The book published in 2017 titled Understanding the Digital World: What You Need to Know about Computers, the Internet, Privacy, and Security by Brian Kernighan divides all the abstractions into its essential parts and breaks down the possibilities and limitations of computers.
It starts at the computational level which is measured in binary unlike what were used to with the decimal system. That logic is placed on boards in the form of logic gates forming the core of a computer. The CPU is assisted with other processors like RAM, GPU, and memory combined with a power supply and interfaces to form most consumer devices.
The next level is software and its languages. From the bottom, we have machine languages which is the binary we spoke above. Then there's the kernel or what we are used to as the OS which has a shell; the CLI which opens access to the computer. On top of this is the application layer which has many software languages to assist in developing functions for the computer.
The last layer is the networks computers form via TCP/IP and other communications methods and the privacy risk involved with connecting online. I felt the privacy and security part was the most important as it has been in vogue to debate over public security and private freedom. Kernighan even dedicated a section to Bitcoin pointing out the exchange of money BTC can foster without a third party.
Overall this book is an excellent choice for understanding what a computer is for those without a CS background.
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