1. Ethereum’s Real Bottleneck: the Verification Ceiling The fastest way to scale L1 is simply raise the gas-limit—bigger blocks, more throughput. But Ethereum’s “all-nodes-verify-everything” architecture means every validator must re-execute every transaction in the 4–8 s window before the 12 s slot ends. Push the limit too high and the network centralizes as weak validators drop off. We need a path to “verify once, trust everywhere” without sacrificing security.2. ZK-VM Turns “All-Verify” in...

1. Ethereum’s Real Bottleneck: the Verification Ceiling The fastest way to scale L1 is simply raise the gas-limit—bigger blocks, more throughput. But Ethereum’s “all-nodes-verify-everything” architecture means every validator must re-execute every transaction in the 4–8 s window before the 12 s slot ends. Push the limit too high and the network centralizes as weak validators drop off. We need a path to “verify once, trust everywhere” without sacrificing security.2. ZK-VM Turns “All-Verify” in...