) and the Federation of Muslim Women Association of Nigeria (FOMWAN) now seems misjudged and poorly handled. It was misjudged because religious organizations in Nigeria typically uphold the status quo and avoid anything considered radical. I might have jeopardized our chances with CWO by leading that engagement, as my background as a Muslim from the Middle-Belt likely made me less suitable to forge an alliance with Catholic women. ____________.

A) Yet, my attempt with FOMWAN was equally unsuccessful, showing that shared religion did not necessarily make a difference.

B) However, my attempt with FOMWAN was more successful, suggesting that shared religion plays a significant role.

C) On the other hand, I was able to build a strong relationship with FOMWAN, proving that shared religion is crucial.

D) In contrast, my engagement with FOMWAN resulted in a positive outcome, highlighting the importance of shared values.

56-The recent increase in the abduction of medical professionals points to the growing sophistication of this criminal activity, which now demands specialized roles like doctors and nurses for kidnappers’ camps. Insecurity in Nigeria stems from decades of neglect by both bureaucrats and politicians, who have largely abandoned their governance duties. It is also driven by industrial capitalism, identity politics, and the extraction of resources. It reflects Nigeria’s position in the global economy, the limitations of what we produce, and the questions surrounding our governance. ____________ .

A) This situation calls for urgent international intervention.

B) This issue can be solved by addressing corruption in the political system.

C) It is crucial to focus on resolving economic issues first before tackling security.

D) It ties back to the nature of our elections, political structures, and the ongoing lack of public accountability. Thus, insecurity cannot be solved by focusing on one isolated issue.

57-I. The Pale Blue Dot evokes a mix of emotions—wonder, fragility, even unease—but perhaps the most overwhelming feeling it stirs is one of cosmic insignificance.II. Spend just half a minute contemplating the photo while reflecting on humanity’s most remarkable accomplishments—the Taj Mahal, the Polynesians’ feats of navigation, Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings, da Vinci’s inventions, Coltrane’s A Love Supreme, Cantor’s theorem, the discovery of DNA, and countless others.III. Some critics argue that Georgia O’Keeffe’s work reflected early feminist themes through her floral compositions.IV. Despite their brilliance, all our achievements seem dwarfed, rendered meaningless in comparison to the universe.

A) I B)II C)III D) IV

58-I. Theology provides one lens through which to view the sense of cosmic insignificance; accounts of our experience of space provide another.II. Not the space of astronomy and inter-planetary probes, but the space of ordinary perceptual terrestrial environment.III. It’s a familiar thought that ordinary modes of experiencing space (and, indeed time) are structured in terms of the human body and its capacities.IV. Many career counselors agree that early educational exposure can shape children’s future aspirations.

A) I B)II C)III D) IV

59-I Naturally, one way to sidestep the overwhelming nature of large numbers is to replace well-known measurements with less familiar ones – a strategy often employed in science.II  For example, instead of expressing the distance to Proxima Centauri in kilometres, astronomers prefer units like the astronomical unit or the light-year.III These alternative units are often used in engineering projects on Earth as well, such as measuring bridge lengths or tunnel depths.IV While these units make it easier to handle such vast distances mathematically, they don’t actually help us comprehend just how enormous the universe really is.

A) I B)II C)III D) IV

60-I. Salience is important because it acts as a sensory signal: “This matters – focus on it.”II. From infancy, our senses direct us toward things of relevance – human faces, a caregiver’s voice, nearby speech.III. Studies have shown that early exposure to multiple languages can enhance cognitive flexibility in children.IV. Alarms, sudden movements, or the scent of smoke naturally capture our focus.

A) I B) II C) III D) I

61-Girls who are eventually diagnosed as autistic may wait several more years than boys to be assessed.

What is the meaning of the underlined phrase?

A) act more maturely

B) postpone their recovery

C) face a longer delay

D) avoid medical care

E) complete treatment early

62-These missing autistic women have found their voices.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

A) started speaking literally

B) gained confidence to express themselves

C) discovered how to sing

D) imitated others’ opinions

E) stayed silent intentionally

63- Let’s start with bias in the research itself.

What does the underlined word mean?

A) evidence

B) distortion

C) neutrality

D) balance

E) calculation

64-For a long time, researchers have ______ the notion that autism is primarily a male condition, shaping the direction of both diagnosis and study.

A) ignored

B) challenged

C) embraced

D) refuted

E) complicated

65-The underdiagnosis of autistic girls can be partly attributed to the way they are socially conditioned to ______ their struggles.

A) express

B) magnify

C) internalise

D) share

E) analyse

66- Many early autism studies were ______ in scope, including mostly or only male participants and ignoring female perspectives.

A) negligible

B) inclusive

C) robust

D) limited

E) transparent

67-Even when girls were referred for testing, doctors often ______ their symptoms as anxiety or eating disorders.

A) misinterpreted

B) verified

C) confirmed

D) validated

E) prioritized

68-Researchers now acknowledge that early models of autism diagnosis were largely ______, reflecting male-centric assumptions.

A) obsolete

B) fragmented

C) misleading

D) generic

E) balanced

69-The idea that autism reflects an “extreme male brain” has come under fire for being scientifically weak and ______.

A) empowering

B) stereotypical

C) validated

D) progressive

E) novel

70-Many girls with autism avoid detection because their coping mechanisms make their symptoms less ______ to educators and clinicians.

A) harmful

B) visible

C) important

D) valuable

E) efficient

NOTE:I REWROTE SOME ADVANCED SENTENCES FROM FREE ESSAYS TO CREATE THIS EXAM. I DO NOT KNOW WHETHER THERE WILL BE PROBLEM IN THE FUTURE DUE TO COPYRIGHT